Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

To determine the effectiveness of L-carnitine in reducing oxidative stress in male New Zealand rabbits, twenty adult rabbits were used in this study and randomly divided into four groups: G I (Control): Standard diet and water, G II (OX): 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water with a standard diet, G III (LCA): 150 mg L-carnitine/kg feed with regular water, and G IV (PCO): 150 mg L-carnitine/kg feed with 0.5% H2O2 in drinking water. There was no significant effect of adding L-carnitine on most blood parameters in normal or oxidative stress-exposed rabbits. However, LCA treatment significantly increased total protein and albumin levels and decreased glucose levels. OX group showed higher levels of GOT, GPT, and MDA, while these parameters improved in the LCA group, which also showed superior GSH levels. L-carnitine treatment significantly improved cortisol and testosterone levels, suggesting it protects the male reproductive system from free radical damage by improving blood parameters and reducing oxidative stress.

/ College of Agriculture in the Sayada region-Iraq, at latitude 35.33 ̊N and 44.20 ̊E, from 1/4/2023 to 1/8/2023 to study the effect of spraying by chelated iron in three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1) g L-1 and Benzyl Adenine in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100) mg L-1 on the vegetative growth and chemical content of young grape vines of Kishmishi cultivar, where the spraying was done with three dates each 4/15, 5/1 and 5/15/2023. The experiment was carried out according to a completely RCBD with three replications and two vines for each experimental unit. Thus, the number of vines included in the experiment was 54. The data were analyzed according to the SAS system, the means were compared according to the Duncan test under the 5% probability level. The results showed that spraying the vines by iron chelated at concentration 1 g L-1 led to a significant increase in all the studied traits (Length and diameter of stem, leaf area, content of chlorophyll, percentage of NPK, content of Fe, and percentage of dry matter in branches) 139.56 cm, 182.78 mm, 76.04 cm2, 40.53 CCI, 2.34%, 0.34%, 0.85%, 651.70 mg kg-1, 41.28% respectively. On the other hand, spraying by Benzyl Adenine at concentration 100 mg L-1 gave significant superiority in length and diameter stem, leaf area, content of chlorophyll, percentage of P and K, content of Fe, and percentage of dry matter in branches reached to 125.91 cm, 175.78 mm, 72.35 cm2, 39.51 CCI, 0.28%, 0.72%, 558.91 mg kg-1, 41.28% respectively, Meanwhile the concentrations 50 and 100 mg L-1 of Benzyl Adenine significantly affected the percentage of nitrogen in leaves 2.09 and 2.11% respectively. At the same time, the interaction treatment between iron at the concentration 1 g L-1 Benzyl Adenine at the concentration 100 mg L-1 significantly effect on most of the characteristics.

This experiment on Malabar neem trees ( Melia dubia Cav.) aimed to know the extent to which some vegetative growth traits of these trees are affected by the amount of NPK fertilizer added and the method of addition. The experiment was designed according to a two-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD), the first factor: adding balanced NPK fertilizer (20, 20, 20) at three levels (60, 120, 180) g.plant-1 and the second: number of NPK fertilizer batches (6, 12, 24) batches.plant-1. The data were analyses by use SAS program the difference between various treatments means are tested with Duncan Multiple range test at the 5% probability level. The results showed that the plants treated with a concentration of 180 g. plant-1 were significantly superior in all studied traits (number of branches, number of leaves, stem diameter, stem height, branch diameter and branch length) compared to the same studied traits with the lowest concentration of 60 g. plant-1. As for the factor of the number of NPK batches, the fertilizer batch 6 batches. 4 weeks-1 was superior to the batches 12 and 24 respectively in the traits of number of branches, number of leaves, stem diameter and main stem height. The study concluded that the amount of fertilizer 180 g. plant-1 had a positive effect in improving the studied vegetative growth traits. but for the batches number factor, there was no noticeable effect appear on the trees size at the end of the experiment period due to the small amount of fertilizer used.

Light plays a crucial function in the bird embryo\\'s growth and development, and its absence may lead to failure-hatching or embryo deformity. Thus, the investigation aimed to determine the significance of light colors on chickens\\' growth and embryonic development. This investigation was performed at the College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, to examine how light colors impact embryonic development, Hatchability, and hatched chick quality. Four treatments were used: Dark without light (control) (D), red light (RL), blue light (BL), and green light (GL), with three replications (25 egg/replicate). In total, 300 eggs (ROSS 308) were fertilized, and 75 eggs were laid in each incubator (each treatment in the incubator separately; the incubators were similar in all circumstances). The outcomes showed a considerable increase (P<0.01) in the embryonic development of the embryo length (mm) at the first stage of incubation, age of three days, as well as a considerable increase in the vascular area (mm) development and the No of somites pairs if all the experimental treatments exceeded the D. The treatment of the whole experiment in the ratio of the weight of the embryo on D as well as a meaningful improvement (P<0.01) in the albumin and yolk weight for the treatments. There was a considerable expansion in the hatchability (P<0.01) and the quality for all the investigation treatments in comparison to the D. In conclusion, using light during the embryonic period will affect embryo development, embryonic traits, hatchability, and chick quality.

