Journal of Jurisprudence Faculty

We find that Sadr al-Din\'s philosophy is derived from many sources, the most important of which are the views of the Greeks, particularly those of Aristotle and his disciple, Ibn Sina, and the ideas of the Sufi Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi. Mulla Sadra had a deep knowledge of the schools of Islamic philosophical thought that preceded his time. He was also intimately familiar with Peripatetic philosophy, particularly the thought of Ibn Sina, for whom he left an important commentary on his book” Al-Shifa” He also had a deep understanding of later Peripatetics, such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Athir al-Din al-Abhari, who wrote a commentary on” Al-Hidayah” which would become one of his most famous works, especially in India. In addition, he was a master of Illuminationist thought, and several of his fictional narratives were written by him, in addition to writing a major commentary on” The Wisdom of Illumination”

Water is an important and vital resource for human life, given the significant population growth and water scarcity in the Middle East. Therefore, the international community has recognized the importance of the water issue and adopted an international treaty under the auspices of the United Nations regarding international rivers for non-navigational purposes. In this research, we will examine the most important principles established by this agreement, such as the principle of fair and equitable utilization and the obligation not to cause harm to other states. We will also present the procedures to be followed when using international rivers for non-navigational purposes, linking this topic to the case of the Euphrates River as a practical case study, especially in light of the Turkish government's refusal to sign the aforementioned treaty, considering the Euphrates River an internal river not subject to international water-sharing principles.

Despite the types of violence witnessed throughout human history, the Middle East is experiencing a particularly intense form of violence. This violence is characterized by two distinct characteristics: first, it is extremely evil and horrific, and second, it is committed in the name of religion. This raises a serious question: What is the reason for this degree of violence? What are the intellectual origins and reservoirs of this violence?
Some respond, attempting to explain the connection between religion and violence, by describing it as an aberration and deviation, the result of a political ideology, or a characteristic of a mutated form of religion, i.e., fundamentalism.
However, in this research, we seek explanations of the religious ideas of the religious forces active in the Middle East, particularly jihadists or Salafi jihadism in general, which are directly linked to verses and hadiths, in order to identify the theologies of violence that support this level of bloodshed, particularly in explaining the division of the world into the abode of faith and the abode of unbelief. Therefore, this research, derived from a doctoral dissertation entitled: A Critical Study of Jihadists' Views on the Verses of Jihad Based on the Views of Sayyed Fadlallah and Dr. Wahba al-Zuhayli, aims to analyze and interpret the reasons for their jurisprudential evidence and the sources that provide the necessary preparation for this type of violence.

The research briefly touched upon and presented the most important criteria that modernists rely on in their study of the Qur’anic texts, as they relied on the criterion of development and renewal without any controls to be adhered to or limits to be reached, and the criterion of the spatio-temporal nature of the Qur’anic text, whose interpretation changes with the change of eras, as well as giving cause and effect to the Qur’anic text as a criterion without adhering to any Islamic legal standard, in addition to their reliance on Western premises and Orientalist references in expressing their opinions about the Holy Qur’an.

This research studies and analyzes the process of ethical behavior in the fifteen supplications of Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, through two main axes: The first axis presents the cognitive faculties and the conceptual framework of ethical behavior in light of the text of the supplication, clarifying its legal and spiritual origins The second axis deals with the practical aspects of this behavior, dividing it into two areas: individual ethical behavior. Individual moral behavior: This includes the individual’s moral behavior towards himself and towards God Almighty, including sincerity, humility, and self-control. Also included are moral behavior between people (social ethics): This includes behavior within the family, such as love, mercy, tolerance, and good treatment, in addition to moral behavior in society, such as justice, generosity, rejection of stinginess, and humility.

