Academic Science Journal

Alginate is a biological substance with a wide range of uses in engineering and the biological sciences. Its exceptional qualities, namely its excellent biocompatibility and simple gelling, make it widely employed. Numerous cross-linking methods, for example, can be used to create alginate hydrogels. Their structural similarity to extracellular matrices present in living tissues makes them highly useful for wound healing as well as the administration of chemical medicines, tiny proteins, and transplanted cells. Alginate is also frequently employed in a variety of technologies, such as tissue engineering cell transplantation and different biomolecule immobilization techniques. This study will address the main features of alginate and hydrogels, their biological functions, and new ways to research with these polymers in the future.

This research is concerned with studying the estimation of the parameters and reliability function of a weighted probability distribution consisting of a combination of the Pareto distribution and the Poisson distribution. It is called the weighted Pareto-Poisson distribution, which is a new probability distribution for life time.

The weighted (Pareto-Poisson) distribution is a four-parameter distribution . In the research, the parameters and distribution reliability function were estimated in this research using two methods, namely the maximum likelihood method and the moments method. The mean square error measurement was used to compare the results of the estimates obtained from the two methods, in addition to giving three sets of initial default values ​​for the distribution parameters and three sizes for the samples used in the estimation (30, 60, 90). The sizes are considered small, medium, and large. The process was repeated. 1000 times. In addition, five failure times were taken to estimate the reliability function. The Python programming language was used to simulate this data distribution.

In this work, the Sol-gel spin coating process is used to synthesize pure and co-doping (Zn:Cu)% CdO thin films on glass substrates for use as gas sensors for NO2 and H2S. A range of characterization techniques are utilized to assess the structural, morphological, optical, electrical, and sensing properties of the prepared thin films. These techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-vis measurements, Hall effect measurements, and sensitivity measurements. All films have a cubic crystal structure and are polycrystalline, according to XRD measurements. The co-doping ratio rose from 0% to 3%, resulting in an increase in the optical band gap values from 2.53 to 2.58 eV. AFM scans show that with co-doping, roughness and particle size gradually decrease. The form and size of the grains altered with the co-doping, according to FE-SEM analysis. EDS analysis additionally verified that O, Cd, Zn, and Cu were present in the original solution. All films have n-type charge carriers, according to Hall Effect tests, and higher co-doping ratios result in higher carrier concentrations and better conductivity. At different working temperatures, the sensitivity, responsiveness, and recovery time of the gas sensor were assessed. At 200 °C, pure and (3%Zn:3%Cu) co-doped CdO thin films showed optimal sensitivity of 45.9% and 129%, respectively, for the NO2 and H2S sensors.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS) that are now well-recognized as important nosocomial pathogens associated with infections of indwelling medical devices. This study aims to detect phenotyping and genotyping of Methicillin resistance by cefoxitin test and mec A among healthcare-associated infections and then detect genotyping of SCC, PVL and aminoglycoside genes. Twenty-seven isolates were obtained from 222 specimens (burn, wound, ear, nasal, throat swabs, urine, blood, fluid, and abscesses). According to the cefoxitin test, divided methicillin-resistant (MRSE) was 17/27 (62.9%), and methicillin-susceptible (MSSE) was 10 (37.03%). Resistance to antibiotics revealed that resistance to Ceftriaxone (96.2%), Amoxilline-clavulanic acid (29.6%), Aminoglycosides group (Gentamycin, Netlimycin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Amikacin and Tobramycin) are 14.4%, 3.7%, 3.7%, 48.1%, 3.7% and 14.8%, respectively, Azithromycin (74%), Ciprofloxacin (33.3%) and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.3%), Tetracyclin (51.8%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the S. epidermidis isolates showed that 5 (18.5%), 10 (37.03 %), and 12 (44.4%) of the isolates were MDS, MDR, and XDR, respectively. In the current study, (5) MRSE Gentamycin resistant isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction technique, and the results revealed (80%) of isolates have mec A. In contrast, the result of the PVL gene was (0%). This result indicates that all isolates were Hospital acquired. The frequent aminoglycoside genes (aac(6')-le-aph(2''), aph(3’)-IIIa and ant(4’)-Ia) were 20%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. In the present investigation, multiplex PCR showed that SCCmec type I was the predominant type. Most isolates 3/5 (60%) were type I, followed by 2/5 (40%) were non-typeable. We couldn’t identify MRSE isolates of the SCCmec types II or III, IV and V, probably due to the limited number of isolates analyzed. The results of typing 5 isolates of extensively drug-
2 resistant MR-Staph. epidermidis indicated the presence of 4 distinct clones, and one isolate was unique. It is considered the parent isolate for other cloned isolates.Bio

