Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

A grammatical study is part of linguistic studies that helps students to understand and interpret texts. The intended interaction and link will not be achieved if the grammatical form is examined independently. Semantics and grammar have a reciprocal relation in which one contributes elements that assist defining and differentiating the other. Therefore, the focus of the current paper is the terms that can be traced back to a single linguistic root, the root (n, q, b). Three words that have the linguistic root (n, q, b) are found in the Holy Quran which are (naqba, naqiba, and naqabbawu). Every word has a linguistic meaning which is a lexical meaning, as well as a particular connotation created by its context. Accordingly, the research plan is divided into three parts focusing on the words (naqba, naqiba, and naqabbawu) respectively. The conclusions show that there is a distinction between the explicit and implied sources, and that all of these words converge at the meaning of digging out or searching.

talents that have no borders and among them in poetry have been created in all historical ages, and they said in all the subjects of poetry, and they were filed to form the poem, from vertical poetry and free poetry, and they developed the arts, including guessing and guessing is a type of systems, as the poet borrows a poetic house for other poets and writes three parts before it before the poetry house to become five part Its meaning is disturbed, and these parts are on the weight and rhyme of the first part of the poetic house except for a prayer for the poem, and the rhyme of the fifth part remains the rhyme of the five -year poem, while maintaining weight and rhyme. This research aims to show the creativity of poets and their merciful people in creating this art, which adds beauty and luster to Arabic poetry, and the renewal of the eternal beautiful poems and the addition of poetry of the same weight, rhyme, meaning, poetic purpose, beauty and confessy of the word, and it comes out to the recipient as if in one time and for one poet, as well Connect between the past and the present. The research relied on the historical, descriptive, analytical style, glorifying Arabic poetry in general and Iraqi poetry in particular, and mentioned some poetry pioneers of this art. This type of poetry does not only require poetic talent, but the sensation and the delicate imagination that makes the fifth poet embody the feeling of the poet who said the poem, and lives the same feeling and the same feeling as if he lives in the same time and its subject until the poem comes out with the same sense of meaning and linguistic structures and its subject as it carries its content, and this work is not done by no creator as it makes the recipient feel it for one poet

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon Abu al-Qasim Muhammad and his pure and virtuous family. To proceed:
The Holy Qur'an is the book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, containing the rulings, teachings, and values of Islam. With its style, meanings, and magical eloquence, it captivates people's hearts and captivates their minds. They are perplexed by its miraculous nature and filled with amazement at the profound effect it has on them. The Holy Qur'an has been and remains the supreme example of eloquent Arabic style, an example that is unmatched and unrivaled. The Qur'anic text is beyond doubt or controversy. Muslims were extremely careful to preserve and protect it immediately after its revelation. Furthermore, divine power has preserved it and protected it from any tampering or distortion. It is the revealed word of God, in which no change or deficiency can occur.

This poem is one of the masterpieces of the great Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish, who is considered one of the most significant poets belonging to the poetry of revolution, freedom, homeland, and commitment. He transformed the songs of Palestinian wandering into stunning epics of deferred return. He wrote this poem one year after the Madrid Conference for Peace. It is a long and exceptional, tragic poem, filled with revolution, allegory, and the dualities of presence and absence, past and present. Andalusia appears with a different temporal and spatial presence, reflecting the themes of displacement, exile, and the theft of land.
Darwish divides his poem into 11 sections, reflecting the eleven planets mentioned in the Quran in the vision of Prophet Joseph (peace be upon him). This poem oscillates between history and imagination, and Darwish takes us on a fleeting journey through the corruption of the present towards a more significant expansion of the journey. As Syrian critic Sabri Hadeed says, it represents “a detailed and surgical panoramic exploration of the fields where the past engulfs the future, or in the possibilities of such an encounter and its implications.”
In this poem, Darwish transitions from the present to the past, overlaying the experience of the past onto the present. The poem is replete with meanings that require deep intellectual engagement and study, with the presence of absent relationships, considering that the scenes from the Quranic story and the last scenes of Andalusia are two experiences that have influenced each other. If these scenes have formed the beginning of the vision, then the haunted vision lies in finding the present/absent relationship, which appears shrouded in the fog of the political stage, the elegy of decay, and a crowded tableau of images. In this poem by Mahmoud Darwish, Palestine and Andalusia become unified and parallel. Granada transforms into a place of longing, akin to Palestinian Jerusalem. The present becomes a mirror reflecting the distant Andalusian past on one side and the Palestinian future on the other.

This thesis presents an in-depth study of the use of symbols and literary manifestations in the poetry of Majed Al-Hassan, a prominent contemporary Arab poet. The research aims to analyze the profound role of symbolism in reflecting social, cultural, and psychological concepts within his poetry. The study is based on the fundamental hypothesis that the symbols and literary manifestations in Majed Al-Hassan's poems transcend mere aesthetic tools; rather, they are effectively employed as means to convey complex social messages and embody individual and collective experiences.
The research adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, relying on documentary and library sources for data collection. The collected data was meticulously analyzed using a content analysis approach, through a careful examination of Majed Al-Hassan's poetic works, with the aim of uncovering the various dimensions of symbols and literary manifestations.
The research findings indicate that symbolism in Majed Al-Hassan's poetry goes beyond the aesthetic dimension to become a powerful tool for representing social, psychological, and philosophical complexities. The symbols used in his poetry, which vary between natural elements, urban imagery, and mythological references, serve a multi-layered function, allowing for multiple readings and interpretations. The research also revealed that Al-Hassan employs these symbols to create a close link between individual and collective experiences, as these symbols reflect psychological and social conditions and encourage the reader to move from superficial meanings to deeper levels of contemplation on major human issues.
The results further indicate that the pictorial and linguistic manifestations in Al-Hassan's poetry, by creating suspense and ambiguity, prompt the reader to actively interact and participate in the process of meaning construction. Additionally, the internal rhythm and complex grammatical structures lend his poetry depth and polyphony, effectively enriching the process of interpretation and exegesis. Furthermore, the research clarifies that symbolism in Al-Hassan's poetry was not only used for artistic expression but also became a tool for social critique and rethinking power relations, contributing to the creation of a multidimensional space that invites the reader to critically reflect on cultural, political, and identity issues.