The field experiment was conducted in one of AL-Kahlaa station\' fields - Agricultural Directorate of Maysan Province within soil classified as silty clay loam. Three tillage\' depths of (12, 17, and 22 cm) with three harrowing forward\' speeds of (2.54, 3.61, and 4.32 km.hr-1) of combined equipment (which performs three agricultural operations simultaneously, namely plowing, harrowing, and leveling) were studied during this experiment. The trial findings showed an increase of slippage percent, fuel consumption, disturbed soil volume, flower disc diameter, and oilseed yield which were 7.702%, 22.411 L. ha-1, 596.66 m3. hr-1, 12.555 cm, and 3.693 ton.ha-1, respectively, when the tillage depth was increased from 12 to 17 and then to 22 cm. Whilst, the lowest average of slippage percent, fuel consumption, disturbed soil volume, flower disc diameter, and seed yield were at the lowest tillage depth\' level of 12 cm which were 6.750%, 20.036 L.ha-1, 527.44 m3.h-1, 11.586 cm, and 3.326 ton.ha-1, respectively. Moreover, the lowest slippage percentage (4.778%), and largest diameter of flower disc (13.877 cm) and seed yield (4.295 ton.ha-1) were occurred at the slow forward speed of 2.54 km.hr-1 while the lowest fuel consumption (16.506 L.ha-1) and highest disturbed soil volume (734.55 m3.hr-1) were achieved through the high forward speed of 4.32 km.hr-1

Food-borne diseases generally correlate with pathogens, such as bacteria, more than 200 food-borne infections caused by food cause significant public health problems worldwide. A total of 100 samples of milk and milk products were gathered randomly from different supermarkets in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, from November 2022 to February 2023 to detect bacteria contamination in these samples. To study the susceptibility of antibiotic 10 antibiotics from different classes. To test the capacity of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to produce biofilms congo red agar was used. All EPEC isolates were tested for the presence of genes encoded to adhesion fimH and iha genes. The results showed that the percentage of positive samples was 72(72%), including 19(19%), 30(30%), 14(14%), and 9(9%) isolated from milk, cheese, Yoghurts and cream, respectively. More types of bacteria isolates were E. coli (32) isolates than Staphylococcus aureus (24), Staphylococcus epidermidis (22), Candida albicans (21), Pseudomonas aurogenosa (18), Bacillus cereus (17), Proteus mirabilis (16), Klebsiella pneumonia (10) and, Enterobacter aeruginosa (6). The prevalence of EPEC was 12(37.4%) including 5(15.6), 3(9.3), and 4(12.5) for Polyvalent 2, Polyvalent 3, and Polyvalent 4, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility to Enteropathogenic E.coli observed lower resistance against Imipenem and Meropenem in prevalence 12(100%) and 11(91.6%) from 12 isolates, While the study indicated that there is a higher resistance against Ampicillin in prevalence11 (91.6%). There are three types of colonies: strong, intermediate, weak, and no biofilm in prevalence. The result of PCR showed the prevalence of fimH and iha genes was 10(83.3%), and 8(66.6%) respectively.

Food-borne diseases generally correlate with pathogens, such as bacteria, more than 200 food-borne infections caused by food cause significant public health problems worldwide. A total of 100 samples of milk and milk products were gathered randomly from different supermarkets in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, from November 2022 to February 2023 to detect bacteria contamination in these samples. To study the susceptibility of antibiotic 10 antibiotics from different classes. To test the capacity of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to produce biofilms congo red agar was used. All EPEC isolates were tested for the presence of genes encoded to adhesion fimH and iha genes. The results showed that the percentage of positive samples was 72(72%), including 19(19%), 30(30%), 14(14%), and 9(9%) isolated from milk, cheese, Yoghurts and cream, respectively. More types of bacteria isolates were E. coli (32) isolates than Staphylococcus aureus (24), Staphylococcus epidermidis (22), Candida albicans (21), Pseudomonas aurogenosa (18), Bacillus cereus (17), Proteus mirabilis (16), Klebsiella pneumonia (10) and, Enterobacter aeruginosa (6). The prevalence of EPEC was 12(37.4%) including 5(15.6), 3(9.3), and 4(12.5) for Polyvalent 2, Polyvalent 3, and Polyvalent 4, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility to Enteropathogenic E.coli observed lower resistance against Imipenem and Meropenem in prevalence 12(100%) and 11(91.6%) from 12 isolates, While the study indicated that there is a higher resistance against Ampicillin in prevalence11 (91.6%). There are three types of colonies: strong, intermediate, weak, and no biofilm in prevalence. The result of PCR showed the prevalence of fimH and iha genes was 10(83.3%), and 8(66.6%) respectively.

