Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

This study aims to assess the extent of authoritarian thinking among students of the Chemistry Department at the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al-Haytham, as it represents one of the cognitive indicators influencing the formation of academic and social attitudes among students. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach, using an authoritarian
thinking scale as the measurement tool, applied to a sample of 200 male and female students.
Statistical analysis revealed that the students’ mean score was 15.8, which is lower than the
hypothetical mean of the scale (17), with a standard deviation of 4.2. The calculated t-value
was 4.04, which exceeds the tabulated value of 1.65 at a degree of freedom of 199 and a significance level of 0.05. This indicates a noticeable decline in the level of authoritarian thinking
among students. This result may be attributed to an educational and social environment that
encourages open-mindedness, dialogue, and respect for intellectual diversity. The findings
show that authoritarian thinking is not a predominant trait among the study sample, which
opens the door to further strengthening this orientation through curriculum development, the
adoption of interactive teaching strategies, and the integration of critical thinking skills into
university contexts. The study also recommends expanding the research to include other disciplines and universities, and linking authoritarian thinking with psychological and educational
variables for a deeper understanding of this cognitive pattern.

The research aims to identify the relationship between digital proficiency and
physical literacy among physics teachers. The researcher adopted a descriptive
approach, defining the research community as physics teachers in the Anbar Ed�
ucation Directorate. The researcher selected a random sample of (150) male and
female teachers from the research community. To verify the research objectives,
a digital proficiency scale was constructed consisting of (25) items on a fivepoint scale. The Al-Naili (2022) physical literacy scale was adopted, consisting
of (52) items on a five-point scale. After analyzing the responses to the research
tools, the research results showed that the research sample possessed good dig�
ital proficiency and good physical literacy, and that the correlation between the
two variables was a direct relationship. In light of the research results, the re
searcher reached some recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of self regulated learning strategies on achievement, central thinking, and
motivational beliefs among middle school students in mathematics.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses:
1. “There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the arithmetic mean of the scores
of the experimental group students and the arithmetic mean of the scores of the control group students on the mathematics
achievement test.”
2. “There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the arithmetic mean of the scores
of the experimental group students and the arithmetic mean of the scores of the control group students in the pivotal thinking
test.”
3 . There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the arithmetic mean of the scores
of the students in the experimental group and the arithmetic mean of the scores of the students in the control group on the mo�
tivational beliefs scale.
The researcher adopted the experimental research method, and the research sample consisted of (59) students who were
randomly selected, and distributed into two groups, the experimental group (28) students, and the control group (31) students, in
Al-Amiriya Intermediate School for Boys in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad\Al-Karkh First. Equivalence was
achieved between the two groups according to a number of variables (age, prior knowledge test, intelligence). The researcher
prepared the research tools (achievement test, central thinking test), and adopted the (motivational beliefs) scale. The appropri�
ate psychometric properties were verified, then it was applied to the sample members and the data was collected and processed
statistically. The research reached the following results:
1. There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental and control
groups in the mathematics achievement test in favor of the experimental group.
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental and control
groups on the pivotal thinking test in favor of the experimental group.
3. There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental and control
groups on the motivational beliefs scale.

The current research aims to show the reasons for using traditional teaching methods
from the point of view of physics teachers. The researcher has defined his research community as physics teachers in government secondary schools in the General Directorate
of Education of Baghdad Governorate / Second Rusafa, numbering (183) teachers of
both genders. The researcher concluded that the use of traditional teaching methods is
due to reasons related to the curricula, the lack of experience of teachers, and the role
and tasks of students. In light of the research results, the researcher made a number of
recommendations. To complete the research, the researcher suggested conducting similar studies for teachers of other scientific specializations.

The current research aims to analyze the content of the first unit (biology) of the
general science book for the third grade Islamic Intermediate ,According to the Deep
Understanding Skills , and Recognition the inclusion for these skills in biology unit , To
achieve this goal , The researcher adopted, the descriptive analytical method, The research community was defined in the general science book, for the Islamic Intermediate
third grade, and The research sample was the content of the book ( biology unit ) , the
researcher analyzed the content based on the analysis form that included indicators of
deep understanding skills consisted of 36) ) indicators, distributed over seven skills , And
depending on the explicit and implicit idea as a unit of registration , The validity of the
analysis was verified by presenting it to a group of experts , and by using Cooper’s equation, the stability of the analysis was calculated , In agreement, with an external analysis
person, and with the researcher and himself over time , The study concluded that there is
a discrepancy in the distribution of skills at the level of the biology unit , and according to
research results, many of recommendations, and proposals were presented .

