waai Journal for the Human Sciences

Praise be to God، Lord of the Worlds، and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God and the Seal of the Prophets، our Master Muhammad، and upon his family and all his companions. After this blessed journey in this auspicious research، we have reached the following:
1. The interest of the Hanafi imams in the art of drawing the mufti for many centuries، and they made entire chapters for this drawing to define it and explain its drawing in their collections and works since the establishment of the dissemination of the opinions of their imams and their efforts in deriving rulings for practical issues and disseminating it in their books.
2. This approved drawing had a visible role and a great impact throughout those centuries in the stability of the judiciary and fatwas، as it did not leave the judge and the mufti in confusion or turmoil with those disseminated opinions.
3. The Hanafi school is the product of a blessed chain of diligent imams that began with the noble companion Abdullah ibn Masoud، may God be pleased with him، passing through Alqama، Ibrahim al-Nakha’i، and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman، the imams of jurisprudence in Kufa، until it settled with our greatest imam and his two companions Abu Yusuf and Hamad، then it spread among the people.
4. These scholars had exceptional students who followed their principles، and they made great efforts in deriving rulings for new issues and problems. Their efforts were combined with the efforts of their imams under the name of the Hanafi school of thought and Hanafi jurisprudence.
5. Our greatest Imam was praised by scholars، for jurisprudence is only a branch of it، and people are dependent on it.
6. Abu Yusuf’s trust and high certainty in his Imam، to the point that he made him between himself and God Almighty when he judged people’s rights. This certainty made him not appoint a judge over people unless he was of the school of Abu Hanifa، may God have mercy on him.
7. Imam Muhammad bin Al-Hasan documented the jurisprudence of his Imam، along with the jurisprudence of the two companions، and disseminated and spread it. His books were the foundations of the works of this widely spread school of thought throughout the world.
8. The truth is that the two companion imams reached the level of absolute ijtihad. This is known by those who read the description of the imams who performed ijtihad for them، but they maintained their affiliation to their imam in his school of thought and did not follow a particular school of thought out of their reverence for him and his status in their hearts.
9. The approved fees in Hanafi jurisprudence require that it is not permissible to deviate from a statement agreed upon by the Grand Imam and the two Companions except in case of urgent necessity.
10. This auspicious decree requires that if the Imam has one opinion and the two Companions have another opinion، then the Imam’s opinion is to be decided absolutely، unless the judge or mufti is one of the people of ijtihad، in which case he chooses according to the evidence، or the reason for the difference between the Imam and the two Companions is a difference that occurred due to the era and time، in which case the ruling is based on their opinion because they are later in era and time.
11. If the imam has one opinion and one of the two companions has another opinion، then the action is based on what the imam and his companion agree on، and it is not permissible to deviate from it.
12. If there are three opinions on the issue، then the ruling is based on the opinion of the Imam if he has one، otherwise، it is based on the opinion of Abu Yusuf. If he does not find one، then the ruling is based on the opinion of Muhammad. Here also، if the judge or mufti reaches the level of ijtihad، he will exercise ijtihad in this paragraph and will weigh the evidence in choosing one of the three opinions
13.The auspicious decree has been settled that what the later mujtahids in the school have authenticated and written in their books must be taken into account and it is not permissible to deviate from it. There is no ijtihad in matters in which they have a say. It is necessary to restrict the judge and the mufti to it when they are appointed to the position of judge and mufti in the later eras. This is because the mujtahid mufti has ceased to exist، so there remains only the pure imitator. With this settlement، the school is according to the Hanafis، and God knows best

The strategy for containing the state-building crisis in post-2003 Iraq must be based on the entitlements and benefits that aim to build legitimacy for the state، empower the institutions of the political system to perform their roles of achievement and reform، contain the crisis of non-integration، and support national identity. Based on this، we note that there are multiple dimensions and goals that should characterize the state-building process in post-2003 Iraq from a comparative perspective، intended to identify the explanatory variables of the political، economic، and social dimensions.
On the political level، it is necessary to secure the loyalty of citizens and contain conflicts of ethnic، sectarian، and national identities by organizing class settlement، eliminating selfish competition among sub-affiliations، reducing the frequency of strikes، and undermining traditional factions among citizens، particularly tribal، tribal، and nationalist factions، which have become the greatest threat to the sovereignty and legitimacy of the state and its adherence to the constitution. On the economic and social front، this requires greater protection against the risks of poverty and the containment of inequality. It also requires the state's ability to prevent economic crises from transforming into political crises and to mitigate deviant tendencies that contribute to the creation of new forms of social disability. These include policies of exclusion and social exclusion resulting from unemployment، the burden of costs، and the lack of incentives for providing and supporting labor and technological modernization. These policies have led to the ineffectiveness or inefficiency of general social policy، hindering the economy's adaptability، and increasing the migration of youth and skilled workers to the shadow economy. Through our study of the post-2003 reality in Iraq، we find that the real problem at this particular time cannot be postponed or resolved through maneuvering. It requires a renewed stance by all political forces to purify themselves and put an end to this problem، which threatens the future of the Iraqi state as a whole. This stance also requires a stance to correct the state's course، enabling it to rise to the level of the aspirations of the Iraqi citizen.