This study aimed to elucidate the promising potential of silymarin in ameliorating the side effects associated with toxic pharmaceuticals. The study involved thirty female rats obtained, housed and maintained under requisite laboratory conditions in animal house unit in college of veterinary medicine, University of Tikrit. Rats distributed into six groups five rats per group to investigate the effects of Cisplatin and silymarin on various biochemical markers over a 21-day period. The groups included a control group, two induction groups receiving Cisplatin 5mg/kg on first and last days, a silymarin group 150mg/kg orally per day, a therapeutic group included Cisplatin 5mg/kg i.p. and silymarin 150mg/kg, and a protective group treated silymarin 150mg/kg and Cisplatin 5mg/kg administration in last day. This experimental study aimed to evaluating the effect of cisplatin and silymarin administration for 21 days on some physiological and histological parameters in rats included Alanine transaminase ALT, Aspartate aminotransferase AST, Glutathione peroxidase GPx, Glutathione GSH, Superoxide dismutase SOD, Malondialdehyde MDA levels, and histological changes in liver tissue. Results demonstrated the adverse effect of cisplatin on ALT, AST, GPx, GSH, SOD levels and liver tissue also demonstrated the protective and therapeutic potential effect of silymarin against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin due increase GPx, GSH, SOD and decrease MDA, AST levels, also enhanced liver tissue. From the results we conclude the potential protective and therapeutic role of silymarin against hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by cisplatin.

conducted in silt clay loam. L and C shape of the blade in two rotary plows, tractor speed 4.6 and 8.7 km.h-1 and depth of tillage 8 and 15 cm were used as experiment factors. L blade rotary plow obtained on the best effective field capacity 0.9835 ha.h-1, shortest distance between two beats blade 0.1653 m, pulverization rate (soil clods < 25 mm) and fuel consumption 24.33 L.h-1. C blade rotary plow recorded least maximum tangential force1518.97 kg, specific energy 87.951 MJ.ha-1 and soil force acting on sharpened edge of each blade 303.80 kg. Speed of the tractor 8.7 km. h-1 gave least fuel consumption 23.44 L.ha-1, higher effective field capacity 1.2941 ha.h-1. Tractor speed 4.6 km.h-1 gave short distance beats of the blades 0.1420 m and high pulverization rate 0.63 %. Depth of tillage 8 cm gave least fuel consumption 23.53 L.ha-1, maximum tangential force 1937.36 kg, specific energy 62.459 MJ.ha-1, higher effective field capacity and pulverization rate 0.9965 ha.h-1 and 0.72 % respectively. Direct and inverse significantly correlations, addition non-significant founded among studied characteristics. Concluded the most influential factors in the experiment traits was speed then depth and both of them more than influent from L and C shape of the blades.

conducted in silt clay loam. L and C shape of the blade in two rotary plows, tractor speed 4.6 and 8.7 km.h-1 and depth of tillage 8 and 15 cm were used as experiment factors. L blade rotary plow obtained on the best effective field capacity 0.9835 ha.h-1, shortest distance between two beats blade 0.1653 m, pulverization rate (soil clods < 25 mm) and fuel consumption 24.33 L.h-1. C blade rotary plow recorded least maximum tangential force1518.97 kg, specific energy 87.951 MJ.ha-1 and soil force acting on sharpened edge of each blade 303.80 kg. Speed of the tractor 8.7 km. h-1 gave least fuel consumption 23.44 L.ha-1, higher effective field capacity 1.2941 ha.h-1. Tractor speed 4.6 km.h-1 gave short distance beats of the blades 0.1420 m and high pulverization rate 0.63 %. Depth of tillage 8 cm gave least fuel consumption 23.53 L.ha-1, maximum tangential force 1937.36 kg, specific energy 62.459 MJ.ha-1, higher effective field capacity and pulverization rate 0.9965 ha.h-1 and 0.72 % respectively. Direct and inverse significantly correlations, addition non-significant founded among studied characteristics. Concluded the most influential factors in the experiment traits was speed then depth and both of them more than influent from L and C shape of the blades.

A factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out in one of the fields of the University of Mosul's College of Agriculture and Forestry. Gypsum stone was employed as an amendment in various physical and hydrologic qualities of silty clay soil and its impact on sunflower yield in different sizes and proportions. With three replications, gypsum stone was added in three sizes (<2, 8-10, 20-25 mm), three addition percentages (5, 10, and 15%), and a control sample. The results demonstrated the superiority of adding 15% gypsum stone with size of less than 2 mm in all examined soil characteristics compared to other treatments; the thickness of the soil surface crust and its bulk density by 15% and size of <2 mm was (2.5 mm, 1.43 Mg m-3) as opposed to (6.00 mm and 1.58 Mg m-3) in the control, respectively. The same addition significantly increased the WHC and moisture at the FC, recording (44.20 and 40.53) %, respectively, compared to (41.00 and 37.00) %, respectively, at control level. The lowest hydraulic conductivity was recorded when adding 15% for <2 mm (1.7 cm/h), and the highest hydraulic conductivity (HC) was recorded when adding 15% for 8–10 mm (7.1 cm/h) while it was 2.3 cm/h in the control treatment. The improvement of the physical conditions of the soil and the availability of moisture content at the level of adding 15% to volume <2 mm led to an increase in the height of the sunflower, blossom diameter, and leaf area to increase, giving them (48.66 cm, 4.33 cm, and 8.02 cm2) as compared to (38.66 cm, 2 cm, and 5.27 cm2) in the control level.