Prepositions are among the most important topics in the Arabic language, and the poetry of Al-Mahalhal is considered one of the most significant poetry from the pre-Islamic era due to its high eloquence, precise formulation, and sad meanings, especially his lament for his brother Kulaib after he was killed by Jassas. The abundance of prepositions and the divrsity of their meanings, specific to each letter and the substitutability between the letters, are among the reasons that led me to compile prepositions and the poetry of Al-Mahalhal and study them together under the title "Prepositions in the Poetry of Al-Mahalhal: A Grammatical Study." This is an analytical and applied research, meaning the application and analysis of prepositions on the poetry of Al-Mahalhal, clarifying the meaning of each letter in terms of its specific meaning and its meaning when substituted with another letter, and explaining the meaning of the poetic verse with the preposition in detail .
The curriculum was divided into three sections, each containing three parts: single, dual, and triple prepositions. The first section dealt with prepositions and their characteristics, the second section discussed the meanings of prepositions, and the third section covered the meanings of prepositions by substitution.

The Holy Quran contains several words that, in context, indicate exceeding the limits of moderation or the normal extent of the characteristic or behavior implied by the word, which
sometimes expanded by the context, such as the word “tyrant” which appears in the context of the story of Pharaoh, where the meaning of the word exceeded the limits of arrogance and stubbornness to the point of claiming divinity. I have found that this word and others have exceeded the limits of what is originally blameworthy or praiseworthy to the point of becoming blameworthy, as in the word “extravagance” beyond the limits of exaggeration, because exaggeration may be within the limits of what is customary when multiplied, but exceeding the limits is a deliberate departure from what is customary, with that meaning mixed with other meanings that demonstrate the precision of the Qur'an in its use

Iraq has been, and continues to be, the cradle of human civilizations since ancient times, the birthplace of beauty. It is the geography in which the Assyrian, Babylonian, Sumerian, and Abbasid civilizations arose. Iraq has been, and continues to be, an inspiration to Arab poets, and poets have sung about it throughout the ages. Among the poets who have sung about Iraq is the poet Nizar Qabbani, of Turkish origin on both sides of his parents. He sang about Iraq with an almost unparalleled intensity. In his poetry, he sincerely sought to paint a true picture of Iraq, especially since he was born and lived in the Arab geography of Syria, a geography adjacent to Iraq. He visited Iraq more than once, participating in events. Poetry, and he married the Iraqi Bilqis Al-Rawi, which increased his connection to Iraq. The choice fell on this topic due to the historical, cultural, aesthetic, literary, linguistic, and geographical importance of Iraq; Given the importance of Nizar Qabbani in the world of modern Arabic poetry, the researcher aimed to clarify the manifestations of the image of Iraq in the poetry of Nizar Qabbani, whose Turkish origin and lineage did not prevent him from singing about an authentic Arab country like Iraq. The importance and value of the research come from its subject, its goal, and from its treatment of this subject in the poetry of a poet who is considered a symbol of modern Arabic poetry, even though he is not Arab in his lineage and origin. The researcher relied on the methods of description, analysis, and deduction, so he presented Nizar Qabbani’s poems related to Iraq, analyzed them, and deduced from them the image of Iraq as it appeared from the perspective of the poet Nizar Qabbani.

collocation is a linguistic and semantic concept deeply rooted in the Arabic language, and its study has significantly evolved in modern times. Its relation to the Prophetic Hadith underscores its importance in comprehending religious texts with depth and precision. This highlights the need to intensify studies that integrate linguistics with Islamic sciences to clarify texts and reveal their aesthetics and meanings.
This study addresses the phenomenon of collocation in the Prophetic Hadiths from both semantic and syntactic perspectives, It sheds light on the linguistic relationships that connect words and sentences within the Prophetic texts, The research aims to uncover the semantic dimensions that highlight the beauty of structure and meaning in the Hadiths, while analyzing the syntactic patterns that enhance the impact of collocation in these texts.
The study adopted an analytical approach that combines semantic linguistics and Arabic syntax, focusing on selected examples from the Prophetic Hadiths, It examined the relationships between words and phrases in their original context to understand how semantic harmony and textual cohesion are achieved.
The research concluded that the phenomenon of collocation in the Prophetic Hadiths is not merely a syntactic element but also contributes to showcasing the aesthetic and semantic values of the Hadiths. Furthermore, it plays a pivotal role in guiding the correct understanding of religious texts.

This study highlights its significance by addressing a creative poet who has not received sufficient critical attention and by employing the concept of “cultural patterns” to reveal the latent perspectives of creativity and culture that have shaped him. The research aims to study how culture and civilizational factors influence and shape literary texts, analyzing how values, beliefs, and social-cultural practices are reflected in these texts. Critics and scholars have regarded Arabic poetry as fertile ground for observing these cultural patterns, and the poetry of Khairy Al-Badiri—the contemporary Iraqi poet—has been chosen for analysis from this perspective.
Using the descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to explore, identify, and present these patterns and to clarify their role in shaping Al-Badiri’s poetry. It also examines his mastery in conveying these cultural systems, demonstrating how he stages nostalgia for the past and employs symbols to evoke strong emotions toward radical change in society. The study further reveals to what extent the literary discourse has been imbued with the culture of its era and how his poetry has become a vehicle for the features of his civilization and cultural heritage.
After analyzing these systems in Al-Badiri’s poetry through three main axes—cultural nostalgia, revolutionary opposition to the authorities, and the interaction between these two patterns—the study concludes several findings. Among them: the poet merges his personal experience and nostalgic longing for the past, as both time and place, using memory as a powerful, resistant force supporting the broader revolutionary experience of Iraqi society. His deep engagement with societal issues and frequent comparisons between the present and the past lead to the reflection of cultural patterns in his poetry. Al-Badiri thus transmits these issues in a refined literary and aesthetic expression, using them as creative masks without resorting to worn-out cultural or political vocabulary.