The current research objective is to identify attachment to peers and
its relationship to psychological fragility when applying for the preparatory stage and the research is eye was from 150 students , and the results
research that the preparatory stage students are characterised by attachment to peers and have psychological fragility.

The current research aims to identify the effect of (R.E.A.C.T) strategy on the
achievement of technological enlightenment among second-year middle school students in the computer subject. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a
quasi-experimental design with partial control for the control and experimental groups,
random selection with a post-test. Al-Safina Intermediate School was chosen intentionally to apply the research experiment. The research sample consisted of (60) female
students from the second-year middle school, with (30) students in the experimental
group and (30) students in the control group. The necessary research requirements were
prepared and the data were processed using the statistical package program (SPSS).
The results showed the following: There is a statistically significant difference at the
level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group
who study using the (R.E.A.C.T) strategy and the average scores of the students of the
control group who study using the usual method in the achievement test and technological enlightenment in favor of the experimental group. Based on the research results,
the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals

The current research aims to identify the reality of outstanding schools in Baghdad Governorate from the students’ point of view. To achieve this, the researcher
used the descriptive analytical method, by constructing a questionnaire consisting
of (24) statements, distributed over four areas: (the physical environment, methods
of detecting Outstanding students, school administration, teachers), and to judge the
validity of the questionnaire, it was presented to a number of experts and specialists in teaching curricula and methods, and educational and psychological sciences,
Appendix (1). The researcher defined his research population as students from outstanding schools in Baghdad / Rusafa II Governorate for the academic year (2023-
2024), and the questionnaire was applied to the research sample of (509) students.
After conducting appropriate statistical analyses, the results showed that the reality
of outstanding schools in Baghdad - Rusafa’s second education was average, and in
light of these results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and
proposals for future research

Research Aim and Summary The aim of this research was to explore the effectiveness
of the PQ4R strategy in developing historical text reading skills among fifth-year literary
stream female students. The researcher adopted the experimental method, and the research
tool consisted of a historical text reading skills test, which was administered to a sample
of 60 students. These students were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental
group (30 students), and a control group (30 students). The findings of the study indicated
the effectiveness of the PQ4R strategy in enhancing the students’ skills in reading historical
texts. Based on these results, the researcher recommended: The necessity of using modern
strategies and methods in teaching history, which can improve students’ historical reading
skills. The importance of providing middle school female students with guides to help them
understand how to study effectively and engage with knowledge and acquired information.
Encouraging the use of advanced methods in organizing and utilizing information and data,
and in adopting productive study habits. A re-evaluation of teacher training programs in
colleges of education and teacher preparation institutes, to ensure that future teachers are
introduced to and trained in historical reading skills and the methods for developing these
skills. Each subject teacher should contribute to enhancing students’ reading skills and productive study habits through the teaching of their specialized content

The research aims to “the effect of a new method on the achievement of second-year
intermediate school female students in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education.” The researcher formulated the following hypothesis:
The current research was limited to a sample of female students in the second intermediate grade in the third Baghdad/Al-Karkh governorate for the academic year (2023-
2024), and the number of female students in the second intermediate grade in the research
sample was (70) female students, including (35) female students who were taught using
the Baddi strategy, and the other was a control female student that included ( 35) A female
student studied in the usual way.
The researcher rewarded the female students of both groups on the variables “Raven’s
intelligence test, chronological age, grades of the Holy Quran and Islamic education,
and parents’ academic achievement.” In processing the data, the researcher used the following statistical methods: “T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and square (Q2), And
the equation of the coefficient of discrimination, and the equation of the effectiveness of
alternatives, and the equation of difficulty.” The results showed that the female students
of the experimental group outperformed the control group. In light of this result, the researcher recommended emphasizing the use of an alternative method strategy in teaching
the subject of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education.

