iklil for Humanity Studies

This research is a descriptive study of the political and cultural history of the city of Beirut, as it is one of the important cities of the Levant, before and after Islam, and its importance lies in its distinguished location. Which made it, since it was opened early in the age of the Arab Islamic state in the caliphate of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him), a place of conflict between the Muslim Arabs and their enemies from the Romans and then the Crusaders. And the emergence of a number of scholars who excelled in these sciences. Therefore, the research aims to shed light on the efforts of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs alike in fortifying and preserving this city. The Umayyad caliphs were keen to fortify this city as a strategic depth in defending Damascus, the capital, against the Romans, and encouraged the Abbasid caliphs to populate Beirut with Arab tribes loyal to them in order to prevent an alliance between the Jarajima and the Romans against them. The research also aims to introduce the most prominent companions and followers who settled in this city for stationing and They circulated in it the narration of the honorable hadith of the Prophet, and then contributed to the emergence of a generation of scholars who were attributed to this city and supported its scientific movement until Beirut became one of the centers to which students of knowledge travel to seek hearing from its scholars. The study came out with several conclusions, including that the city of Beirut received the attention of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs as one of the important Levantine frontiers and for its commercial and military location, and as a result of encouraging the housing of Muslim Arabs in Beirut, this paved the way for the emergence of the first Arab emirate in Beirut, which is the Tanukhi emirate, which lasted until the Ottoman era, and the study also came out. That the companion Salman Al-Farisi was one of the first to be stationed in Beirut and narrated the hadith in it, then the scholars appeared in it, so Imam Al-Awzai and Imam Al-Hafiz Makhoul were the most famous of those attributed to Beirut, but the deterioration of the political situation in Beirut had a negative impact on its scientific movement until the decline of knowledge in it in the fifth century AH

Ibn Abbas (may God be pleased with him) has virtues and virtues in the main hadith books, in the biography of the Prophet, books of narration of narration, and others. Sultan Al-Qari Al-Harawi of Mecca (d. 1014 AH)
The author mentioned his writings in his virtues (may God be pleased with him), and he also mentioned his birth, death, and attributes, and his memorization of the prophetic and honorable Sunnah, interpretation, and the adoption of the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) in a lot of knowledge of what he interpreted, jurisprudence, and baths. The manuscript is virtues for the people of Taif, Makkah and Medina, and the prohibition of hunting (Waj), which is a valley in Waj. And the importance of the first manuscript in the picture to be a source.

Manuscripts are a treasure hidden from the treasures of our civilization, as Islamic scholars recorded in them various types of fields of knowledge, motivated by their love for their religion and their belonging to their nation, and for this we have the right to be proud of this great cultural heritage and cherish it, and we must move forward in the field of research Scrutiny and service of these great potentials, so that they can be benefited from in the desired way, and for the emerging generations to regain their historical memory, and to get acquainted with their ancient past, which is the source of pride and dignity, to blend the fragrant originality with the splendor of contemporary, with the causes of progress and manifestations of prosperity, and therefore preserving and publishing it is one of the duties competencies.

Islamic manuscripts are of great importance in preserving the Islamic heritage because of the valuable information they contained, which carried within them the types of knowledge and Islamic sciences. Europe.
The Orientalists had a major role in the emergence of many Islamic manuscripts into the field of research and investigation as a result of the presence of these manuscripts in their libraries after they obtained them in different ways, as we will see through this research, God willing.
Based on this importance, the researcher decided to choose this research marked (Islamic manuscripts are an important source in the orientalists' studies of Islamic history).