Arabic scholars have included in their books a range of grammatical opinions influenced by Ibn Jinni, as they were the most prominent in what he relied upon in their grammatical studies. It is not hidden from scholars that grammarians, both ancient and modern, have paid attention to causation and justification, as numerous books have come down to us that deal with causation. Ibn Jinni excelled in this area. This study addresses the two causal considerations of the origin and the substitute, which he adopted in studying linguistic phenomena and their manifestations in his book, Al-Khasais, while clarifying their impact on the interpretation of the Qur'anic text. They agreed with him on many of these points, and perhaps contented themselves with presenting his guidance on a single issue, while rejecting a portion of them if they contradicted their guidance

The style of the Qur'an is distinguished by its elegance and beauty, following a consistent system of sublime wording, precise phrasing, magnificent expression, and profound meaning in various topics and issues ranging from stories and legislation to exhortations and arguments. The Qur'an uses structure in a highly artistic and precise manner, achieving a high degree of consistency between the words of the Qur'an and their meanings, beauty in their sound, and breadth of meaning that other words cannot convey. It is the eternal and miraculous book of God that will remain until the Day of Judgment. Despite the Arabs' eloquence in speech, power in expression, and fluency in articulation, they were unable to produce anything like it. They knew they were incapable of doing so. The Quran challenged the Arabs to produce something like it, but they could not. The results I have reached are as follows: Semantic meaning: This is the sum of the analytical (functional meaning), the lexical (lexical meaning) of words, and the (contextual meaning), i.e., the social meaning that combines the current clues with the contextual clues in the text, thus arriving at the (semantic meaning). The semantic meaning is the accompanying and secondary meaning of the main meaning. The structure is accompanied by connotations that can be observed through the combination of grammatical clues, form, and the context of the verse.The context indicates the difference between a room and a chamber: a room is upstairs, while a chamber is downstairs. And any honor acquired from the context when addressed as “O you who believe,” and the news is of great importance through the context. The movement indicates that the tanwin in (forgiveness and reward) is for indefiniteness and magnification. As for the indication of the form, it has different meanings depending on the morphological form. The form (interacted) indicates participation and progression in the context, and the form (activated) appears in the context to indicate progression, and the feminine plural form indicates scarcity. Scholars differed between the two forms of the broken plural (brothers and brothers), saying that brothers refers to kinship and brothers refers to friendship. The verb fought is in the plural form when addressing both of them, so the speech is addressed to both of them in the plural to ensure the meaning of plurality.

This research seeks to reveal the divine ingenuity of Ar-Rahman in describing the scenes of the Hereafter in the Holy Quran, specifically through what is mentioned in Surah Az-Zumar. It aims to introduce Surah Az-Zumar, clarifying its names, number of verses, revelation cause (Asbab an-Nuzul), its coherence with preceding surahs, and its main objectives. Furthermore, it endeavors to uncover the creative description of the Day of Resurrection scenes in light of its verses, to elucidate the precise Quranic detailing of the gathering (Hashr) and accountability (Hisab), to illustrate the states of the two groups of people (those driven to Paradise and those driven to Hell) as depicted in the noble Surah, and to demonstrate the Quranic eloquence in portraying the ultimate cosmic scene.
The research arrived at several key findings, notably: Surah Az-Zumar is Meccan, and no evidence was found for a revelation cause (Asbab an-Nuzul) that would prove its Medinan status. It is named 'Az-Zumar' (The Troops) due to the unique occurrence of this word within it, unlike other surahs of the Quran. It is also named 'Al-Ghuraf' (The Chambers) because the word 'ghuraf' is mentioned in this specific form within it. Books of Tafsir (exegesis) do not mention a specific revelation cause for Surah Az-Zumar. The research demonstrated the coherence of Surah Az-Zumar with Surah Sad (Surah 38), where in the concluding verses of Surah Sad, Allah mentions the story of Adam's creation, while in the opening verses of Surah Az-Zumar, He speaks of the creation of his spouse and the entire humanity originating from him. It then details their creation in their mothers' wombs, 'creation after creation,' followed by their inevitable death, and then the 'death' of sleep and actual demise. Subsequently, it describes the Day of Resurrection, the accountability, the recompense, and the states of Heaven and Hell. Thus, it narrates the conditions of creation from their inception to their ultimate return (Ma'ad), closely connected to Adam's creation mentioned in the preceding surah. This demonstrates a coherence between the beginning and end of Surah Az-Zumar itself, and also between its beginning and the concluding parts of Surah Sad.

The Prophetic Hadith is considered one of the basic sources in linguistic dictionaries, and Mukhtar al-Sihah abounds with many Prophetic Hadiths without attributing them to their sources and not knowing their authenticity, and the existence of many Of the strange words in
it, the researcher attributed these hadiths to their original sources and explained the extent of their authenticity and degree, while clarifying some of the strange words. The number of hadiths studied reached (43) of them. (34) hadiths that were mentioned in Al-Sihah, Sunan, and others, and they varied in their degree of authenticity, and (9) hadiths
only that were mentioned in strange hadith books.