Due to the environmental problems occurring from using chemical fertilizers, several considerations have been taken to the application of biofertilizers in the agriculture system. An experiment was implemented during seasons of 2020 under the environmental conditions of Basrah Governorate, Iraq, to compensate for sunflower inorganic NPK needs by biological and organic matter fertilizers. The experimental treatments were organized in a strip-split plot design, with each treatment being replicated three times. The vertical plots were allocated to the two sunflower Varieties (Shumoos and Aqmar). The horizontal plots were subjected to the organic matter fertilizer rates (control “without organic matter” and 16 tons ha-1 of chicken manure). While the sub-plots were allowed to five treatments of inorganic NPK and biological fertilizers (F0: control “without any fertilizers”; F1: NPK 120:80:100; F2: Biofertilizer “Azotobacter chroococcum” as a source of N plus PK; F3: Biofertilizer “Bacillus polymexa” as a source of P plus NK; F4: Biofertilizer “Azotobacter + Bacillus” plus K). the obtained results showed that Shumoos Varieties was found to outperform Aqmar genotype in the following characters: plant height, leaf area index, percentage of empty grain, number of grains per plant, 1000-achenes weight, the grain yield of ha, and oil yield per ha. The differences were 6.24, 22.26, 8.99, 10.86, 15.13, 27.72, and 4.22%, respectively. In addition, the findings unequivocally demonstrated that the application of 16 tons of chicken manure per hectare recorded the highest values of all the features under study. It could be recommended that for maximizing the productivity and oil content of sunflower achenes yield, sowing Shumoos genotype besides applied 16 tons ha-1 of chicken manure plus F3: biofertilizer “Bacillus polymexa” as a source of P plus NK under ecological conditions of study area.

The study was conducted during 2022/2023 in the fields of the College of Agriculture, Hawija, University of Kirkuk, to study the effect of salicylic acid (0, 25, and 30 mg L-1), planting spacing (0.15, 0.2, 0.3 m) and interaction on caraway. Randomized complete block design with three replications was applied. The distance of 0.2 m gave the highest plant height (85.27 cm), number of branches (10.3 branch/plant), number of inflorescences in main flower reached 95.10 inflorescences/flower, and wet and dry (280.3 and 38.13 grams/plant), respectively. The 50 mg L-1 gave the highest plant height (64.86 cm), number of branches, (4.22 branch/plant), and the wet and dry weight and weight of a thousand seeds (278.6, 35.46, and 6.72), respectively. The interaction between planting spacing 15 cm and 50 mg L-1 led to an increase gave the highest plant height (73.18 cm) and number of flowers per plant (15.92 flower/ plant) and increased the rest of the characteristics. The interaction between 0.3 m and 50 mg L-1 was superior in the number of flowers per plant (17.66). The interaction between 0.3 m and 25 and 50 mg L-1 was superior in wet and dry weight (198.70 and 201.77 g/plant), respectively. As for the interaction between 50 mg L-1 and 0.2 m gave the highest value of 1000 seeds (6.36 g).

The safety of foods in terms of their sensory, chemical, physical, and human health, as well as their nutritional worth, have been recognized as having increased importance recently. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of sumac fruit powder on the meat quality of broiler chicks. A total of 135 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups, each group divided to three sub-groups of 15 birds each. The birds of T1 were fed standard diet as control group without supplementation, while the birds of T2 and T3 were fed standard diet with supplementation of 1g and 2g of sumac fruit powder/ kg feed, respectively. The results appeared improve significantly(P≤0.05) of T2 and T3 compared to T1 in the percentage of cooking loss, Water Holding Capacity(WHC) also the percentages of fat and moisture as well as sensory evaluation of broilers meat. The percentage of protein and total fatty acids in broiler meat were significantly increased(P≤0.05) in T2 and T3 in comparison with control treatment otherwise the dripping loss, thawing loss and ash percentage of broilers meat do not showed significant differ between treatments of study. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of sumac powder improved most of the physical and chemicals traits and all sensory evaluation of broilers meat.

