Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences

1

Unveiling the Impact of Entomological Evidence in Forensic Investigations: A Review

Pages: 183-192 English

Abstract

Background: Forensic entomology has introduced new methods that are recommended to determine the cause, manner, and time since death, particularly for deteriorated, putrid bodies discovered at unexpected places. This scientific field provides new techniques that are applicable
to molecular studies, such as DNA analysis based on entomological data. Numerous techniques
are used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval, depending on the location and state of
the corpse as well as the circumstances surrounding its discovery.
Objectives: Since forensic pathologists always face the difficult task of excluding misleading
evidence when investigating cases of unnatural deaths or when the corpse has been moved
from the original crime scene, this review aimed to provide a broad overview of the potential
applications and advantages of forensic entomology data in criminal investigations in courts. In
addition to highlighting the factors that can negatively influence the use of these entomological
evidences.
Conclusion: Various factors could affect the entomological data collected from a crime scene but
careful analysis accompanied by thorough observations and evaluations could overcome such
obstacles in an investigation.

Keywords

Biological Evidence Entomological Evidence Entomology Forensic insects Parasites pmi

2

Advances in Nanotechnology for Latent Fingerprint Detection

Pages: 222-231 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Nanotechnology has become a transformative tool in forensic investigations, offering enhanced
capabilities for detecting and examining materials of evidentiary relevance. Owing to their
physicochemical features, nanomaterials have proven beneficial in identifying latent fingerprints, detecting illicit drugs, and tracing explosive residues. Their integration into molecular biology techniques like polymerase chain reaction has improved accuracy and sensitivity
of DNA analysis. Sophisticated analytical procedures, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman
micro-spectroscopy, and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, are used to detect forensic traces
at microscopic and nanoscopic levels. Although latent fingerprints are vital forensic evidence,
their recovery from difficult surfaces such as textured vehicle dashboards remains limited. No
universally accepted method exists to reliably extract prints from such complex substrates at
crime scenes. Conventional visualization techniques use fingerprint powders, followed by lifters or molding materials to transfer impressions. Cyanoacrylate fuming and fluorescent dyes,
such as Rhodamine 6G, are also used to enhance contrast and visibility. However, the effectiveness of lifters and casting materials on uneven surfaces is not studied extensively and presents
an area for research. Collection, processing, and interpretation of fingerprint evidence should
be conducted by trained forensic experts to ensure accuracy. When applied correctly, fingerprint identification remains one of the most reliable methods for linking individuals to criminal
acts. It can substantiate witness testimonies, corroborate forensic findings, and exclude individuals from suspicion, helping investigators allocate resources effectively.

Keywords

evidence Forensic science latent fingerprint nanoparticles Quantum Dots

3

Eradicating Malaria in Africa

Pages: 232-237 English

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Abstract

Background: According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), malaria remains a leading
burden of illness in low- and middle-income countries accounting for 94% of cases and 95%
of deaths in 2022. As the 2030 Global Goals approach, preventive and chemotherapeutic interventions are necessary to curb the virulence of malaria, making it crucial to review novel
approaches to combat this disease.
Objective: This paper aims to review the top two vaccines for malaria prevention, evaluate
their efficacy, and examine the potential challenges that may arise in their deployment in lowand middle-income countries.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted focusing on the leading malaria prevention
vaccines, their effectiveness profiles, and the barriers to implementation in resource-limited
settings.
Results: While vaccine usage demonstrates significant potential for malaria prevention,
considerable challenges exist in vaccine development and large-scale production in low- and
middle-income countries due to limited funding resources. Additionally, misconceptions about
vaccines present barriers to acceptance and uptake.
Conclusions: Although malaria vaccines offer promising preventive potential, successful
deployment in low- and middle-income countries requires addressing funding limitations for
development and production, as well as implementing public enlightenment prog

Keywords

Africa MALARIA R21 malaria vaccine RTS S/AS01E malaria vaccine Vaccines

4

Saussurea costus: An Effective Treatment Against Candida

Pages: 245-250

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Abstract

Saussurea costus, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, is emerging as a powerful anti- Candida agent. With the growing challenge of Candida infections and increasing resistance to conventional antifungal drugs, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options. This liter-ature review emphasizes the significant anti-Candida activity of S. costus, which is attributed to its bioactive compounds, especially sesquiterpene lactones such as costunolide and dehy-drocostus lactone. These compounds show inhibitory effects against various Candida species through mechanisms including membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition. Notably, S. costus has demonstrated comparable or even superior effectiveness to drugs like fluconazole, with potential benefits in safety and reduced toxicity. The review highlights the herb’s potential as a treatment for Candida infections and its possible use as a natural food preservative. However, further research is necessary to fully realize its therapeutic potential and develop it into a via-ble treatment option

Keywords

alternative therapy anti-candida Antifungal activity Saussurea costus sesquiterpene lactones