Repetition is a prominent linguistic phenomenon in the Arabic language, reflecting both its structural richness and rhetorical depth. It has long been a subject of scholarly inquiry, attracting attention from classical and contemporary linguists alike. While many early scholars focused primarily on the aesthetic and rhetorical dimensions of repetition—often categorizing it as a stylistic embellishment or a form of verbal ornamentation—only a select few, such as Al-Jurjani and Al-Sijilmasi, recognized its deeper functional role in textual cohesion. These scholars argued that the recurrence of specific lexical items is not merely decorative but essential for maintaining the consistency of meaning and the coherence of discourse. Their insights laid the groundwork for a more nuanced understanding of repetition as a structural device that contributes to the unity and flow of the text. In contrast, the majority of classical treatments tended to overlook this functional aspect, thereby limiting the scope of analysis to its artistic value rather than its communicative necessity.
Repetition refers to the recurrence of a word or expression multiple times within a single context for a specific rhetorical purpose. This may serve to emphasize a point, intensify a metaphor, or amplify a sense of grandeur or exaggeration. While repetition bears resemblance to the stylistic device of emphasis, it is considered more potent in effect. Verbal emphasis is, in fact, a subset of repetition; thus, every instance of verbal emphasis constitutes repetition, but not every repetition qualifies as verbal emphasis.
Recently, in the field of text linguistics, repetition has garnered significant scholarly attention as a crucial element in textual cohesion. Researchers Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan have identified repetition as one of the key mechanisms for constructing textual unity. Their classification of repetition has been widely adopted by scholars in text linguistics, dividing it into four types: exact lexical repetition, synonymy, superordinate terms, and general words.
From the perspective of modern text linguistics, researchers find in rhetorical and stylistic analysis a fertile ground for linguistic exploration. Among the prominent features that manifest clearly in the supplicatory texts of (Imam Ali peace be upon him) is repetition—a rhetorical phenomenon that plays a central role in shaping the text, generating meaning, and producing emotional impact. Through its various forms, repetition reinforces and affirms meanings within the psyche, while also imparting a distinctive rhythm to the text that enhances semantic clarity and evokes the emotional resonance of the audience.

Arabic scholars have included in their books a range of grammatical opinions influenced by Ibn Jinni, as they were the most prominent in what he relied upon in their grammatical studies. It is not hidden from scholars that grammarians, both ancient and modern, have paid attention to causation and justification, as numerous books have come down to us that deal with causation. Ibn Jinni excelled in this area. This study addresses the two causal considerations of the origin and the substitute, which he adopted in studying linguistic phenomena and their manifestations in his book, Al-Khasais, while clarifying their impact on the interpretation of the Qur\'anic text. They agreed with him on many of these points, and perhaps contented themselves with presenting his guidance on a single issue, while rejecting a portion of them if they contradicted their guidance

The goddess Ishtar (Akkadian: Ištar, Sumerian: Inanna) was one of the principal deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon. She played a vital role in the life of both the individual and the community through her attributes and functions. She was the goddess of love and beauty, the goddess of war, and the goddess of fertility and procreation. Moreover, she was regarded as the daughter of Anu, the chief god, and the wife of Tammuz (Dumuzi), who embodied the male element in nature. In other sources, she is described as the daughter of the moon god Sin. Ishtar was worshipped across all the cities of ancient Mesopotamia, and she held a prominent position among the deities, which suits her lineage as the daughter of Anu. She also appeared prominently in many ancient epics and myths, consistent with her high status. Temples dedicated to worship Ishtar were constructed in various Mesopotamian cities, and an examination of their floor plans and comparing them to each other in terms of their location within the city, geographical setting, and scale of construction reveal certain architectural differences—particularly in terms of size, building capacity, and layout. This clearly suggests that specific causes and circumstances led to these differences, even though all the temples were dedicated to the same deity, the goddess Ishtar, and this is what this study seeks to examine in detail.

This research including talking about an important topic , which is important of Palestine to the Islamic Republic . This research is concerned with the issue of Palestine , which is concerned one of the most important issue foe muslims. The Islamic Republic supported the issue from the material and moral point of view , as it is the first of the two Qiblahs , the second of two Holy mosques and the destination of the great messenger Muhammad ( may God bless him and his family ). The sanctity of Palestine in Islam from spiritual perspective , as it holy place for muslims ( Al-Quds Al- Sharif ) , therefore Iran was interested in and concerned with its cause and supported in all aspect . Iran prevented dealing with Israel entity after its establishment in 1948 during the time of Shah until the Islamic Revolution in Iran . led by Al Sayyid Ruhollah Mustafa Ahmed, who instructed all Islamic countries , especially Iran not to cooperated with Israel and not to recognize it.

Between 1998 and 2003, South Korea adopted a policy of reconciliation and peaceful cooperation with North Korea, known as the “Sunshine Policy.” It was a new type of policy toward North Korea introduced by President Kim Dae-jung upon assuming office on February 25, 1998, and carried out with restraint and patience until February 24, 2003, despite the North’s escalating military provocations and the international changes that challenged its implementation. The most prominent outcome of this policy was the first inter-Korean summit, held on June 15, 2000, after nearly 55 years of division.

This research presents an analytical study of the positions held by both the Arabs and the Zionist movement regarding the series of White Papers issued by the British government during its mandate over Palestine between 1922 and 1939. These documents represented British attempts to recalibrate its policy in Palestine in light of rising tensions between Arabs and Jews, as well as increasing local and international pressure resulting from Jewish immigration and Arab protests.
The study begins by outlining the historical background of the British Mandate, then focuses on the content of the three main White Papers (1922, 1930, and 1939), offering a detailed analysis of their political implications and practical effects on the ground. It highlights the Arab responses, which ranged from rejection to reservation, alongside the Zionist positions, which viewed these documents as direct threats to the Zionist project.
Furthermore, the research explores how Britain employed these White Papers as political tools to postpone decisive action and avoid overt bias. The study concludes that the White Papers failed to establish a just settlement and instead deepened the divide between the two parties. They also reflected the confusion in British policy, caught between its conflicting commitments to both Arabs and Zionists. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that this period laid the groundwork for many aspects of the ongoing conflict today.