The book (Fath al-Wahhab bi Sharh Manhaj al-Talaba) by Sheikh Abu Yahya Zakariya al-Ansari is considered one of the important books in the Shafi’i school of thought and in Islamic jurisprudence.
Where I defined the book Fath al-Wahhab explaining the students’ methodology to Sheikh Zakariya al-Ansari by mentioning documenting the name of the book and documenting its attribution to Sheikh al-Ansari and the reason for its authorship. To several reasons: including what was mentioned in the book: (Al-Rawdah fi al-Furu’) by Mohi al-Din Zakaria Yahya bin Sharaf al-Ansari died (676 AH), and it is a summary of (Al-Aziz Sharh Al-Wajeez) by Al-Rafi’i. ) by Sheikh Zakariya Al-Ansari and other books attributed (Kitab Fath Al-Wahhab Bi-Sharh Manhaj Al-Talaba) to Sheikh Zakariya Al-Ansari.
Then I mentioned the sources of the book, whether they are jurisprudential or linguistic books and other books that the sheikh relied on in his explanation of the book (Manhaj al-Talaba). I touched on his method of explanation and presentation, as well as his method of inference, and then explained his method of transmission.

This research dealt with the objective consistency in Surat Al-Fajr and showed in it the definition of the Noble Surah in a brief definition, then explained the concept of coordination linguistically and idiomatically and showed the faces of its occasions, the purpose of the Surah and its themes, the appropriateness of the Surah to what came before it, the appropriateness of the Surah to what comes after it, and that the Surah dealt with many issues, including correcting the misconceptions of many orientalists and clarifying Its virtue and the purpose of the surah and its subjects

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best of those whose feet set foot on the earth. And the grace of God upon you was great.) God the Great has spoken the truth.
Manuscript heritage is all that it contains of various sciences and arts and all that the ancestors left behind in terms of cultural heritage, whether material, tangible or moral. Historic history and its association with the Arab and Islamic world and as part of the life of a Muslim who is considered the true legacy not of an era that this nation went through, but an extension of a promising future for the Arab and Muslim man who draws first from his ancient heritage.
Interest in written heritage does not come only through preserving manuscripts, ancient buildings, and ancient castles, it is also preserving the tools, collectibles, and tangible things that our ancestors used and what they inherited from their ancestors. Scientists and that life reflected tools that were used by scientists and scribes and in the stages of development of their living lives over time.

Praise be to God who taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know, and bestowed upon us abundant blessings, outwardly and inwardly, secretly and openly, what we knew of them and what we did not know, His eternal praise with which He praised Himself, the best and most perfect praise, a praise that the mind cannot limit, and the tongue can describe. And he loses his composure. And the best prayer and peace be upon our master Muhammad, who was sent as a mercy to the nations, who was told: And God revealed to you the Book and wisdom and taught you what you did not know, and God’s grace upon you is great.
The first thing for which the precious things of the days were spent, and the highest thing that was devoted to increasing attention: preoccupation with legal sciences, especially jurisprudence from them, because the Prophet, peace be upon him, said: (Whoever God wants good for, He gives him knowledge of the religion). So the scholars were keen to learn and teach jurisprudence until it was widely popular. Several schools arose from it.
Our lofty Islamic jurisprudence passed through multiple stages of codification, and the doctrine of the greatest imam Abi Hanifa al-Numan won the first place in this field, at the hands of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaibani, the author and publisher of the doctrine, may God Almighty have mercy on them.

Manuscripts and documents are usually exposed to damage as a result of many elements, such as improper use, lack of control over the environmental conditions of the storage place, or improper storage. Therefore, it has become customary for international organizations for preservation and restoration to address the causes that lead to damage to manuscripts and documents, including the Imam Hussein Center. Peace for the restoration of manuscripts and the care of researchers, books, documents and documents in scientific ways.
The role of aging in the deterioration of paper and the effect of both heat and humidity on the mechanical properties of paper, and all these factors lead to a change in the chemical composition of the paper.