This research involved the synthesis of the ligand (E)-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (LM) from the reaction of indoline 2, 3-dione with thiosemicarbazide and characterization using 1HNMR, Uv-Vis, FT-IR, spectroscopy in addition to element analysis C.H.N. This ligand was utilize for the synthesizing of its metal ions complexes from its reaction with some salts of transition elements (CoCl2.6H2O, NiCl2.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O, and ZnCl2). The newly prepared complexes [M(LM)2]Cl2 had been characterize by various techniques such as: (FTIR, UV-Vis, atomic absorption spectroscopy (A.A.), magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance). Both the ligand and the complexes tested for their biological activity against the Lymphocyte cells of humans in order to measure the Mitotic Index. The results showed that the effect of Zinc and Copper complexes on the rate of division of lymphocyte cells was higher compare with the effect of the Cobalt, Nickel complexes and the ligand utilizing a concentration of 100 μg/mL at 15 minutes of exposure. From that can be infer that the Copper and Zinc complexes was best and closest to colchicine for stopping lymphocyte division in the equatorial phase.

Hydatid cyst is a continuing health problem in various parts of the world that is not linked to the economic level of countries, but rather linked to adherence to health conditions. Therefore, both animals and humans are still at risk of infection. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the boiled water extract of Cyperus rotundus on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces in vitro as an environmentally friendly means of controlling the disease.

Livers were collected from the slaughtered animals at the butchers’ shops )cows and sheep) infected with hydatid cysts from different areas, including butchers’ Baladruz and Baquba in Diyala province. The concentrated suspension of protoscoleces was added to different concentrations of the boiled water extract of Cyperus rotundus root at different concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5 mg/ml), and for different time periods (5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 30 hours), and the viability of these protoscoleces was measured using 0.1% aqueous eosin stain.

The results of the current study showed that the mortality rate of protoscoleces was associated with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract and the exposure time. The highest mortality rate (100%) was at the highest concentration of 100 mg/ml within 240 minutes, while the lowest mortality rate (34.54%) was at the concentration of 12.5 mg/ml and within half an hour (30 minutes). The differences in mortality rates of protoscoleces at different concentrations and different exposure times were significant at (p<0.05).In conclusion, The extract has a potential therapeutic ability and can be used to treat and treat cysts.

The well-bedded and white chalky to white grey limestone of the Kometan Formation is Late Turonian – Santonin in age. The rock samples were taken from Qalat area in the Sulaymaniyah governorate in northern Iraq and studied under many different microscopes.

The main aims of the paper are to study the microfacies of the Kometan Formation and interpretation of the paleodepositional environment based on the detailed examination of thin sections prepared from samples selected from the Kometan Formation.

Muddy, marly, and brecciated limestone are the lithology of the Kometan Formation determined by petrographic studies based on the characteristics of grain and matrix types. The microfacies analysis of the samples from the Kometan Formation revealed three main microfacies and two submicrofacies. The first one is foraminiferal lime mudstone, these microfacies existed in the first part of the formation after the Shiranish Formation characterized by a significant amount of micrite with few amount of fossil content. The second one is wackestone microfacies, with two submicrofacies including Oligosteginal wackestone submicrofacies and Globotruncana wackestone submicrofacies. These microfacies are characterized by a considerable number of skeletal grains and the groundmass consists of micritic materials. The microfacies are located in the center of the formation and contain the major stylolite with a high ratio of chert nodules. The third main microfacies is planktonic foraminiferal packstone microfacies, these microfacies are characterized by a high ratio of skeletal grain and a minor amount of micrite which form the groundmass of the facies. This microfacies is exposed at the adjacent zone to the major fault between Kometan and Qamchuqa formations. The paleoenvironment of the Kometan Formation is a deep-shelf marine environment passed to the continental slope environment based on the grain type characteristics and depositional textures identified in the present study.