Political messages from religious figures have a significant impact on public opinion and are tools used to influence both the foreign and domestic arenas. In this context, the message from Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, addressed to American university students defending Gaza at a pivotal moment in the Zionist aggression against the Palestinian people. This message reflects a humanitarian, Islamic, and Iranian stance in support of the Palestinian resistance and all those who stand by it, and a critique of Western policies, primarily American policy. This message highlights the intersection of the humanitarian, political, and religious dimensions, as it commended the rare American student stances expressing solidarity with the Palestinian people, criticized American bias toward the usurping Zionist entity, and denounced the barbaric Zionist aggression against Gaza. This gave the message a significant character, as it was directed not at Western political or media elites, but rather at a young generation redefining the concepts of justice and resistance within their society.

The research aims to study and analyze the geomorphological effects of Turkish dams in the Tigris River basin, to determine the river discharge quantities and monitor changes in water quantities. The study showed that the construction of Turkish dams in the Tigris River, along with climate changes, contributed to a decrease in river water levels and the emergence of geomorphological effects of the river, represented by river islands, the development of river bends, the drying up of marshes, the increase in desertification, and the weakening of the river's ability to transport sediments. In addition, the dams contribute to the recurrence of seismic hazards that would affect Iraq, especially in its north, as Turkey worked to invest in the waters of the Tigris River through the GAP project, as Turkey built eight dams in the Tigris River, the largest of which is the Ilisu Dam. These dams contributed to a decrease in water flows of the Tigris River, which led to the emergence of environmental and geomorphological effects of the river course. The study used modern geographical techniques, represented by the use of the Arc Gis Pro program, and the adoption of satellite imagery to understand the morphological changes in the river course.

The geographical distribution of educational services is considered one of the important topics in geographical studies due to its role in achieving spatial justice and providing equal educational opportunities among the population. This research addressed the study of the distribution of schools (primary, intermediate, preparatory, and secondary) in the New Baghdad Municipal Unit, aiming to reveal the extent of balance or disparity in this distribution among neighborhoods.
The study employed the spatial analysis method relying on modern geographical technologies. The results showed a variation in the distribution of educational institutions, indicating the need for neighborhoods to strengthen their educational infrastructure in a way that achieves efficiency and fairness in service provision. The study concluded with a set of recommendations that could contribute to the development of educational and service planning in the area.

Geographical thought constitutes a distinct field of knowledge, capable of linking the dimensions of nature, humanity, and space. However, scientific transformations since the nineteenth century have led to a clear division between physical geography, which focused on physical phenomena, and human geography, which was concerned with society and culture. This division has negatively impacted the intellectual identity of geography and weakened its ability to explain spatial phenomena. This research aims to analyze the relationship between (the natural and human sciences) within the framework of geographical thought, by tracing its historical roots, revealing the effects of the separation between its two main branches, and then discussing the most prominent intellectual attempts that have sought to reconstruct it. Integration, while presenting a contemporary vision based on the use of modern tools and technologies such as geographic information systems, environmental studies, and sustainability, concludes that geographical thought is qualified to be an integrative cognitive framework that links various scientific fields and enhances geography's ability to contribute to addressing contemporary environmental and development challenges.

The research aims to study and analyze the demographic variables represented by (birth rate, death rate, and migration) and to clarify how these variables affect the population growth in the districts of Baghdad Governorate for the years (2013-2023), where the research showed that the size of the population of Baghdad Governorate was characterized by a numerical increase for the two research years (2013-2023), as the population of the province reached (7406968 million people) for the year 2013, to increase to (9235181 million people) for the year 2023, and the district of Rusafa ranked first in terms of population by (22.4%-22.3%) for the two research years. This is due to the large area of the district, as well as other reasons, which are internal migration from other governorates to Baghdad Governorate, including the district of Rusafa, especially to urban areas in search of job opportunities, and the districts of Al-Tarmiya and Al-Rashidiya came in last place with the lowest percentage in terms of population, amounting to (1.8% - 1.8%) and (0.5% - 0.5%) respectively and for the two years of research because they are areas of an agricultural nature and agricultural areas are the largest area of residential areas, despite the urban sprawl at the expense of Agricultural areas. In order to achieve the goal of the research and support its hypothesis, the researcher used a set of statistical methods, namely Pearson's simple correlation coefficient and multi-step linear regression analysis to reach an accurate analysis and interpretation of the phenomenon of population growth and its relationship with demographic variables, and the research found that the population of Baghdad province increased during the research period with varying effects of demographic variables on the growth rate of the population of the province, as the rate of net migration played a major role in increasing the population growth rate, while the effect of the death rate was less severe, and the birth rate was The high has a moderate impact on the population growth rate in the governorate, as some districts have been affected by an increase or decrease in the number of population.