The aim of the research is to reveal the degree of Arabic language teachers’ practice of aesthetic appreciation skills from their point of view in light of some variables.
The descriptive analytical approach was used, and the study community consisted of
all Arabic language teachers in Anbar Governorate in Iraq, numbering (500) male and
female teachers. As for the study sample, it consisted of (100) male and female teachers in the year 2024-2025. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data.
The study reached the following results: The degree of use of aesthetic appreciation
skills by Arabic language teachers from their point of view was high, and the degree
of use of aesthetic appreciation skills by Arabic language teachers from their point of
view did not differ according to gender. The study also recommended that Arabic language teachers should search for the means, methods and techniques through which
students’ aesthetic appreciation skills can be developed

The current research aims to find out the effect of the clustering strategy on the achievement of fifth –grade
literary students in the subject of principles of philosophy and psychology. In order to verify the aim of the
researcher assumed the following null hypothesis . There is no statistically
Significance difference at the level of significance(0,05)between the average grades of the group students,
the experimental group, who will study according to the clustering strategy ,and the average grades of the control group students , who will study according to
The usual method of collection.
The researcher followed the experimental method as it suit the nature of the research and used an experimental design with a post- test. The researcher identified the research population, which is all fifth- grade literary students in government secondary and middle schools in the diyala education directorate| khalis education
department. The number of student in the research sample was(65) student from Al-Ruwad preparatory school
for boys, AL khalis District ,who were chosen randomly. Section (A), numbering (32) students, represented the
experimental group , and section (B), numbering (33) students , represented the control groups were rewarded on the variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence, parents academic achievement, and
achievement in the first semester) and there were no statistically significant differences between the previous
variables .An achievement test of the type (multiple choice consisting of (40)items) was prepared as a tool for
the research . he extracted its psychometric properties from the validity ,stability, difficulty, ease , and effectiveness of false alternatives.
After teaching the experimental group according to the plans prepared with the clustering strategy, and
teaching the control group according to the plans prepaed in the usual way ,several statistical methods were used
in analyzing the data ,including chi-square and percentage . the results indicated that the students of the excelled
over the student of the control group in achievement. thus, it can be concluded that the clustering strategy is used
successfully in teaching the subject of principles of philosophy and psychology.

This research is summarized by achieving its main objective, which is to find an answer to the following
question: “Is there an effect of the (STAD) strategy in developing analytical thinking skills among fifth-grade
literary students in the subject of philosophy and psychology?” The researcher intentionally chose “Erbil Intermediate School for Girls” to apply the experiment in it and determined her sample, which amounted to (48)
students who were distributed equally into two groups, namely “experimental and control.” The researcher
rewarded the two groups in several variables and prepared a test consisting of 30 multiple-choice paragraphs.
Its validity and reliability were verified, as this test was applied to fifth-grade literary students (the research
sample). By analyzing the data statistically, the averages of the students’ answers were extracted and dealt with
using the T-Test for two independent samples, in order to confirm the validity of the two null hypotheses of
the current research. The following most important results appeared: 1. There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in favor of the experimental group in the post-test of the thinking scale. Analytical,
indicating the effectiveness of the STAD strategy. 2. There were statistically significant differences between
the average scores of the experimental group students before and after the experiment in analytical thinking,
and the differences were in favor of the post-average. Based on these results, the researcher reached a number
of conclusions and recommendations, suggesting future studies that complement what this research began and
address other variables and educational stages

The aim of the current research is to identify (the effect of the (do, review, study, apply)
strategy on the achievement of second-grade intermediate female students in chemistry).
To verify the aim of the research, the researcher put forward the following hypothesis:
“There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the
average scores of the experimental group students who will study according to the (do,
review, study, apply) strategy and the average scores of the control group students who
will study in the usual way in the achievement test.” The researcher chose the experimental
design with a post-test for achievement for two groups. The research sample consisted of
(70) female students. The researcher conducted statistical equivalences between the two
research groups in the variables (chronological age, academic achievement of parents,
previous information scores, and Raven’s intelligence test). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared the following tool: the achievement test. The test consists of
(30) objective paragraphs. Based on the research results, the researcher reached a number
of conclusions, recommendations and proposals

The current research aims to identify the effective level of work teams in developing
local performance in schools and to identify excellence in work teams and its relationship,
including local performance, according to the variable of academic achievement - years
of service - gender (males - females) in different colors for research from (180) male and
female teachers distributed across schools. Government in General Education for Kirkuk
Education / Hawija Education Department, the researcher prepared a scale for the effectiveness of work teams, which consisted of 56 paragraphs, and the scale for institutional
performance consisted of 34 paragraphs. The apparent and construct validity of the research tool, which was presented to experts, was verified, and its discriminating power
was calculated, and reliability was calculated by the test-retest method. The data were
processed statistically using the statistical package “SPSS” and a number of methods were
use, The researcher reached the following results:
Male and female teachers enjoy a good level of team effectiveness. There are statistically significant differences between males and females in team effectiveness in favor of
males and in the level of institutional performance for females. There are no statistically
significant differences between years of service in the level of institutional performance