This research revolves around ((civilizational dialogue between ancient Iraq and Yemen. A study in the systems of civilized communication between ancient cultures)) and it is one of the important and fundamental topics that show the depth of civilizational interdependence between ancient Iraq and the south of the Arabian Peninsula and on all political, economic, social and intellectual levels, as the geographical interdependence was Its clear impact on the cultural convergence, given that Iraq represents a natural extension of the Arabian Peninsula. It is noticeable that the population waves that entered Iraq and formed the largest empires known in the history of the ancient East started from the Arabian Peninsula.
From this aspect, this study came to give a clear and accurate picture of the impact of ancient Iraq on its cultural composition of the region. The political field, and it was limited to the political stages that both Iraq and Yemen went through without going into the details of the states and their constituents, starting with the foundations on which society emerged and how the first religious and political regimes emerged in both regions and the point of convergence and rapprochement between them and how these authorities were administered and the impact of people’s councils on them

Cuneiform documents shed light on an important aspect related to trade during the Middle Babylonian era (the Kassite period), relying on cuneiform texts related to the reality of commercial life, including purchase and sale contracts and other commercial transactions such as barter and loans, as well as a study of physical effects, including the border stones (Kuduru) discovered in the sites Various archaeological sites from Mesopotamia. Taxes also constituted a large resource throughout the ancient times of Mesopotamia and reflected an important aspect of the nature and efficiency of the prevailing economic system at the time. Taxes differed and their names and forms varied, some of which were imposed on agricultural crops, livestock, or on various commercial materials the other.

although the cultural heritage of our country was subjected to destruction and sabotage after 2003, and in some cases, there was an attempt to erase that legacy at the hands of terrorist groups (ISIS), the workers, in the antiquities and heritage sector and their staffs, continued to support governmental and international agencies or scientific and cultural institutions in an attempt to preserve that heritage, especially at the height of the crisis through which the country passed. It can be said that the interest of quite a few museums and scientific universities in the United States of America and European countries, as well as archaeologists, to study the civilization of Iraq from different angles, has formed more than the history of any other country, a factor of attraction for Arab and foreign historians and researchers to delve into it

As our Arabic language was the one that had the honor of being the language of the Qur’an, Arabic scholars took care of it. Therefore, various works appeared that constantly studied the words of the Holy Qur’an and explained its meanings. Among those works is the book Gharib Al-Qur’an by Ibn Qutayba (d. Related to the interpretation or meanings, the phrases and vocabulary explained in Gharib Al-Qur’an by Ibn Qutayba came few and were confined to the Gharib only, and the majority in it is abbreviation and brevity in clarifying the word.
The nature of the research necessitated that I divide it into an introduction and three topics. The introduction included two aspects:
The first / dealt with the word denotation linguistically and idiomatically, the word denotation in the Holy Quran.
The second / in which I dealt with Ibn Qutayba's approach to the strangeness of the Qur'an and the sections of the book.
As for the first topic, I devoted it to the study of opposites, including words (reading, descending, buying, reasoning, captivating) And the second topic of the verbal participant included (nation, throne).
And the third topic to study the significance of the words between the linguistic origin and the Qur’anic usage included (the book, blasphemy, corruption, whether, disease, al-wadaq, give me away), then the study concluded with the results that resulted from it.

Surah Al-Qasas is Meccan, except for the verses from “52_55” Madani, and it includes three stories: the story of the Prophet Moses “peace be upon him” with Pharaoh, the story of the Prophet Muhammad “peace be upon him and his family” with the infidels of his people, and the story of Qarun with his people from among Children of Israel, and the surah was revealed; To strengthen the support of the Messenger "may God bless him and his family" and the Muslims, and to let them know that victory is their ally in the end, even if the time is long, and to know an important fact that the messengers before them struggled and suffered in order to uphold the word of truth, so the surah presented the story of Moses with Pharaoh and how the power of truth triumphed In the end, the second story is the story of Qarun with money and knowledge that have no value in front of divine power which intervenes and makes the earth swallow him and his house, so this surah was revealed; To show that the power of God is the only real force affecting the universe, and at the end of the surah, God promised the Messenger and his companions to return to Makkah Al-Mukarramah as a conqueror and victor to spread Islam in all parts of the earth so that the forces of truth would triumph over evil. (Verse: 85), and since the surah is Meccan, it focused on the aspects of belief, monotheism, the message, and resurrection, so this necessitated the employment of a method that empowers the meaning in the hearts of the recipients. Because of his influence In the souls and the consolidation of faith in their hearts, as well as to provide an atmosphere of persuasion and enjoyment at the same time, and the role of this method in repelling suspicion is not hidden, so the affirmation came in several ways, including: verbal affirmation, affirmation by repetition, including the affirmation of the pronoun by the pronoun, and the word affirmation of the pronoun that is related to the separate pronoun, and the affirmation of The pronoun that is related to the connected pronoun, and the affirmation is also mentioned in the letters, including: The “in” is broken a lot in the surah, and it is mentioned thirty-three times. And there are verses in which it is mentioned twice, as well as “that” open to hamza, the lam of affirmation, and the heavy noon of affirmation that occurs three times, as well as the negative article “llan”, which emphasized the negative in the future, and from the reception letters the sein was used, which indicates closeness, and the emphasis on shortening was also present. And among his methods: negation and exception, and he used the most powerful exception letters “that” with except followed by “ma” and “no.” A role in confirming affirmative and negative statements.