A field experiment was conducted at an agricultural farm in Baghdad governorate / Iraq (33.05N latitude, 44.32E longitude) by using six parents of bread wheat: Alizz, Ipaa, Saberbeag, Dejla, Furat, and Entesar) and their offspring in a half-diallel according to the Griffing method to evaluate the genetic ability of production in single plants and estimate genetic parameters and stability of related traits under normal and salt stress conditions. Parents and their offspring grew for two winter seasons (2020 and 2021) by using a Randomized Completely Block Design with three replicates in a split-plot arrangement. Main plots included irrigation by saline water (1 and 6 d.m-1) and parents and their F1 were in sub-plots. Results showed that Irrigation with salty water (6 ) d.m-1 significantly impacted grain yield and its components with important effects of GCA and SCA through high variation of GCA in grain yield. Entesar genotype had significant GCA values in single plant grain yield and inherited its genes. On the other hand, heritability estimates in a narrow sense were high in most yield components. The superior cross (Furat*Entesar) did not show a significant response to saline water. Saberbeag*Entesar cross produced the highest and most stable single plant grain yield (13.37g) in most of the stability parameters estimation methods which could be a promising genotype

This study assessed the adoption of improved production technologies among cassava contract and non-contract farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. These technologies are improved variety, recommended time of planting, recommended planting space and depth, use of herbicide for weed control, and tractorization, among others. Primary data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Education, sex, access to extension services, awareness of contract farming, and farming experience were found to influence farmers’ participation in contract farming. Most of the cassava contract farmers are in the trial and actual adoption stages, while the non-contract farmers are in the interest and evaluation stages. Furthermore, 69.2% and 10.8% of the contract and non-contract cassava farmers, respectively, are in the high adoption category; 24.2% and 57.5% of the contract and non-contract farmers are in the medium adoption category, while 6.7% and 31.7% of the contract and non-contract cassava farmers are in the low adoption category. The ordered logit regression model indicated that participation in contract farming, household size, education, and awareness of contract farming have a significant influence on the likelihood of adoption of improved cassava production technologies. Cassava contract farmers recorded an annual average output of 48.77 tons, while the non-contract farmers obtained a mean annual output of 19.03 tons. The mean difference among the two groups was 29.74 tons with a calculated z-value of 15.47, significant at the 1% significance level. The study recommended cassava farmers’ enrolment in formal education programme and participation in contract farming.

In order to study the combining ability and gene action for the yield and specific traits related to the grain quality of the genotypes of seven bread wheat (SK94, SK 95, Side 12, Side14, Giemiza 7, Giemiza 9, and Al-Fayyad), Half diallel crosses was performed between them to obtain (21) single crosses. Individually the hybrids were planted along with the parental lines in three replicates in randomized complete block design. Data for plant yield, protein ratio, wet gluten ratio, and dry gluten ratio were measured. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the evaluated traits. Parent Side 12 was distinguished by its general combining ability the traits of a plant yield, protein ratio, and wet gluten ratio, while the hybrid SK 95 x Side 12 was distinguished by a special combining ability all traits. The ratio between the components of the variance of general combining ability to the variance of specific combining ability was less than one for all traits, and this is evidence of the effect of dominance variances on traits. Genetic variance was greater than environmental variance for all traits. Also, the dominance variance was greater than additive variance for all traits. The broad sense heritability rate was high for all traits, while the narrow sense heritability rate was medium for the plant yield trait and low for the other traits. The expected genetic advance was low in all traits. Therefore, selection is not useful, and it is possible to benefit from heterosis breeding method and selection in subsequent generations

In order to study the combining ability and gene action for the yield and specific traits related to the grain quality of the genotypes of seven bread wheat (SK94, SK 95, Side 12, Side14, Giemiza 7, Giemiza 9, and Al-Fayyad), Half diallel crosses was performed between them to obtain (21) single crosses. Individually the hybrids were planted along with the parental lines in three replicates in randomized complete block design. Data for plant yield, protein ratio, wet gluten ratio, and dry gluten ratio were measured. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the evaluated traits. Parent Side 12 was distinguished by its general combining ability the traits of a plant yield, protein ratio, and wet gluten ratio, while the hybrid SK 95 x Side 12 was distinguished by a special combining ability all traits. The ratio between the components of the variance of general combining ability to the variance of specific combining ability was less than one for all traits, and this is evidence of the effect of dominance variances on traits. Genetic variance was greater than environmental variance for all traits. Also, the dominance variance was greater than additive variance for all traits. The broad sense heritability rate was high for all traits, while the narrow sense heritability rate was medium for the plant yield trait and low for the other traits. The expected genetic advance was low in all traits. Therefore, selection is not useful, and it is possible to benefit from heterosis breeding method and selection in subsequent generations

Sixty ejaculates of semen from 10 adult Awassi rams were collected biweekly at a rate of one ejaculate from each ram over a period of 3 months. Semen samples were collected from all rams, pooled and divided equally into four aliquots and diluted to 1: 2 Tris -citric acid-fructose egg yolk (TEYC) extender, the first aliquot is considered as control treatment consisting of extender without any addition , while the second, third and fourth were supplemented with 5 % , 10 % , 15% pomegranate juice PJ to the extender samples, respectively. Semen samples were stored and cryopreserved at 5 °C for (0- 24- 48- 72- 96) hours after collection. Assessment of semen qualities (individual sperm motility, live and dead sperms, abnormal sperms and sperm membrane integrity (HOST) were measured on after dilution and during cryopreservation periods. The results demonstrated that adding PJ into extender showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the percentage of sperm motility, viability, sperm membrane integrity and a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in sperm abnormalities percentage compared to control at different hours of storage periods, and the advantage of the 4th treatment supplemented with 15% pomegranate juice compared to other treatments. In conclusion, from this study revealed that adding pomegranate juice to the extender is suitable and good for preserving spermatozoa and improving semen characteristics by enhancing antioxidants and protecting the spermatozoa from reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cryopreservation storage.