5

Biochemical and Immune Indicators of COVID-19 Severity

Pages: 217-221 English

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Abstract

Background: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a class of RNA viruses that infect humans and various animals. They enter host cells via ACE2 receptors, which are widely distributed in organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and the digestive tract. COVID-19 infection causes systemic illness, characterized by fever, cough, fatigue, sputum production, dyspnea, appetite loss, and sometimes diarrhea. It can disrupt, damage, or even cause failure of multiple organs, particu-larly the lungs, kidneys, and sites of prior injury. Immune activation is marked by heightened T-lymphocyte and macrophage responses, producing elevated levels of cytokines, notably interleukins such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, which play complex and sometimes antagonistic roles in immune regulation.Objective: To investigate alternative laboratory markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19, particularly in settings where RT-PCR testing is unavailable, focusing on the role of inflammatory markers and biochemical parameters. Methods: During periods when RT-PCR testing was inaccessible because of logistical con-straints, conventional laboratory tests were utilized to establish diagnostic and prognostic cri-teria for COVID-19. These included measurement of serum ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hematological parameters such as hemoglobin levels to assess ane-mia and iron status.Results: Patients with COVID-19 frequently exhibited rapid elevation of ferritin levels, which correlated with increased IL-6 concentrations. Hyperferritinemia was associated with anemia and excessive iron loss. LDH levels were also elevated and served as an independent predictor of mortality, regardless of underlying conditions. Conclusion: In the absence of RT-PCR testing, routine laboratory markers—including ferritin, IL-6, LDH, and hematological profiles—can serve as valuable tools for the diagnosis and prog-nostic assessment of COVID-19. Elevated ferritin and LDH levels, in particular, are linked to increased disease severity and higher mortality risk

Keywords

and still others had arthralgia and/or diarrhea. The prom-inent symptoms were headache and fever and “19” flagged the year of exposure.Symptoms of COVID-19 varied among people. Some experienced general tiredness Anti-Cardiolipin antibodyReceived: 19.05.2025Accepted: 31.07.2025Published online: 01.06.25Published: 01.10.20251. IntroductionThe respiratory ailment later known as COVID-19 was dis-seminated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2 after it was firstly discovered in Wuhan as it was nomenclated by WHO both directly and through their effects on nutrition in various ways [1]. Severe acute respi-ratory syndrome coronavirus 2 China Covid humans and their animals came under a heavy burden of infections in addition to loss of taste and smell. Secondary diseases were the in 2019. Coronaviridae has a further subfamily classifica-tion; Orthocoronaviridae; which consists of four genera; (α – Coronaviridae & β – Coronaviridae) mostly; or exclu-sively infects mammals Interleukin-2 Interleukin-6 or COVID-19 others had dyspnea where (γ – Coronaviridae& δ–Coronaviridae) especially affect many avian species; As a result where they took “CO” from corona “VI” from virus & “D” for disease

6

Comparative Study of Metal Oxide Powders for Revealing Latent Fingerprints on Various Nonporous Surfaces

Pages: 238-244 English

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Abstract

Latent fingerprints are left behind on various surfaces when a person touches an object, often invisible to the naked eye. The process of detecting these fingerprints and enhancing their vis-ibility is vital for identifying perpetrators in criminal cases. Contrast, resolution, and the abil-ity to see tiny details are all impacted by the different ways in which different agents interact with fingerprint residues and substrates. Surface type, residue composition, environmental variables, and safety issues all influence the best option. Empirical testing is often necessary to determine the most effective reagent for a particular forensic scenario.Several metal oxide powders, including CaO, ZrSiO₄, B₂O₃, TiO₂, and CdO, were used in this study to evaluate finger-print detection on surfaces such phone screens, transparent glass, and black marble. Because of their high adhesion, clarity, and compatibility with various surfaces, ZrSiO₄ worked best on glass, B₂O₃ on black marble, and CdO on phone displays.

Keywords

black marble Fingerprint Forensic science Metal oxides phone screen transparent glass

7

Evaluation of Socioeconomic and Nutritional Status in Pediatric with Iron-Related Disorders

Pages: 193-206 English

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Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and anemia of inflammation without iron deficiency are widespread nutritional and hematological disorders affecting chil-dren globally. This study aimed to assess the impact of socioeconomic status, dietary habits, and physical activity on iron-related disorders among children aged 2–10 years in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 171 children, categorized into four groups based on clinical and biochemical criteria: control (n = 68), ID (n = 50), IDA (n = 31), and anemia of inflammation without iron deficiency (n = 22), defined as chronic inflammation that traps iron within storage sites, resulting in low hemoglobin. Data were collected using struc-tured questionnaires and laboratory assessments, including serum iron and complete blood count (CBC). Results: Statistically significant associations were found between iron-related disorders and several socioeconomic and nutritional factors (p < 0.0001). Children diagnosed with iron defi-ciency and anemia were more likely to come from households with low income and low paren-tal educational levels, consume fewer daily meals, and have a reduced intake of iron-rich foods such as meat, vegetables, legumes, and fruits. Binary logistic regression analysis identified key predictors of iron-related disorders, including consumption of only one meal per day (OR = 5.73, 95% CI: 1.69–19.50), never consuming meat (OR = 28.8, 95% CI: 6.82–121.63), and spend-ing less than 1 h per day on physical activity (OR = 18.13, 95% CI: 2.59–126.72). Conclusions: Socioeconomic status, dietary patterns, and physical activity levels significantly influence the risk of iron-related disorders in children. These findings highlight the need for targeted nutri-tional education and public health interventions to reduce childhood anemia and improve iron status in vulnerable populations