The research dealt with the morphotectonic indicators in the Endeze Basin in Raniya District, which is administratively affiliated to the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, which is located in northeastern Iraq. It is located astronomically between longitudes (44°50'0 and 44°30'0) west and between latitudes (36°10'0 and 36°25'0) north. The Endeze Basin flows into the Great Zab River, and the basin area is (334,682 km2). In order to estimate and demonstrate the extent of the impact of tectonic activity through the use of mathematical equations for the geomorphological indicators of river valleys, which are (the asymmetry index (AF)), the mountain front meander index (SMF), the basin shape index (BS), the channel length and slope index (SL), the valley floor width to valley height index (VF), and the relative tectonic activity index (LAT)),The results of the research proved that the effectiveness of tectonic activities continues through these equations, as the indicator showed the relative tectonic activity (LAT) of the basins of the study area, which is the final result of all the results of the morphotectonic indicators, as the basins appeared within the three categories of tectonic activity depending on the most important tectonic classifications, which are (basins of very high tectonic activity, represented by basins (1, 3, 5), and basins with high tectonic activity (2, 4, 6), while the study showed that the main basin has moderate tectonic activity, In addition, the basins of the study area have geomorphological risks to human activities (housing, transportation, tourism) such as rock collapses, rockfall movement and floods. Therefore, the research recommends expanding agriculture in a sophisticated manner according to the study, especially on slopes to stabilize the soil from the risks of erosion, drawing maps to identify safe and stable areas geomorphologically and tectonic activity for human uses. The research recommends conducting comprehensive studies on the geomorphological risks to which the Endeze Basin area is exposed.

Honey beekeeping is one of the main activities and one of the most important pillars of agricultural production, as it is an important source of food and health for humans and a pillar of national income. The study addressed the deterioration of honey beekeeping and the factors affecting it (natural, human and biological), in addition to explaining the most important problems facing honey beekeeping and the most important preventive and therapeutic measures for it in the Rashidiya district. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was that honeybee breeding activity is affected by a group of factors (natural, human, and biological) and had a clear impact on beekeeping in the study area. The natural factors are represented by the climate represented by the factor (solar radiation, temperature, rain, relative humidity, and wind). The human factors are represented by the number of workers, technical expertise, bee housing systems, and the problem of using pesticides. The biological factors are represented by bee enemies, parasites on honeybees, diseases, and pests. The role of all these factors on honeybee breeding activity and the extent of their impact on honey production is highlighted, as is the ease of carrying out agricultural operations for crops that are a source of nutrition for honeybees, and providing the requirements of the apiaries from sorting and storage rooms. The diversity of the soil leads to the diversity of the vegetation cover and thus leads to the expansion of beekeeping activity. The study also concluded that honeybee breeding activity does not require a large number of workers.

This study aims to develop an integrated predictive model for surface runoff in the Wadi Haqlan basin, western Iraq, by combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques with Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, using the Random Forest model and the hydrologically-based Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model. A comprehensive spatial database was established, encompassing land cover, soil properties, and rainfall data for the period 2000–2024. Rainfall intensity values and Curve Number (CN) parameters were extracted and incorporated into the Random Forest model to train the relationship between rainfall intensity, CN values, and runoff volume. The trained model was then applied to predict surface runoff for the period 2025–2050 under the SSP245 climate scenario.
The results demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.927) with a low root mean square error (RMSE = 89,100 m³), highlighting the effectiveness of integrating GIS and AI in representing realistic hydrological behavior. Critical years (2030, 2045, 2050) were identified as those likely to experience the highest rainfall intensities, and consequently, the highest probability of runoff and flooding. Spatial distribution maps revealed that 80.59% of the basin area consists of bare land and 16.96% of gravel deposits, increasing runoff sensitivity. Hydrological hazard zones were classified into three categories (low, medium, high), and sustainability strategies were proposed for each, including water harvesting, rainfed agriculture, and reforestation to enhance groundwater recharge and reduce erosion.
This study contributes to the development of an applied scientific framework for integrating spatial analysis with AI in hydrological modeling and provides an effective decision-support tool for water resources management, environmental planning, and climate change adaptation in arid and semi-arid regions.

In light of the rapid digital development witnessed globally, personal data has acquired high economic value, exploited by numerous parties in various fields. Consequently, multiple forms of commercial transactions have emerged, necessitating a jurisprudential study to clarify their legal ruling in Islamic law, in order to protect individual rights and achieve the objectives of Sharia.
This research addresses the ruling on trading personal data in light of Islamic jurisprudence by defining its concept and jurisprudential classification. It then examines various forms of dealing with it—selling or leasing—and also discusses contemporary applications of this trade and its Sharia-compliant controls.

This research aims to highlight the expertise of the Hafiz Abdul Azim Al-Mundhiri through his critiques of the imams in his valuable book, "Mukhtasar Sunan Imam Abi Dawood Al-Sijistani." In this study, I have endeavored to examine all the instances where Hafiz Abdul Azim Al-Mundhiri commented on other hadith scholars, then extracted the hadiths and narrations mentioned in those contexts, discussed these statements with scientific precision, compared them with the opinions of prominent critics, and clarified the correct viewpoint. The study concludes with several important findings: First, Hafiz Abdul Azim Al-Mundhiri relied on the statements of leading imams in his critique of other scholars. Second, his statements and critiques of other scholars were accurate. Third, the critical remarks made by Hafiz Abdul Azim Al-Mundhiri hold great significance, as they prominently reveal his methodological approach to criticism. Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds

Work is one of the vital and social components upon which humans rely to create bonds and relationships. It is a referential system built on short- and long-term relationships, making the internal and external environment a reflection of the relationship between individuals, society, and its institutions. The educational institution is one of the largest of these institutions, contributing to building society and reflecting cultural and civilizational heritage. Its employees are subject to specific standards, numbering twenty-five, within a capacity-building program for primary and secondary education. This program is based on five areas that regulate the relationship between educational institutions and the external environment to achieve shared success.