The poultry sector is witnessing an increase in the costs of production elements that enter into the production process, which reflects negatively on the profits of workers in this important and vital sector. Therefore, it requires the use of these elements with high technical efficiency and their allocation in a way that achieves economic efficiency. This can be achieved by attaining both technical efficiency and allocative efficiency, and from here came the goal. The research included studying the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of broiler chicken breeding projects using the data envelope method based on cross-sectional data, which is one of the most accurate and appropriate quantitative methods as compared to other traditional methods and methods used in measuring production and economic efficiency. These methods requires providing data on the quantity of production elements and the quantity of production, as well as Price information. Measuring efficiency contributes to determining the optimal amount of economic resources and thus neutralizing the amount of waste and deficit in their use. In addition to showing the waste in the amount of available production elements and showing the extent of broiler chicken owners’ keenness to approach breeding projects or move away from the optimal or marginal production available and renew the percentage available to improve it. This study included 58 projects for raising broiler chickens in Karbala Governorate for the year 2022, and data was obtained from these projects through farm records for those projects. The results showed that the projects achieved a percentage of technical efficiency of 0.92 and 0.88 according to the returns on variable and fixed capabilities, respectively, and the projects formed which achieved full efficiency ratios of 1.7 and 8.6, while capacity efficiency reached 0.96 and 88% of projects were subject to ratios of 1.7 and 8.6 increased energy yield as for the allocative efficiency, it was 0.91, while the economic efficiency was 0.76. The waste in using fodder was calculated at about 300 grams per bird. The waste in using workers per field was 2 workers, and the waste in using vaccines was about 62 dinars per bird. The waste in using services was ( Water - electricity - gas - fuel (about 154 dinars per bird. The researcher recommended the need to reduce waste in production elements and use them in a way that achieves economic efficiency, which includes both technical and allocative efficiency, as well as supporting breeding projects by supporting feed, medicines and vaccines to reduce costs and the need for Veterinarians and agricultural engineers to supervise the breeding fields.

The integration of IoT technology in smart greenhouses enables real-time monitoring of the microclimate, empowering farmers to remotely manage their plants. This capability proves invaluable to farmers, as the data collected by the smart greenhouse is automatically processed and seamlessly transmitted to the control system through the internet. These innovative systems enable the vertical cultivation of crops, maximizing space utilization a particularly valuable feature in densely populated urban areas where arable land is scarce and costly. The objective of this research is to develop a real-time, internet-based monitoring and control system tailored for smart greenhouses. The core concept in this research is precision, particularly in the monitoring and regulation of greenhouse temperature and humidity. By achieving optimal environmental conditions for cultivated crops, this system aims to significantly increase crop yield. Tower farming systems allowing for the cultivation of up to 144 plants per square meter—contrasting sharply with the limited yield of 5 to 10 plants in traditional farming methods. Moreover, this tower farming system offers several benefits: it enhances crop quality, reduces resource consumption, and fosters sustainability and efficiency in agriculture. The results showed that the average of the smart greenhouse plant height, the number of leaves, the length of the leaf, the width of the leaf, and the total weight of without roots was 22.34 cm, 12 leaves, 9.72 cm, 1.70 cm, and 18.96 grams. The results prove that water spinach in the smart greenhouse is better than control

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a common avian species used as a model for studying reproductive and physiological functions. Liver and Bursa of Fabricius are two important organs involved in various metabolic and immunological processes. Previous research has shown that these organs exhibit sexual dimorphism and may be affected by genetic selection for certain traits in quail. This study aims to investigate the histological structures of liver and Bursa of Fabricius in two-line selection female and male Japanese quail. Liver and bursa were collected from both lines at 35 days of age. The hypatocytes in both strains is same in ranged and it sphirical in female but polyhidral in male , the sinosoids seen narrow in brown female and male compared with black, the artary in black strain seen more wide than in brown, the portal vein also had a large lumen in black than brown. The two strain have same characters of tissues in bursa of Fabricius but the cortex of black is larger than brown (female and male )and more eosinophilic in addition to present of adipose cells distributed in the bursa of Fabricius of black strain more than in the brown