Keywords

Child Nutrition Dietary Iron Sources dietary pattern

8

Partial Purification and Biochemical Characterization of L-lysine α-Oxidase from Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pages: 207-216 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Background: L-lysine α-oxidase (LO) is an oxidative enzyme with notable therapeutic and industrial potential due to its capacity to degrade lysine and generate cytotoxic by-products
such as hydrogen peroxide. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a known microbial source of LO, and its
clinical prevalence in nosocomial infections supports its exploration for enzyme production.
Methodology: A total of 130 clinical samples were collected from various infection sites in
Baghdad hospitals between October and December 2024. LO production was screened, and the
most productive isolate (P6) was selected for purification and characterization. Purification
involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, and
Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The enzyme was further characterized by SDS-PAGE, and its
activity and stability were tested under varying pH, temperature, metal ions, and inhibitor
conditions.
Results: A total of 130 clinical samples were collected from different infection sites, including wounds, burns, urine, and sputum. Out of these, 20 isolates (15%) were identified as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The initial identification was based on colony morphology on cetrimide agar, characteristic pigmentation, and Gram staining. Further confirmation was achieved
through standard biochemical tests (oxidase positive, growth at 42 °C, etc.) and automated
identification using the VITEK 2 system. The specific activity of LO reached 80 U/mg protein
after purification, with a purification fold of 10 and a yield of 49.5%. SDS-PAGE estimated the
molecular weight of LO to be 54 kDa. Optimal enzymatic activity and stability were observed
at pH 7 and 37 °C. Calcium and potassium ions enhanced enzyme activity, while mercury ions
showed strong inhibition. The enzyme retained high activity in the presence of EDTA at low
concentrations.
Conclusion: The successful isolation and purification of L-lysine α-oxidase from a local P.
aeruginosa isolate demonstrate its potential for therapeutic and industrial applications. Its
optimal activity at physiological conditions and tolerance to certain ions further support its
applicability. Future studies should focus on scaling production and testing cytotoxicity against
cancer cell lines

Keywords

characterization enzyme purification L-lysine-α-oxidase P. aeruginosa

9

Assessing the Effects of Blanching and Pickling on the Microbiological Quality and Nutritional Retention of Cabbage

Pages: 251-265 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Background: Cabbage is a widely consumed vegetable that is highly perishable and prone to
microbial contamination. Processing techniques such as blanching and pickling can improve
its safety and extend shelf life, but their effects on microbial quality and nutrient composition
require systematic evaluation.
Objective: This study investigated the impact of blanching at varying time–temperature conditions and pickling on the microbial safety and nutritional composition of cabbage.
Materials and Methods: Fresh cabbage samples were blanched at 80°C for 1 min, 85°C for 2 min,
90°C for 3 min, 95°C for 5 min, and 100°C for 7 min, or processed by pickling. A control sample
was left untreated. Microbial quality was assessed using standard microbiological techniques,
including enumeration of total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC), staphylococci (TSC),
fungi (TFC), and coliforms. Proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fiber, and carbohydrate) was determined using standard analytical methods.
Results: THBC progressively declined with increasing blanching temperature and duration,
with the lowest counts observed at 95–100°C, where bacterial growth was nearly inhibited
after week 3. Pickled samples showed a steady decline (4.6 × 10³ to 1.2 × 10³ CFU/g), while
controls retained high counts (>10⁵ CFU/g). TSC was effectively inhibited from week 2 at ≥90°C,
whereas pickling reduced counts by week 2. Fungal growth declined substantially at 90–95°C
(as low as 4.4 × 10² CFU/g), while coliforms were absent in all treated samples. Nutritional
analysis indicated that blanching enhanced crude protein and fiber retention, while pickling
increased moisture but reduced ash content. Carbohydrates remained relatively constant
across treatments.
Conclusion: Blanching, particularly at ≥90°C, and pickling significantly improved microbial
safety of cabbage while maintaining key nutrients. These findings underscore the potential of
both techniques as practical preservation methods for producing safe, nutritious, and shelf-stable cabbage products.

Keywords

Blanching cabbage Microbial quality nutritional composition Pickling proximate analysis thermal processing

Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences

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