Journal of Al-Farabi for Medical Sciences

Abstract
The citrus fruits are one of the most widely used plants by humans, whether as a food source or even as a source of medicine, especially lemon, as it one of the most widespread citrus fruits in different countries of the word based on the fact that all parts of lemon fruit contain substances that have great important to human health .The aim of this research is concentrated on Citrus limon fruit specifically the seeds through preparing an plant extract for seeds using distilled water solvent in { 25⁰,90⁰} temperature by using soxhlet. Where work was done we have two extracts of Citrus limon seeds {cold water seeds extract ,hot water seeds extract} in order to determinate secondary metabolites groups like {flavonoids , alkaloids , etc.}. The hot water seeds extract show presence and percentage of the secondary metabolites groups and this groups are{alkaloids 5.3 mg / g ,flavonoids 4.2 mg / g, saponin 3.9 mg / g}, while the cold water seeds extract show presence and percentage of the secondary metabolites groups and this groups are {alkaloids 4.8 mg / g ,flavonoids 3.5 mg / g, saponin 2.8 mg / g}.The hot water seeds extract superiority in percentage of the secondary organic compounds than the cold water seeds extract.Keywords: Citrus limon , soxhlet, alkaloids , flavonoids , saponin

Abstract
The study's goals were to find out how inflammation affects the start and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to measure the amounts of PSA, dehydrotestosterone, IL-8, TNF-α, and testosterone in the blood of patients with BPH. How to Do It and Patients: The study took place in Samarra City from July to December 2024. A skilled doctor at Samarra Medical Hospital looked at blood samples from people who had benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). There were sixty BPH samples and sixty healthy, normal subjects.
Results: People with benign prostatic hyperplasia had much higher levels of TNF-α, IL-8, PSA, and dehydrotestosterone (DHT) in their blood than healthy comparison subjects. Nonetheless, the current investigation discovered that BPH patients' blood testosterone levels were significantly lower than those of healthy control participants (P≤0.01).Key words: prostate, hyperplasia, PSA, IL-8, androgen.

Abstract
BC in Iraq is a worrying health issue for Iraqi women after the increase in cases of infection in recent years. Although the disease is associated with many causes and infection factors, current studies are directed at molecules and genetic components that have a significant role in disease development. The most important of these factors are inflammatory gene such as the IL-6 gene, which has importance in the inflammatory response. When a mutation occurs in this gene, IL-6, at the rs1800797 variant, it may affect the gene expression of interleukin-6, thus creating a chronic inflammatory environment by raising the expression levels of IL-6, which is considered an ideal environment for the tumor. From this standpoint, the research aimed at finding the relationship between IL-6 rs1800797 and the development of BC in Iraqi women. The study included two types of samples: 100 blood samples for genetic analysis, divided into two parts: 50 patients with BC and 50 healthy individuals as a control group. The second type, tissue samples, supported the genetic study, including 4 tissue samples from breast cancer patients after surgical resection, and the demographic data represented by age and family history. Analysis for genotyping using the T-ARMS-PCR. The results of the studies showed that there is a significant relationship between IL-6 rs1800797 and BC, women carrying the AC genotype (OR=3.66 Ci95%=1.45-9.19, P=0.005) are and CC genotype (OR=2.98 CI95%=0.95-9.3 P=0.048)more susceptible to progression of breast cancer), and the C allele (OR=2.04 CI95%=1.14-3.62, P=0.014)in addition to the fact that the genotype AA had a protective effect(OR=0.24 CI95%=0.12-0.68, P=0.003).
Keywords: (breast cancer, IL-6, rs1800797, polymorphsims, Histopathology)

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular distribution of virulence factors and disinfectant resistance genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Iraq, focusing on their association with biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. A total of 129 clinical isolates were collected from Samara Government General Hospital (94% female, 6% male). Phenotypic biofilm formation was assessed using Congo Red Agar (CRA) and microtitration plate methods, revealing 67.44% and 93.02% biofilm producers, respectively. Molecular characterization via PCR highlighted the high prevalence of significant virulence factors, including biofilm-related genes (pslA: 80.6%, pelA: 75.2%, ppyR: 69.0%) and Type-3 Secretion System (T3SS) genes (exoT: 81.4%, exoS: 86.82%, lasB: 85.3%). Disinfectant resistance genes (QacE: 66.67%, QacEΔ1: 60.47%) were also detected. Antibiotic resistance was significantly higher in biofilm-forming isolates (e.g., cefotaxime: 65.0% vs. 26.7% in non-biofilm isolates, p = 0.001), with strong biofilm producers exhibiting greater multidrug resistance (55.6% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.02). The study concludes that P. aeruginosa isolates from UTIs in Iraq carry a high burden of virulence factors and resistance genes, with biofilm formation playing a critical role in antibiotic resistance. These findings emphasize the need for targeted therapies and infection control strategies to mitigate the impact of these highly virulent and resistant strains.Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, virulence factors, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, urinary tract infection, molecular characterization