varieties (Local, Yildiz, Sciabola verde, Aquadulce 2, Lue Deotono, Aquadulce), and the land was divided according to the design of randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications. The factor of the distances between the rows was distributed on the main panels and the factor of the varieties on the secondary panels, and the results indicated that by increasing the distance between the rows, the average of the studied traits increased, as the distance exceeded 30) cm in leaf area, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, total yield (kg/ha), protein percentage in seeds (%), and distance (70) cm in number of pods per plant. Leafy and Aquadulus 2 for the number of pods per plant and the total yield (kg/ha), Chabla Single for the number of seeds per pod, Leodotono for the weight of 100 seeds, and the local variety for the percentage of protein in seeds (%), and the overlap between the varieties was P and the distances were significant, as the interaction between Aquadulus cultivar at distance D2 had the highest leaf area and the cultivar Leodotino at distance D3 in the number of pods per plant and the interaction between the cultivar Chabla Individual at the distance D1 was the highest in the trait of the number of seeds in the pod and the interaction between the cultivar Yildiz at the distance D2 the highest average weight of 100 Seed and the interaction between the cultivar Chabla Farida at the distance D2 in the trait of the total yield (kg/ha), and the interaction between the cultivar Leodutunu and the distance D3 was the highest in this trait in the percentage of protein in the seeds (%)..

To prepare environmentally friendly bio-fertilizer that enhances the properties of alkaline soils, particularly Gypsipherous soils, and promotes plant growth from pure and molecularly characterized sulfur-oxidizing bacterial isolates, 53 samples were collected on 10/February / 2022 from various agricultural sources and sites, all of the samples were inoculated in a liquid thiosulfate medium. The isolates were then streaked on solid thiosulfate medium and characterized phenotypically based on their Cutural, microscopic, and biochemical properties. Phenotypical characterization results revealed that 8 isolates exhibited the characteristics of Thiobacillus bacteria, They were given the codes B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, and the color of the colonies was between white, creamy to yellow, Convex and smooth Negative to Gram stain, 4 isolates were motile and 4 were non-motile, 4 isolates were fast-growing they include : B1, B2, B3, B4, like that 4 isolates were slow-growing: B5, B6, B7, B8, all isolates were positive for catalase and oxidase tests. The results showed that all isolates were efficient in: Lowering the pH of the medium after 21 days of incubation, phosphate Solubilizing, Producing indole acetic acid (IAA), sulfates, as isolate B3 outperformed all isolates in these properties and recorded 4.52, 91.904 mg P l-1, 21.2 µg ml-1, 1.754% respectively and gave a heavy growth on chelating compounds medium, isolate B7 gave the lowest values, recording 7.06, 35.101 mg P L-1, 11.9 µg mL-1, and 0.884 and gave a weak growth on chelating compounds medium, Isolates that demonstrated efficient growth and possessed the criteria for promoting plant growth molecular diagnostic result for the four isolates :B1,B2,B3and B4 isolates based on the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The nucleotide sequences were then analyzed and compared to those of global strains listed on the (NCBI) website. The results showed that isolates B1, B2, B3, and B4 had 99.26%, 99.26%, 99.23%, and 99.17% similarity to Thiobacillus thioparus strain Starkey, Thiobacillus denitrificans strain DSM 739, Thiobacillus denitrificans strain NCIMB 9548, and Thiobacillus thiophilus strain D24TN, respectively. The isolates were assigned the accession numbers ON844981, ON844984, ON844983, and ON844982, respectively, in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base. This molecular diagnosis and registration in the NCBI is the first in Iraq.

The study aimed to assess the effects of adding an alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seeds and lead acetate to drinking water on the productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used, divided into four treatments of 36 birds each, with three replicates per treatment. The control treatment received no additives, while the second treatment received 350 mg/L of lead acetate. The third treatment received 250 mg/L of Eruca sativa seeds extract, and the fourth treatment received a combination of both 350 mg/L lead acetate and 250 mg/L Eruca sativa seeds extract. Results showed that the third treatment had the best results, including higher body weight, final weight gain, cumulative feed consumption, and better feed conversion efficiency. This treatment also had significant (P≤0.05) increases in packed cell volume (PCV), total red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) compared to other treatments. Additionally, the third treatment had lower heterophil percentages and a more positive lymphocyte percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. The antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in the third treatment, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower. The study concludes that the alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seeds effectively reduces lead acetate-induced oxidative stress and enhances both and productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens.

Throughout the 2021 season, an experiment was conducted to observe the impact of different mixtures on strawberry growth. The mixtures consisted of equal levels of microorganisms, specifically (20mlL-1 of Rhizobium combined with 20mlL-1 of Arbuscular mycorrhizal, and (20ml.L-1 of Bacillus subtilis combined with 20ml.L-1 of Arbuscular mycorrhizal).( 20mlL-1 of Rhizobium combined with 20mlL-1 of Trichoderma harzianum), (20ml.L-1 of Bacillus subtilis combined with 20mlL-1 of Trichoderma harzianum). Additionally, Marine Alga Extracts (MAE) at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mlL-1 were included, along with a control treatment without any spray. The results revealed that treating the seedlings with 20 mlL-1 of Bacillus bacteria and 20 mlL-1 of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus resulted in a height of 11.02 cm. Similarly, treating the seedlings with 20ml.L-1 of Rhizobium bacteria and 20ml.L-1 of tricho fungus showed a significantly higher height of 11.13 cm compared to the control treatment , which only reached 2.20 cm. All combinations of microorganisms demonstrated a significant increase in the diameter of the seedlings. The diameter measurements were 2.73, 2.50, 3.13, and 2.01 mm for the different mixtures, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment with Rhizobium bacteria and tricho fungus exhibited a superior leaf area of 94.333 cm2, while the treatment with Bacillus bacteria and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus had a leaf area of 88.866 cm2. In contrast, the control treatmenthad a leaf area of 68.666 cm2. The average weight of the fruit was significantly higher with the MAE treatment, with an average of 71.37 g. In contrast, the comparison treatment had the lowest average fruit weight of 22.873 g. On the other hand, the Microorganism treatment had a significantly higher average number of fruits, with an average of 10.36 fruits and seedlings. In comparison, the comparison treatment had the lowest average of 6.62 fruits and seedlings.