In the name of god, the most merciful, the most merciful. The emergence of Arabic calligraphy and its origin is closely linked to the history and peoples who lived in ancienttimes, and a great controversy was raised about its beginning , and opinions and sayings differed in that, and accordingly, the history of Arabic calligraphy passed through multiple stages that extended with the history of those peoples and peoples .through ourresearch and study, we found that reason is from the emergence of Arabic writing is a reason for the development of life and the progress of the economic , cultural ,commercial and agricultural aspects, so those peoples became in urgent need of writing and codification .as for the origin of Arabic calligraphy ,it hasl was derived from many peoples , including the thamudis ,and they are the people of the prophent of god, salih ( peace be upon him ),and it was called the thamudis script in relation to those people who were mentioned in the holy quran.in our research, as well as the Aramaic script and the nabataean script ,the two main pillars of the Arabic script, which was born from them ,grew up and developed through the different stages and eras until it reached what it has reached today . this is what we strived for ,and ,it is the effort of the lesser ,and we ask god almighty for success and payment. praise, be to god almighty ,lord of the worlds, and may god ,s blessings be upon our prophet Muhammad and. his family and companions altogether.

The city of Zanjan occupied great importance in Islamic history in general and in the history of the Islamic East in particular، as Islam spread in it since the era of the third Rashidun Caliph Othman bin Affan، may God be pleased with him، and it was subject to the rule of the governors of Persia and Khorasan، then its rule was condemned to the Islamic emirates that appeared in the Islamic East، and the city gave birth to many Scholars who specialized in various types of intellectual، religious and literary sciences، and contributed to an important scientific movement، not only on the scale of the city of Zanjan، but their contribution included all the cities to which they traveled and visited، so they compiled many books، and a number of them studied in the schools of Damascus and Baghdad.

Food was the most important aspect of social life in the Mamluk era, as the Levantine society in general had its own habit that distinguished it from others, as they had many foods and methods related to their manufacture, which differed from the rest of the Islamic societies.
The Levantine cities witnessed a good craft activity during the Mamluk era, as the population practiced many industrial activities, which contributed to some extent to the prosperity of many industries, including food industries, and to the development of the economy, and brought benefits to the population.

That many of those for whom the values of the call to truth and justice constitute a danger, threaten their interests or privileges, or close the doors of climbing, and attempts to control and access human capabilities and life with the intention of exploiting the requirements of sense, the need of passion and private interest - reject that call with all their strength, and what they have been given. They were able by means. Unlike those who want reform and seek purification and purity, these people have eagerness and speed in response, and the matter of the call of the Lord Christ - upon him be peace - that seeks righteousness and salvation with the Jews did not come across its people; Where Christ (peace be upon him) tried to domesticate the society of the children of Israel, but he moved in a society with rigid emotions, dominated by the exploiting class of government merchants, money merchants, and debt merchants, and in the midst of the conflict and contradictions of the society of tax collectors, usurers, Pharisees, Sadducees, and all these forces That which was controlling the society in which the great teacher began the call and work to the values of purification and purity - this alone was sufficient to expose him to hardship and dangers, and to eliminate him and his call from the very beginning, before the threat of the call poses to those whose privileges the call threatens, and robs them of the tools of their exploitation .
Distributed followers of Judaism for a long time in teams differ in their view of the Old Testament. Among them is what differs about accepting the oral law that is codified in the Talmud, and among the topics of disagreement for them as well as the issue of the resurrection and the Last Day.