1. The difficulty in the Quran is a relative matter; what may be difficult for one person may be difficult for another. This demonstrates that not every difficulty in a verse deserves consideration and deserves its own place in the discussion. Therefore، Ibn Ashur did not address every difficulty in Surat Al-Baqarah except in accordance with the guidelines for presenting difficulty.
2. The difficulty does not lie in the origin of the verses or the irregularity of their wording، but rather relates to the reader's understanding of these verses. Therefore، there is no objection to the existence of difficulty in the Holy Quran.
3. The science of difficulty in the Quran reveals aspects of the Quran's rhetorical and eloquent miraculousness.
4. Through research، no difficulty was found that was impossible to resolve، nor two conflicting verses that were impossible to reconcile. This confirms that the difficulty lies in understanding the Quran.
5. The difficulty in verses can only be resolved by understanding the methods of combining، reconciling، and weighing texts، understanding the significance of the context، the reasons for revelation، and referring ambiguous and problematic verses to clear texts، etc.
Praise be to God، Lord of the Worlds

1. The geographical location of the Middle East has historically been of strategic importance، reflecting the continued attempts of major powers to dominate and control it، in addition to its economic potential، including oil and gas، labor، and agricultural development.
2. The current map of the Middle East، drawn by major powers through numerous agreements، most notably the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916، represents the economic and political interests of those countries more than it reflects the will of the peoples of the region and their right to self-determination.
3. The political changes، economic transformations، and demographic shifts that the study region has witnessed over the past hundred years have made reconsidering its political map inevitable. The United States' monopoly on regional leadership has justified the proposition of numerous related projects، most notably the "New Middle East" project. 4- Although "democracy،" "civilian rule،" and "economic development" are the slogans that frame such projects، the economic and security interests of major powers، primarily the United States، were their true objectives.
5-The peoples of the region were "absent" from the desired change processes، which represents a weakness in these processes. This means continued tension and instability in the region، especially in light of Russia's entry into the fray، within an axis that also includes Iraq، Syria، and Iran. This is in addition to the ongoing competition between the United States and NATO countries to control and dominate the region، which could lead to a return to the Cold War

The researcher dealt with the issue of legal regulation of electronic contracts، and the discussion of the definition of the electronic contract was addressed through a statement of its definition and a statement of the mechanism of its convening and a statement of the means of proving the electronic contract in the first requirement of the research، and then addressing the most important methods used in settling disputes arising from electronic contracts represented by electronic arbitration And electronic negotiations in the second requirement، and the research problem revolves around clarifying the extent to which the normal contract rules can be dropped on electronic contracting، especially in the absence of many rules regulating the electronic contract such as offer، electronic acceptance and electronic arbitration، The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach to answer the problem posed in the research، and the researcher reached many results، the most prominent of which is that the electronic contract is the contract that is concluded using the Internet with the availability of the rest of the contract’s pillars of satisfaction، place and reason، whether the means are visual or audio or other.

1. An electronic contract is defined as "an agreement concluded wholly or partially electronically."
2. The provisions applicable to conventional contracts apply to offer and acceptance، except that the difference lies in the method of expression، whether through visual، audible، or written electronic means.
3. Electronic offer takes several forms، such as offer via email، offer via live chat or online viewing، and offer via a website.
4. There is a jurisprudential debate about the validity of silence as consent in electronic contracts، but the prevailing opinion is to accept silence as an expression of acceptance.
5. An electronic contract has the evidential force of ordinary documents if it is linked to a protected or authenticated electronic signature. If it is not linked to an electronic signature، it has the evidential force of unsigned papers.
6.One of the most important methods for settling disputes arising from electronic contracts is known as electronic arbitration and electronic negotiations.

Studying citizenship in Japan and focusing on specific aspects of the people's social life is crucial for understanding the dialectical relationship between the adaptation of the socio-psychological heritage and the contemporary technological revolution. From the previous presentation، we conclude that Japan is a single country with multiple aspects. It is Eastern in location in terms of geography، inherited traditions، and religious culture، yet at the same time، it rivals the West in the field of modern sciences and advanced technology. It has been extremely successful in embracing civilization while preserving its national identity and its socio-psychological heritage.
Despite preserving its traditional folk heritage، the Japanese have embraced Western civilization and transferred their various experiences in education، industry، and other fields of knowledge. However، they have employed these sciences and transformed them into purely (Japanese) sciences، making it difficult to distinguish between tradition and modernity in the transmission of these sciences.
The characteristic spirit of Japanese citizenship has been a contributing factor in this civilizational leap. It is essentially limited to translating Japanese citizenship into reality، which is translated into society through the family، which is in fact like a complete beehive، and through the spirit of education that the Japanese adhere to in order to develop their society.

Many developments have taken place since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations up to now and are still ongoing. These developments have been reflected in the principles of int`l law، especially the principle of sovereignty. The Int`l authority has expanded at the expense of the national authority، which was considered a protective wall for national interests. On its acceptance by states as it has traditionally been known، Jus Cogens rules have emerged that include a core set of Int`l rules binding on all states، including those that did not agree to them، and many national rights have been transformed into Int`l rights of interest to the entire Int`l community، and issues of a global nature have crystallized to impose take precedence over the special interests of states، then the Int`l Organizations became independent and have competencies that are not related to the countries that established them and impose their binding decisions on the states. Finally، Human Rights issues occupied a position that allows the Int`l community to follow up and hold countries accountable for their violations of these Rights as an Int`l matter and not a National one، until Int`l intervention became under the pretext of protecting Human Rights. Combating Int`l crimes and terrorism، protecting the environment and the common heritage of humanity is a prominent feature of Int`l law، which has led to the decline of the principle of sovereignty to narrow and non-stop limits.