Aflatoxins, toxic metabolites produced by fungi in grains, cause economic losses and health problems in the poultry industry. This study investigates the protective effectiveness of xylo-oligosaccharides (0.4% and 0.8% g/kg) in mitigating the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 3 mg/kg) contamination in broiler diets. Experimental groups included: no supplement, 3 mg/kg aflatoxin, 0.4% xylo-oligosaccharide, 0.8% xylo-oligosaccharide, 3 mg/kg aflatoxin + 0.4% xylo-oligosaccharide, and 3 mg/kg aflatoxin + 0.8% xylo-oligosaccharide. Weekly live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, bursa of Fabricius weight, and internal organ weights were evaluated. Results showed that AFB1-contaminated feed reduced weekly and final weight, weekly and final weight gain, and weekly feed intake, while increasing the feed conversion rate. AFB1 also had detrimental effects on internal organ weights. Xylo-oligosaccharide alone did not significantly improve performance and increased abdominal fat. However, the combined use of AFB1 and xylo-oligosaccharides mitigated the negative effects of AFB1. The addition of 0.8% xylo-oligosaccharide was particularly effective in reducing the adverse effects of AFB1 in broiler chickens.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of mycotoxins, specifically aflatoxin B1, and various bioadsorbents (yeast, zeolite, vitamin E) on the male reproductive system of rats by evaluating their impact on the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone. The experiment was conducted with 36 adult male rats, weighing between 60-180 grams. The rats were randomly divided into six groups, each with six replicates. The groups were: T1, the control group with no additives; T2, addition of 0.5 ml of aflatoxin B1; T3, addition of 0.5 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 80 grams of yeast; T4, addition of 0.5 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 1 ml of vitamin E; T5, addition of 0.5 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 40 grams of zeolite; and T6, addition of 0.5 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 80 grams of yeast + 1 ml of vitamin E + 40 grams of zeolite.The results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the weight of both the testes and the prostate when comparing the different treatments to the control group (T1). However, a noticeable decrease in weight was observed in the group exposed to aflatoxin B1 (T2). Additionally, a significant increase (P≤0.01) in FSH levels was found in (T2) compared to (T1) and (T6). A significant decrease (P≤0.01) in LH and testosterone levels was observed in (T2) compared to (T1). Histological analysis revealed tissue damage in the testes, including significant degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, absence of spermatogenic cells, and lack of mature spermatozoa, as well as an increase in the number of deformed spermatozoa due to the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1. Therefore, the study provides significant insights into the impact of aflatoxin B1 and various bio adsorbents on the male reproductive system in rats.

The study aimed to identify the relationship between the partial replacement of mung and Jerusalem artichoke powder in burgers made from chicken meat and 4,8,12 day of refrigerated storage and the effect of this on the total number of bacteria, coliforms, molds, and yeasts. Three different replacement ratios with the control treatment were proposed for a total of six treatments. In this study, two levels of replacement occurred mung powder 5% and 10%, and a treatment included replacing Jerusalem artichoke powder at 5% and 10%, when other treatment was replacing a mixture of 5% mung powder and 5% Jerusalem artichoke powder. The study also examined the extent to which substitution ratios affect the sensory evaluation and microbiological characteristics of the final product and consumer acceptance. Replacing mung beans with Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly enhanced the microbiological properties of burgers during refrigerated storage compared to control. The replacement Led to decreased the total number of bacteria and coliform activity, as well as a decrease in molds and yeasts number. The control group showed an increase in total bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts. The substitution ratios enhanced the sensory evaluation of the product, and this leading to increased customer acceptance of the burger with mung beans and Jerusalem artichoke powder compared to the control. The results indicated that the replacement negatively affected the total count of bacteria as well as coliform and also contributed to a decrease molds and yeasts growth. In contrast, the control showed an increase in total bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts. The substitution ratios enhanced the sensory properties of final product, resulting in increased customer acceptance of burgers with mung beans and Jerusalem artichoke powder compared to the control. The results indicated that the burger containing mung powder 10% was superior in terms of microbial characteristics, and general acceptance of the final product over the burger containing Jerusalem artichoke powder, while both were superior in terms of microbial quality and general acceptance of the control.