The emergence of the emirates in the Islamic East achieved scientific activity in these emirates thanks to the encouragement of their princes for science and scholars، to achieve their desire for their emirates to be scientific and commercial edifices in the present Baghdad، so the court of each prince became a forum frequented by scholars، thinkers and writers، as these courts contributed to the advancement of science and the arts and their prosperity until they became Every emirate is a scientific center in which competition and scientific discussions are active، which contributed to giving importance to these centers. Many scholars، thinkers، and writers emerged in these emirates، and they played an important role in scientific and intellectual progress، and they responded to the scientific influences and intellectual renaissance that the Arab Islamic state had، especially And the inhabitants of these emirates are the owners of an ancient civilization، and they have a great intellectual heritage . It was remarkable that the Tahirid and Saffarid princes led the movement of interest in science، and they had a prominent role in paving the way for this prosperity and preparing for it. Security and stability in it، but they did not completely neglect the scientific side، but rather they were fans of science and spenders on it، but what indicates that the Saffarians were interested in Persian literature، so they tried to highlight Persian culture، unlike the pure ones who were interested in Arabic literature.

The studies that touched on the means of supplying the city with water were accompanied by a lot of confusion and contradiction, and we will work on clarifying them in this study.
Many specialists have been certain that water was transported to the city of Mansour on the backs of animals, and thus it suffers from water scarcity, despite being surrounded by water. The reason is what was reported by al-Khatib al-Baghdadi from two contradictory accounts, as it was clarified in the first, that water was transported on the backs of animals. As for the second narration, it is mentioned that the reason for extending canals and supplying Al-Mansur with water to the city was after his meeting with the delegation of the King of Rome. In fact, the difference between the two incidents is more than 10 years. It was Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi who gave a picture of the city that it suffers from water scarcity despite being surrounded by fresh water from all sides. From these two novels, and in our opinion, this picture is incorrect or needs clarification, and this is what we will explain in this study. The problem is that Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi is considered the first historian of the city of Baghdad because he specialized in it. Therefore, he became the main source for everyone who wrote about Baghdad, although he was late for the construction of the city of Al-Mansur, as he lived in the fifth century AH, and he talks about the city of Al-Mansur, which he built at the end of the first half of the second century AH.