This study focused on (the principles of organizational behavior in light of the supplications of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya), which have a profound impact on human organizational behavior. It included the supplications of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya, as well as focusing on the importance and status of this behavior, according to Imam Zain Al-Abidin (peace be upon him), in the process of achieving security and stability for individuals and societies in all social, economic, intellectual, cultural and other aspects, and the principles upon which evaluation is based at the individual level, by reforming their conditions in aspects of belief, as well as in their actions, morals, behavior and worship. To conduct a comprehensive and objective study, we had to talk about the concepts framing our research, and defining the concept of organizational behavior within the supplications of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya. We find that the Imam (peace be upon him) used the Holy Qur’an for what it contains of a call to build a complete human being in all aspects, and he also focused in some of its blessed verses on reforming human society in general, and this is the message that he (peace be upon him) adopted. God Almighty, when He sent the prophets and messengers (peace be upon them), generation after generation; The purpose of this was to reform these peoples and societies at that time... reforming their faith, as well as their thinking, behavior, and lifestyles, and, in this regard, reforming corrupt human relations. Human society, like the human body, is susceptible to a variety of diseases... For example, it is susceptible to various types of corruption, including intellectual, moral, behavioral, financial, and political. Therefore, we find the Imam (peace be upon him) calling for reform, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong, and combating everything that contains corruption, making this a religious duty and a collective and political responsibility, in accordance with the evidence and proofs provided in the Holy Quran.

This research addresses the issue of "the jurist's need for the science of men" demonstrating that most Islamic rulings are based on the Prophetic Sunnah and the hadiths of the Imams (peace be upon them). Most of these hadiths have reached us through individual narrations, not tawatur, making it essential to distinguish between authentic and unsound ones.
The research presents scholars' opinions on the need for the science of men, which are divided between those who deny the need, those who elaborate, and those who confirm it. Some consider it, along with the science of (usul al-fiqh), the two most important sciences upon which ijtihad depends. The final conclusion is that the science of men is essential for the jurist who is engaged in ijtihad to determine the validity of narrations, especially in narrations other than those from the Four Books, where there is a lack of popularity or the presence of contradictions.
It also reviews rational, transmitted, and historical evidence that supports the importance of this science in the process of ijtihad and deduction.

A pelvic examination is a medical examination of the reproductive organs to diagnose abnormalities, assess the health of these organs, or for reproductive purposes or disease diagnosis. This examination is performed by looking at and touching the private parts. This study, using a descriptive and analytical approach, addresses the issue of the permissibility of pelvic examinations and concludes that: Jurists unanimously agree, based on verses and hadiths, that looking at and touching the private parts is not permissible. However, in cases such as testimony and transactions, or in necessary cases such as maintaining health, diagnosing incurable diseases, or childbirth, based on evidence, hadiths, and the principles "necessity permits what is prohibited" and "hardship brings about facilitation," conducting these examinations in cases of necessity and to the extent required is permissible.

This research addresses a sublime doctrinal and spiritual aspect, namely, analyzing the attributes of God Almighty as they appear in the supplications of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), and comparing them with what is stated in the Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya of Imam Zayn al-Abidin (peace be upon him). The importance of this research lies in its shedding light on the purifying and monotheistic statement in the authentic supplications, which constitute part of the profound doctrinal heritage of the Imami school. This reflects a precise and comprehensive vision of pure monotheism and absolute transcendence of God Almighty.
The research begins with the prophetic analysis of God's attributes, through prophetic supplications narrated by the Imams (peace be upon them), such as their supplications during prostration or the supplications of Tahajjud, which affirm that God is beyond sight, beyond space, beyond description, and beyond the grasp of the minds of the knowers. The research focused on authentic narrations found in respected Shiite sources, such as Tawhid al-Saduq, al-Kafi, and Nahj al-Balagha, which describe God as being beyond all likeness and resemblance, transcendent of place, time, and boundaries. The research then turns to Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, the great devotional document that represents the pinnacle of religious and theological literature, where supplications are spoken by a humble, monotheistic tongue, embodying the loftiest concepts of faith.