This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of teaching based on (React & Bayer)
strategies to develop some mental habits among middle school students. In order to achieve
the research objectives, an experimental design was chosen with two groups (experimental
and control) with a post-test, where two classes were randomly selected consisting of (60)
students distributed into two groups (experimental (30) students, and control (30) students)
to represent the research sample, where the control group was taught using traditional
methods, while the experimental group was taught using (React & Bayer) strategies. After
conducting statistical treatments on the two groups, the results showed the procedures carried out by the researcher in selecting the research group and sample, adjusting the equivalence variables for the two research groups, preparing the mind habits scale, and taking
into account the arbitrators’ comments on the validity of the scale’s paragraphs. The results
indicated the superiority of the experimental group in the post-test of mind habits over the
students of the same group in the pre-test. The results also proved the effectiveness of the
(React & Bayer) strategies in extracting the value of Black’s gain ratio, which was greater
than the value determined by Black.

Visual thinking skills play a crucial role in enhancing learners’ abilities to comprehend,
analyze, and creatively interact with educational content. Recognizing their importance in
modern curricula, this study aims to analyze the content of Arabic language textbooks for
the second intermediate grade in light of visual thinking skills, in order to identify the extent to which these skills are represented in the texts, activities, and illustrations.
The researcher employed the descriptive-analytical method to examine the book’s units
and lessons according to specific indicators of visual thinking skills. Holsti’s formula was
used to calculate the reliability of the content analysis. The results revealed a variation in
the inclusion levels of these skills: visual observation was the most prevalent skill (24.3%),
followed by visual interpretation (18.9%), while visual comparison appeared the least
(11.9%).
The study concluded that Arabic language textbooks need a more balanced integration of visual thinking skills. It recommended enriching the learning materials with more
interactive and visually stimulating content that fosters learners’ cognitive and creative
engagement.

The present study aims to identify the extent to which the English language textbook (English for Iraq) for the third intermediate grade meets the standards of the
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). The researcher
employed the descriptive method, with the research sample consisting of the English
textbook for the third intermediate grade. The researcher adopted a content analysis
checklist as the research tool, which consisted of 33 items distributed across four
domains: listening, reading, speaking, and writing. For statistical data analysis, the
researcher used frequencies and percentages. Among the findings of the study is that
the ACTFL standards were met to a degree of 72.7%.

The research aims to “the effect of the best pyramid strategy on the achievement of second-year
intermediate students in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education.” The following average hypothesis
was formulated: “There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05)
between three students who received the experimental group, so we recited the Holy Qur’an and
Islamic education by adopting the new pyramid strategy, and a somewhat moderate one obtained
the clear group for the shining light on “Success is the usual way
.”The current research was limited to a sample of female students in the second intermediate
grade in the third governorate of Baghdad/Al-Karkh/Taji and Tarmiyah districts for the academic
year (2023-2024), and the number of female students in the second intermediate grade in the research sample was (60) female students, including (30) female students who were studied using the
preference pyramid strategy. The other was a control group that included (30) female students who
were taught in the usual way
The researcher rewarded the students of the two groups on the variables of “intelligence test,
the chronological age of the students, the previous year’s grades, and the academic achievement
of the parents.” The following statistical methods were used in processing the data: “T-test, chisquare (K2), Pearson correlation coefficient, the difficulty equation, the discrimination coefficient
equation, and the alternatives teaching the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education. In continuation of
this research, the researcher suggested conducting other research on samples in different grades and
other stages of study for both genders

The current study aimed to find out the role of emotional intelligence in building social relations among university students, as the research sample consisted of (106) male
and female students from various academic disciplines at the Iraqi University / College
of Education / for the academic year (2024-2025) and the researcher used the T-test for
two independent samples and compared the values achieved from the arithmetic means
at the hypothetical level. - As for the research tools, the researcher adopted the Harrasi
scale (2022) and extracted the apparent honesty of the scale by presenting it to the group
of experts in the field of education and psychology, and the researcher extracted the psychometric characteristics and reached the stability coefficient (0.83) for the retest method,
and emotional intelligence was measured for the purpose of verifying the validity of the
research hypotheses, and the data were processed using the T-test and the hypothetical level
of (90) was extracted with the achieved level, and the results of the research showed that
emotional intelligence exists in males and females to different degrees in favor of males
more than Females The results also showed tha-t emotional intelligence has a relationship
in enhancing social interaction and building social relationships and in light of the results
of the research.