All praise is due to Allah, who has the inheritance of the heavens and the earth, and He is capable of all things; the Originator and the Restorer, the Self-Sufficient, the Praiseworthy, who gives life and causes death, and to Him is the final return. May Allah bless Muhammad, His Prophet, the bearer of glad tidings and warner, sent with the illuminating Book, to warn of the Day of Gathering, about which there is no doubt—on which a group will be in Paradise and a group in the Fire.
To proceed:
The knowledge of al-fara’id (Islamic inheritance laws) is an honorable science, a noble and exalted discipline. Allah detailed its rulings in His Book, and the Chosen Prophet ﷺ encouraged both learning it and teaching it. The care of the righteous predecessors (salaf) for this knowledge has been immense, from the time of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) and those who followed them. Many scholars wrote extensively and classified works on it.
Among these valuable works is a concise and highly esteemed treatise of great benefit, authored by the scholar Shaykh al-‘Allama Abu Sa‘d ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ma’mun al-Nisaburi al-Shafi‘i, also known as al-Mutawalli.
By the grace of Allah, I was able to locate a complete manuscript of this work. I resolved to edit a portion of it, contributing to the dissemination of this noble knowledge and providing benefit to students and researchers.
I ask Allah to grant me success in presenting and bringing it closer to the hoped-for standard, for He is sufficient for me and the best trustee.
I have structured this study into two main sections:
• Section One: A scholarly study about the author and his book, comprising two subsections:
1. A brief biography of the author.
2. An introduction to the book of al-fara’id under study.
• Section Two: Presentation of the edited text.

The current study aimed to identify the extent to which blended learning is used in teaching art education in the preparatory stage from the teachers’ point of view. School in a random manner, and the research tool was a questionnaire form addressed to middle school teachers to identify the extent of the use of blended learning in teaching art education in the preparatory stage, as the researcher reached a set of results that the use of multimedia instead of traditional media among middle school students in teaching Art education subject
In light of the results that the researcher reached with a number of recommendations to complement the research for research and development, the most important of which is holding training courses for male and female teachers to inform them of the importance of blended learning and the nature of using blended learning.

The current research aims to uncover obstacles to implementing extracurricular arts activities and to identify the factors that encourage student participation in extracurricular arts activities.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive survey approach. The questionnaire was used as the primary tool for his research, as it is considered an appropriate tool for gathering the necessary information. The questionnaire was distributed across two areas, with (20) items for each area.
In light of the research results, the following conclusions emerged:
1. Artistic activities are generally limited to art education teachers in organizing art exhibitions only, within the prescribed curriculum.
2. School teachers have not fully embraced art activities, and art activities have not received sufficient support to develop these activities, except within narrow limits that do not include all branches and fields of art activities. Furthermore, there is no plan to organize the work of various art activities, and they are almost spontaneous in their implementation.
3. The importance of conducting continuous evaluations of art activities. It is also necessary to plan art activities scientifically and thoughtfully.
The research resulted in the following key recommendations:
1. School administration efforts should be directed toward increasing student participation in all forms of art activities, regardless of their diversity, given their importance in developing a well-rounded student.
2. Activate extracurricular school art activities, in accordance with the educational objectives of art activities and in line with the nature of study in educational facilities.
3. Provide students with the necessary time to engage in art activities, with weekends being used to engage in art activities that cannot be practiced during regular school hours.

Water is a crucial resource for life; however, its uneven distribution and increasing demand have led to significant conflicts among nations, often referred to as 'water wars'. The study aims to investigate the types of transitivity processes most frequently used in the politicians' utterances regarding the water war between Iraq and Turkey. Additionally, it seeks to analyze how positive self-representation and negative other-representation are uncovered at the micro level in these utterances. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study analyses two purposefully selected reports from Al Arabiya News and Reuters through critical discourse analysis. It adopts an eclectic model, combining Fairclough's (1995) three-dimensional framework with Van Dijk's (2000) ideological square to explore how political discourse shapes ideological narratives. The findings highlight a predominant focus on material processes, indicating a strong emphasis on actions and decisions related to water management. Furthermore, the findings showed that Iraqi and Turkish politicians construct ideological representations by emphasizing the positive aspects of their group while minimizing their flaws and highlighting the negative aspects of the opposing group. These insights highlight the crucial role of discourse in shaping public perceptions and political narratives, underscoring the importance of more equitable and transparent communication in managing water conflicts. Future research should incorporate a multimodal discourse analysis, including visual and multimedia elements, to examine their role in the ideological framing.

This study aims at analyzing Wordsworth's "Lucy" and Ilya Abu Madi's "Smile". Both of the poets are romantic. The two selected poems have a lot in common since both address the sustenance of love inside the human spirits. However, they relate to love from different perspectives. Wordsworth`s "Lucy" tackles the theme of love of a beloved, but Ilya Abu Madi's "Smile" tackles the theme of love of life. The two poems are analyzed comparatively according to the theory of new cricism (formalism). The theory finds its foundations in the works of I.A. Richards (1929) , William Empson (1930), and T.S. Eliot (1933). The two poems are analyzed in observation of the major formalist literary terms into: characters, figures of speech, imagery, plot, point of view, setting, and theme. Each if which has sub-categories. The study concludes that the two poems have related themes, seeing images are fundamental in revealing the themes of the poem by expressing mental pictures, and allegory plays a great role in presenting extended comparison.

Language conveys ideas and builds relationships. However, it is sometimes misused and it causes harm to others. This occurs through defamation which is the act of intentionally making false and harmful statements about others damaging their reputation. It may have serious effects. It may expose the defamed person to social, psychological, financial and legal harms. This study focuses on how defamation is reflected in two American movies: The Crucible (1996) and Gone Girl (2014). It seeks to find out the motivations behind defamation in the selected movies; to investigate the pragmatic strategies employed to express defamatory statements against others; to discover the effects of defamation on the defamed and to identify how the defamed typically respond. The study uses Searle’s Speech Act Theory (1976) and Culpeper’s Impoliteness model (1996) to analyse the data. It is concluded that defamation is conveyed through the representative speech acts of accusing or blaming. Negative impoliteness strategy makes the defamatory statement more harmful. Individuals defame others mainly for revenge or to influence public opinion. Defamation causes serious damage, such as social or legal harm. The defamed usually responds with direct rejection or by clarifying the situation.