Abstract
In the present study, we explore plant derived ureases for EICP application. The urease activities of seventeen plant species were assayed, comprising flax seed, lentil, and mung bean. The highest specific activity was found with flaxseed (1.64 U/mg) followed by lentil and mung bean. The optimal conditions of urease extraction were investigated via a series of systematic experiments based on buffer species, extraction ratios and time. The enzyme activity was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring released ammonia with Nessler’s reagent, the latter forms the chromogenic complex. In addition, heavy metals removal potential offered by EICP was investigated as carbonate precipitation has the ability to sequester heavy metals in contaminated environments such as soil and water. This unique bi-function: structure restoration and for environmental treatment highlights that EICP is a green technology. Furthermore, the utilization of urease generated from plants gets beyond the drawbacks of bacterial systems, such as limited enzyme penetration in microcracks and biosafety issues. This study provides a scalable and effective method for maintaining infrastructure by advancing the development of environmentally benign, enzyme-based self-healing systems for concrete. The research emphasizes how indigenous plant materials may be used to produce high-activity urease and optimize extraction techniques to facilitate the broad use of EICP in environmental and civil engineering applications.
KeywordsUrease enzyme, Plant-derived urease, Heavy metals removal, Urea hydrolysis, green technology
Abbreviations

Abstract
Dental care that is minimally invasive involves "a systematic respect for the original tissue." This suggests that the dentistry community understands that the original healthy tissue has greater biological significance than an artifact. The idea of minimally invasive dentistry may be applied to every facet of the field. Tissue preservation, ideally by avoiding illness and halting its progression, but also by removing and replacing with little tissue loss, is the common delineator. It does not recommend that we remove impacted third molars that are symptomless surgically or do little fillings to repair incipient lesions as standard practices. Interest in minimally invasive dentistry has skyrocketed since the advent of reliable adhesive technology. The idea fills the gap between surgical operations and prevention, which is exactly what dentistry needs in the modern day. The research supporting the survivability of restorations makes it abundantly evident that tooth restoration is a short-term palliative solution that will fail if the underlying illness is not adequately treated. Although there are possibilities, motivations, and resources for minimally invasive dentistry today, there are unquestionably insufficient incentives. Third parties and patients appear to be persuaded that replacements are the only factors that matter. In other words, they are willing to pay for a filing but not for a process that precludes the need for one.
Journal of Al-Farabi University College Keywords: Dentistry, Dental caries, Restoration, Laser

Abstruct
Background: Infection of wounds and burns is one of the main clinical complications of infected patients. The phenomenon of the spread of bacterial infection has become common among patients with burns and wounds due to the emergence of strains that are resistant to sterilizers and antibiotics. Aim: The study aimed to study the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of calendula officinalis extracts against antibiotic-resistant bacteria contaminated for burns and wounds in hospitalized Baghdad/iraq. Methods: 100 samples were collected from burns and wounds patients in Baghdad Medical City hospitals. The results of the microbial isolation showed P. aeruginosa bacteria with a percentage of (26%), S. aureus bacteria with an isolation rate of (25%), and Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria with an isolated percentage of (17%), and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria with an isolation percentage of (16%). All isolates were subjected to an antibiotic sensitivity test. Results: The results showed 14 multidrug-resistant isolates, which are (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. baumannii, and E. faecalis). These resistant isolates were subjected to a biofilm production test. All plant extracts of Calendula officinalis L were effective in inhibiting the growth of all bacterial isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the plant ranged between 400 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL. Discussion: The alcoholic and acetone extracts were more efficient than the aqueous extract in inhibiting the growth of bacterial isolates. Also, C. officinalis extracts showed a high percentage of biofilm inhibition in A. baumannii bacteria, where the rate of inhibition was 81% at MIC of (25 mg/mL) in the alcoholic extract and (67%) at MIC (12.5 mg/mL) of acetone extract. Conclusions: Plant extracts of C. officinalis have an inhibitory effect on the growth of some pathogenic bacteria that contaminate burns and wounds, namely S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. The effect of plant extracts on other pathogenic bacteria can be studied.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Calendula officinalis, burns and wounds infections