The main goal of presenting this manuscript is to study the dynamic activities of HIV spread and how to prevent it. The disease behavior was studied by proposing a new stochastic mathematical model. The solution's existence and uniqueness for the proposed mathematical model have been proven. We have also demonstrated the restrictions that must be met for society to rid itself of the scourge of the transmission of HIV by finding the basic reproduction rate. if the basic reproduction rate is less than one this means the disease-free point is stable. Conversely, if the basic reproduction rate is greater than one this means the disease - free point is unstable. The theoretical results were proven numerically through computer simulation using MATLAB.

In this work, Cu2BaSnS4 thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique (CSP) at different concentrations of thiourea, with a thickness of about 350 ±10 nm measured by the gravimetric method. The thin films structural and morphological properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), as well as optical properties using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at the wavelength range (300–900) nm. We investigated the electrical properties using the Hall effect. Optical band gap of CBTS thin films increased from (1.757 to 1.923) eV when concentrations of thiourea increased from (0.04 to 0.12) M. The Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) films have a high absorption coefficient (α > 104 cm-1), indicating allowed direct electron transmission. XRD measurements of Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) films revealed a trigonal crystal structure. The XRD pattern preferred the (104) orientation, which has a high intensity and indicates that crystallization is most likely to occur along this plan. Raman spectroscopy of CBTS thin films revealed a protruding peak at ~341 cm-1. The morphological findings and FE-SEM photographs of the thin film surface revealed a variety of structures and forms, one of which resembled cauliflower. Electrical tests revealed the conductivity of (p-type). The calculated electrical conductivity of CBTS thin films was found in the range of 0.053 - 0.184 (Ω.cm)-1. Based on our findings, the Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) thin films look to be an excellent choice for an absorber layer in solar cells.

A total of 200 sputum specimens were collected from the patients infection with Lower Respiratory Tract ( LRT) who attended Baquba Teaching Hospital and Chest Diseases Center Baquab city /Iraq. The study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol as efflux pumps inhibitor on ciprofloxacin MIC and compare the effect of two agents on expression of pelA , pslD, mexA genes for P. aeruginosa isolates ,all specimens were inoculated on suitable media for isolation and identification of bacteria by morphological , biochemical tests and molecular diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction .The results showed that overall prevalence of P. aeruginosa among patients was 24 (12%) isolates were identified .The percentages of the phenotypic detection haemolysin test , pyocinin pigment 100 % and 95.83% respectively. Our study reveal that sub-MIC of Resveratrol cause reduction in MIC of Ciprofloxacin for most isolates, . The combination effect of of resveratrol and Ciprofloxacin on the expression of Biofilms formation genes pelA, psID and efflux pump gene mexA revealed a synergistic impact were cause a reduction in mean of gene expression of this three genes ( 0.45 , 0. 60 . 0.90 ) respectively in three MDR P. aeruginosa isolates.

The LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 compound was prepared by a citric-urea combustion rout in this study. the study presented a comprehensive analysis of the decomposition process and formation of metal oxides in LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 sample using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Crystalline structure and surface morphology of the prepared powder are investigated by (XRD) and (FESEM). The results of the XRD patterns for LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 sample show high intensity peaks that indicated a good crystallinity with the Calcination Temperature, while the morphology results show indicates that sample was in the nanostructure dimensions. Electrochemical measurements showed The capacity of the charging and discharging were of 177.6 mAhg-1 and 166.9 mAhg-1 delivered by the LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 cathode. Likewise, a columbic efficiency of 93.9% was obtained for the cathode.

Steroids are natural compounds found in animals, plants, fungi, and some bacteria. Microbial transformation plays a critical role in the biotransformation of steroids, enabling the production of compounds with high regional and spatial selectivity. Cancer remains one of the most significant scientific challenges, causing millions of deaths each year. Consequently, major research efforts are focused on discovering new therapies, particularly due to the emergence of certain fungi that exhibit anticancer properties, which could lead to innovative treatments. Metabolites, which are intermediate products of biochemical processes in living organisms, are essential for clinical diagnosis. Therefore, accurate detection of their concentrations is crucial.