Abstract
This research focuses on the most important supplications of the prophets (peace be upon them)، who were sent to all of humanity. Those whose hearts God has sealed are few in society. Moreover، the position of prophethood is one of the greatest positions God Almighty has bestowed upon His special servants. All positions typically grant their holder the ability to judge the bodies of individuals، except for the position of prophethood. A prophet judges the bodies and hearts of his society and has a psychological and spiritual influence. Hence، the position of prophethood is unmatched by any other position in its loftiness. Hence، the claimants of false prophethood are the most base and deviant of people.
Research question: What are the psychological and spiritual motivations inspired by the supplications of the prophets (peace be upon them)، and what is the impact of supplication on the individual and society?
Research method: This research seeks، using a descriptive and analytical approach، to present the verses mentioned in this context to arrive at the most important conclusions.
Research Achievements: This research demonstrates the profound impact on people's souls through the supplications of the prophets (peace be upon them)، leading to the reformation of hearts، strengthening trust in God، and a constant sense of His presence، which brings peace to the heart. It also had social effects، focusing on building relationships between the prophets (peace be upon them) and their families، establishing security and stability

This research examines the phenomenon of opening with praise and glorification in Nahj al-Balagha as a rhetorical rhetorical tool with semantic and functional dimensions، playing a fundamental role in shaping the structure of discourse and directing its objectives. The research proceeds from an inductive analysis of rhetorical texts that begin with formulas of praise and commendation، examining the impact of these formulas on consolidating doctrinal and ethical concepts and activating the rhetorical and persuasive function of speech. The first section is devoted to defining the linguistic and technical concepts related to opening with praise and glorification. The second section addresses the structure of the opening and its role in shaping the rhythmic and semantic dimensions. The third section focuses on purpose as a functional dimension that guides the structure of the opening to achieve the aims of the discourse.
Research question: What is the impact of opening with praise and glorification in sermons in Nahj al-Balagha in directing the objectives of the discourse and achieving its rhythmic، semantic، and functional dimensions?
Research Achievements: Through its three chapters، the research concluded that the introduction of praise and glorification in Nahj al-Balagha constitutes a purposeful structural approach with semantic، rhythmic، and functional dimensions. It revealed Imam Ali's (peace be upon him) precision in employing these formulas to direct the discourse and deepen its doctrinal and psychological impact. It also demonstrated that these introductions play a preparatory role، preparing the recipient for emotional engagement with the sermon's content. The research highlighted the relationship between the opening formula and the sermon's intellectual and social objectives. Thus، it demonstrated that praise and glorification are not rhetorical embellishments، but rather effective rhetorical tools for construction and influence.
Research Methodology: The researcher used a textual analytical approach to uncover the rhythmic and semantic structure of the introductions; a descriptive-inductive approach to monitor the patterns of praise and glorification introductions in Nahj al-Balagha sermons; and a pragmatic approach to analyze the functional and objective intent of rhetorical use.

This study elaborates on the pedagogical reflections inspired by Surah Al-Infitar, highlighting several core themes that emerge from its verses. The cosmic signs described in the chapter, particularly those depicting the events of the Day of Judgment, open an avenue for contemplating the majesty and omnipotence of God in reshaping and transforming His creation. Such reflection nurtures a sense of reverence, strengthens one's faith, and fosters preparedness for that awe-inspiring day. Furthermore, the significance of pondering over human creation comes forth as a call to marvel at the precision and ingenuity of God's craftsmanship in shaping mankind with intricate details. This encourages self-appreciation while simultaneously urging individuals to grasp the divine wisdom behind their existence. Additionally, reflecting on the Day of Judgment and divine accountability inspires self-examination and motivates one to prepare for the moment when deeds are measured and ultimate destinies are determined. Lastly, the mention of angels in the chapter underscores the divine order and meticulous system governing the recording and preservation of actions. This instills a profound sense of accountability before God, urging individuals to strive for virtuous behavior and maintain moral integrity.
This study aims to shed light on the objectives of the surah, emphasizing the reality of resurrection and judgment. It stresses individual responsibility, reminding humans of God's blessings and the recording of their deeds by angels, necessitating gratitude devoid of arrogance. The study warns against pride and denial, highlighting the danger of complacency, which can lead to injustice and obstinacy. It calls for readiness for the Day of Judgment and focuses on the outcomes of one's deeds on that day. Additionally, it draws attention to the terrors of the Day of Resurrection and the greatness of the Creator, encouraging reflection on one's ultimate fate. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in conducting this study.