Western writings with a malevolent orientalist tendency are inclined to stir up suspicions and allegations about the religion of Islam, its tolerant teachings, and its Noble Prophet, Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace), so its authors used cunning methods, deceptive tricks, and ornate methods to mislead Muslims, make them question their religion, and distort the value of Islam in the eyes of people. And they divert between the West and Islam, and accordingly, the orientalists dealt with (the text), whether it is Quranic, prophetic, or traditional, in different ways. special, and some of them cut off part of it and do not bring it completely.
That is why it is imperative for us, as Arab and Muslim researchers, to have a serious and scientific stance in front of the tendentious Orientalist writings, as it is necessary to subject its texts to investigation and diagnose the allegations in them against Islam and its Prophet, and to respond to them with a sober historical scientific method. An Essay on Islam) by the English Orientalist The Birth and Origins of (Girges Sall) from alleged historical fallacies about the religion of Islam and its Noble Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace). She was distinguished by her scientific studies of depth and accuracy in research and cognitive investigation As he was fond of studying the languages of the East, especially the Arabic language and its sciences, and he had works in his mother tongue on history and oriental languages, and he had an interest and preoccupation with the science of Islamic jurisprudence, and the transfer of the Noble Qur’an to the tongue of the English, and he tried in his writings about Islam to adhere to fairness and integrity from passion, which made him subject to The penalty for being accused by the extremists in religion among his countrymen of having departed from Christianity, but his article that he wrote - and what it contained of the abundance of his material and the breadth of his knowledge and his insight into the history of the Arabs, their religions and their customs, until he believed, claiming the scholar Voltaire, that (Sall) lived a long period in the Arab countries, and took from them The abundance of his information, but the truth never set foot in the region in his life- It contains some failures and bad insinuations about the Prophet’s journey from the beginning of the honorable mission, and the difficulties he faced with the task entrusted to him by God Almighty, as it would have been better for Gerges Sal not to fall into such failures, and he is known for investigating credibility and accuracy in narrating historical events, and on the basis of That is, we will try through this research to diagnose those failures, which are considered suspicions, and subject them to scientific analysis, and respond to them from reliable Islamic sources, so that we have a defensive Islamic scientific position against any bad insinuation that affects our religion and our noble Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace) and our sacred teachings. In this research, we relied on a number of sources and references, including:
1- Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar Al-Madani (d. 151 AH), Biography of the Prophet, edited by: Ahmed Farid, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, Bla.
2- Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmed bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d. 458 AH), evidence of prophecy and knowledge of the conditions of the owner of the law, edited by: Dr. Abdul Muti Qalaji, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah and Dar Al-Rabab, 1988.
3- Ibn Saad, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Saad bin Manea Al-Hashemi (d. 230 AH), Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Edited by: Muhammad Abdul Qadir Atta, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami, Beirut, 1997 AD.
4- Ibn Katheer, Abi Al-Fida Ismail Bin Omar (d. 774 AH), Biography of the Prophet, edited by: Mahmoud Omar Al-Damiati, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami, Beirut, Bla. T.
5- Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Jamal al-Din Abd al-Malik bin Hisham bin Ayoub al-Himyari al-Ma’afari (d. 213 AH) Biography of the Prophet, edited by: Mustafa al-Sakka, Ibrahim al-Abiyari and Abd al-Hafiz al-Shalabi, 2nd Edition, Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi Library and Printing Press and his sons, Egypt, 1955 AD.
6- Abd al-Wahhab, Ahmed, Prophecy and the Prophets in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, 2nd edition, Wahba Bookshop, Cairo, 1992, p. 11.
7- Fouad, Abdel Moneim, From the fabrications of orientalists on the doctrinal foundations of Islam, 1st edition, Obeikan Library, Riyadh - Saudi Arabia, 2001 AD.

There is no doubt that successful economic policies in achieving high growth rates and achieving economic and human development are those that deal consciously and soundly with objective economic laws and their movement and action when drawing up economic and social policies on the one hand, and take into account the possibilities of development, economic growth and the needs of society on the other hand. As any defect in the understanding of these economic laws or ignoring their action and ignoring the components and needs of the country leads to a disruption of the entire economic process (production, distribution, exchange and consumption) and in turn leads to the emergence of negative phenomena in a successive series of economic indicators that, when they continue and are not addressed, lead to the emergence of an economic crisis And social and then political in the country.

My research reflects the history of the revival of Baghdad between the past and the present, and provides details on the various aspects of life and work in this famous and great Arab capital.
Baghdad was not to be considered as one city. Rather, it is several cities in one city, as it appeared on a large area of land. It showed up in one area. But soon it suddenly disappeared. To appear in another region and bear the same name. When it expands on one side, it shrinks and shrinks on the other. It is a city that never disappears. She always bears her eternal name.
In my research, I dealt with the reality of Baghdad shops through several eras between the past and the present. And shed light on a number of these selected shops with their characteristics and important events that left their prominent mark on the reality of these shops in the past and present.
The most famous of those who wrote about Baghdad is the scholar Dr. Mustafa Jawad in a joint book with the researcher Fouad Jamil, entitled Baghdad, City of Peace.
English orientalist James Felix Jones, his book The Conditions of Baghdad in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, translated by Dr.
Baghdad, City of Peace, by Richard Cook
Old Baghdadi Shops in Memory book, written by Rifaat Marhoon Al-Saffar
The Historical Origins Book of the Names of Baghdad Shops, Dr. Imad Abd al-Salam Raouf.
Baghdad Shops in the Hundred Years 1858-1958 book by Qusay Ismail al-Qardi and Nadia Yassin Abd on general cultural affairs.