In this work, I will describe an experiment published at the 1st International Karatekin Science and Technology Congress, held from September 1-3, 2022 in Çankırı, Turkey. The aim is to clarify the inputs, outputs, and processes to enhance the understanding of the key concepts discussed here. The experiment focused on incubating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with Aspergillus glaucus, which primarily resulted in the production of several hydroxylated metabolites. Discussing this experiment as one of the experiments that produces metabolites as a result of the biotransformation of steroids may have a major role in the development of promising treatments for cancer.

Due to the importance of glucosamine, this project aims to improve its role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications and find new derivatives derived from glucosamine with useful and beneficial applications. We planned to couple two important glucosamine compounds, 6-deoxy-6-amino-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose, with two reducing disaccharides (D-lactose and D-maltose) via Schiff coupling because the two compounds, glucosamine and reducing disaccharides, have the required function groups for the Schiff reaction: the amine groups and the aldehyde groups. The synthesis of a series of four compounds was performed and subjected to spectroscopic characterization to prove their structure and purity. The biological activity was tested for two compounds; one of them shows excellent activity toward two kinds of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which cannot be killed by penicillin.

The objective of this study was to determine the physiological effects of the crude alkaloid
extract from Cladophora glomerata at the half inhibitory concentration (300, 100, and 1000)
μg /ml on the growth rate in the gene expression of the heat shock proteins (Hsp90, Hsp70,
Hsp60), as well as the cell death genes (Caspase-8, P53, and Bcl2) of the cancer cell lines
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human cervical cancer (Hela), and mice embryo fibroblast
(MEF). In addition to monitoring morphological changes using real-time polymerase chain
reaction for gene analysis using Kapa syber green dye, and observing morphological changes
using Acridine Orange / Propidium Iodid dye that examined using a fluorescence optical
microscope. The results of this study showed that treating cancer cell lines with the crude
alkaloid extract at half inhibitory concentration effectively suppresses the gene expression of
heat shock protein that encode genes and increases the expression of programmed cell death
genes. We conclude that Cladophora glomerata extract plays a major role in inhibiting cancer
cells (HepG2 and Hela cell lines) through regulating heat shock protein genes (Hsp90, HSp70,
HSp60) and apoptosis genes (P53, Bcl2, and Caspase- 8) which have a major role in cancer.

Using the technique of chemical spray pyrolysis,(SnO2) thin films doped with different ratios of (MnO2) (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) were prepared and deposited on glass substrates at (350 ºC). The spectral analysis of the prepared films was done using a field emission scanning electron microscope, and electrical measurements were carried out to verify the prepared samples. FE-SEM measurements revealed inhomogeneous granular structures, where these groups are large. The size of these groups decreases with increasing doping ratio of (MnO2), and the reason for this decrease is the dispersion of manganese oxide (MnO2) particles within the crystal lattice of tin oxide (SnO2). Electrical measurements were used to determine the type and concentration of charge carriers and the Hall coefficient, conductivity, resistance, and mobility. The prepared films showed (n-type) charge carriers according to the Hall coefficient values, and this is due to the effect of temperature and impurities. An increase in the Hall coefficient values was also observed with the increasing doping ratio of manganese oxide (MnO2), reaching the highest value at a doping ratio of (6%), Conductivity also increased with increasing doping ratio, while mobility decreased with increasing doping ratio.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, mostly affecting those with weakened immune systems and immune-compromised and cause nosocomial infections. Which are commonly acquired in hospitals Pathogens causing acute respiratory infections such as Pneumonia. Other infections caused by this organism include urinary tract infections, wound infections Abscesses, sepsis, inflammation, and diarrhea. Klebsiella pneumoniae have a range of virulence factors to colonize and replicate in the host cell. These include at least surface antigen, especially capsular polysaccharide (CPS) (K antigen); siderophores responsible for binding ferric iron secreted by host iron-binding proteins; and adherence variants responsible for binding to host cell surfaces, such as type 1 and type 3 fimbriae, and non-fimbrian adherence proteins. Antibiotic resistance leads to more effects of this infection. Antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae to carbapenems is mediated by a number of mechanisms, including the production of potent carbapenems, as well as beta-lactamases with weak carbapenemase activity in association with membrane permeabilization. Colistin is widely viewed as the last line of defense against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, but reports of colistin-resistant Klebsiella isolates are on the rise. The effect of antibiotics to kill bacterial cells is mainly based on the inhibition of some cellular function through a drug-target interaction. The main specific targets of antibiotics are cell wall synthesis, cell membrane, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and protein and folate synthesis. Efflux pumps reduce the drug concentration without modifying the antibiotic itself. Decreased outer membrane permeability results in a decrease in the efflux of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this causes resistance in many important clinical microorganisms. This type of resistance is controlled by plasmids or chromosomes. Efflux pumps are resistance mechanisms used in many bacteria to certain antibiotics of different classes, such as tetracyclines, beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, streptogramins, lincosamides, phencols, oxazolidinones, pyrimidines, quinolones, rifamycins, sulfonamides and cationic peptides. Although resistance to a range of antimicrobial agents in Gram-negative bacteria was previously attributed to the structure and function of the outer membrane.

The purpose of this paper is to find a practical method with simple arithmetic operations to solve the first type of Volterra's integral equation. Using of the piecewise functions and the improved operationally matrix of their integration, the integrally equation of the first type can be decreased to a lower linear sparse relation that should be easily solved directly by replacing from forward. Numerical examples show that the approximate solution has an acceptable and appropriate value.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by chemical reaction method, which is one of the methods that does not require high temperatures during preparation. The prepared particles were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy (FESEM) was performed and the antioxidant behavior of ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated by free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ( DPPH) at different nanoparticle concentrations and a discrete time interval. The DPPH scavenging activity was monitored by UV spectrophotometry and ZnO nanoparticles showed good antioxidant activity.

Thermophilic lipase-producing microorganism’s present important industrial benefits owing to their stability and catalytic activity under extreme environmental conditions. This study sought to isolate and somewhat purify thermostable lipases from thermophilic bacteria collected from geothermal soils in (Hajj Yousef and Qaymawa, Iraq). A total of 68 samples were collected from hot springs at various depths and analyzed for lipase production utilizing tributyrin agar. Promising isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thermoleovorans, and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The lipase enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation trailed by size-exclusion chromatography, yielding a 12-fold purification with 65% recuperation. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band of ~35 kDa. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 70°C and pH 9.0 and retained 85% activity at 80°C and in alkaline pH. Kinetic analysis showed a Km of 2.1 mM and Vmax of 120 U/mg. The enzyme demonstrated substrate specificity toward olive oil and stability in methanol, Ca2+, and SDS. Application trials confirmed 92% conversion of used oil to biodiesel and 80% fat degradation in wastewater. These findings highlight the enzyme's potential in sustainable biotechnology.

In this research, the preparation of thin films was done by using the Pulsed Laser Deposition technique, where the measurements studied of structure, morphological and optical properties, including (XRD) of Ag/rGO and Ag/rGO/TiO2 films within pulsed energy varied from 600 to 1000mJ for each sample that deposited upon the substrate. At (XRD) pattern, the Ag peaks are more intense compared to the rGO peaks because the amount of rGO deposit particles is lower. Moreover, at Ag/rGO/TiO2 the peaks have being decreased along with the incensement of energy. (FESEM) it can be seen that as the pulse energy increases, the amount of deposit particles increases, confirming the formation of Ag/rGO and Ag/rGO/TiO2. The EDX results have proved the consistency of the films upon the silicon substrate as a result of high pulse energy that leads to more particles to deposits, (UV) Absorption Spectroscopy shows the sharper peak for Ag/rGO films which appears at 417nm have blue shift as energy pulse increased from 600 to 1000mJ, that proved the synthesis for Ag/rGO. However, the absorption peaks for (Ag/rGO/TiO2) are broader, a more intense peak was around 400nm with pulse energy 1000mJ, and a blue-shift has been observed overall film layer which confirms the consistency for the Ag/rGO/TiO2 multilayer thin films.