This article presents a discoursal archetypal discourse analysis of James Joyce's masterpiece, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Following the path of Carl Jung’s analytical psychology and Northrop Frye’s myth criticism, this paper attempts to explore to what extent Joyce uses myth and archetype to express his concerns and philosophical thoughts towards the concept of intellectual and artistic freedom. By tapping into the network of implicit attitudes tethering these signifiers -- the myth of Daedalus; the persona of Stephen Dedalus as Joyce's biographical voice; the historical prototypes in the iconically significant figures of the Palestine problem in the contemporaneous world situation, A Portrait of the Artist signposts yet another critical landscape by creating a Janus face that combines the archetypal, the universal (beneath the Human collective unconscious) and the historical, the particular (the historical realization without). The archetypal symbols and motifs that organize the thematics of the novel call forth a panoramic chart of the collectively paralleling pattern along the course of the world of the awakening of the Palestinian Hero as "an artificer" of human freedom. In the novel, the Anima an in the bird-girl- like image forms a stimulus for metamorphosis which reconciles Stephen's inferior dream world with his superior waking existence as an artist, lit up by this grand and everlasting archetype of the Daedalus, "the Old Artificer". Therefore, Stephen’s unconscious drive toward self-separation (individuation) indirectly relates to his direct conscious protest and rebellion against the imposed tyrannical patterns and laws, and finally to his self-realization and self-definition. Similarly, Gaza breeds an Animus that radicalises and encourages today's audience to revolt and fight off the story of the Israelis – and to find the Palestinians as the real historical Self of the land.

This paper examines how The Windfall (Diksha Basu, 2018) is the epitome of how the impact of a movement of classes, identity politics, and urban modernization in India intersects. In the novel, Basu critically unites the processes that are sometimes discussed separately in the sociological literature to discuss the desires and interests of the fast-growing middle classes. Thus, to bridge this gap, this paper takes a combined socio-cultural approach. It employs the theory of symbolic capital by Bourdieu, the theory of cultural identity by Hall, and the Modernisation Theory, the formulations of Castells and Inglehart. Moreover, the study is conducted on a qualitative and contextual level, showing how mundane practices, such as conspicuous consumption, community relations, and family interactions, offer a platform on which symbolic legitimacy can be dramatized in a way that financial capital is being transformed into it. Indeed, in the novel, the city in urban India is portrayed as a critical discussion of the image of class mobility, identity making, and the modernization process, which is the object of the study. Consequently, the importance of this study lies in its combination of literature and sociological insights, revealing the general pattern of status anxiety, symbolic performance, and social reinforcement struggles that are often overlooked in the context of an average family. These findings confirm that The Windfall is not just a mere social comedy but a critical treatise that illuminates the inconsistency that is prevalent in the middle classes of Indian society. It belongs to the new postcolonial urban literature studies because it throws light on the application of fiction in accumulating the two tints of belonging, identity, and status in the transitional societies.

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) originated in the 1970s as a conceptual model aimed at decoding the complex interplay between brain function, language, and human behavior. Despite its widespread application in areas such as therapy and self-development the theoretical foundations and its significance within cognitive linguistics have not been thoroughly examined. This research offers a critical examination of NLP’s cognitive aspects by delving into its core principles and their alignment with cognitive linguistic theories. Incorporating diverse theoretical insights and empirical findings, the study investigates NLP’s potential contributions to the understanding of language learning, mental processing, and linguistic behavior. In doing so, it brings attention to a domain frequently overlooked in both linguistic and psychological scholarship.

This paper presents a postcolonial analysis of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, with particular attention paid to the issues of identity, resistance, and language. In this context, the research fills an important gap in the literature, since the majority of the research focuses on historic or anthropological approaches in the study at the expense of formal-linguistic strategies that Achebe employs. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze how Achebe recreates African identity, speaks against colonialism, and uses linguistic hybridity to recover silenced voices. Methodologically, the paper involves the qualitative study of the novel, in addition to the examination of the recent scholarly works published during the last four years (2018–2024). Consequently, the findings suggest that Things Fall Apart is made up of, colludes with, or incorporates the negotiation of identity, anti-colonial struggle, and politics of language in one decolonial narrative. In addition, Achebe's application of Igbo proverbs and oral traditions to the English language serves not only to resist the colonists' dominance but also to empower the weaker sections of society, aligning with key concepts in postcolonialism. In this respect, the value of the study is that it offers an analytical framework of textual strategies related to the postcolonial theory. Finally, it suggests utilizing more comparative studies in the literature of postcolonial countries. The study advocates for the integration of this framework into higher education curricula to cultivate a critical awareness of the colonial legacy and the dynamics of representation.

This paper investigates the theme of memory in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World, which narrates the final moments of Tequila Leila, a woman whose brain is still active during her last moments of life. Memory serves as both a narrative device and a link between the personal and the collective, stitching together strands of Leila’s identity and her relationships. The fragmented structure of the novel evokes the human mind's non-linear process of recalling events, underscoring the complexity and selectivity of memory. By analyzing the construction of memory in the novel — its mutable nature and its function of preserving personal history — the study demonstrates how Shafak uses memory to serve as a repository for resilience, legacy and connection. The paper explores the relationship between sensory stimuli and memory, demonstrating how taste, smell, and touch inspire vivid memories that transcend time and space. It also examines the communal aspect of memory, specifically how Leila and her surrogate family’s shared experience breeds their solidarity and collective identity in light of their societal rejection. Shafak dualities memory — both an anchor to the past, a possession to be held tightly from a source of strength, framing that duality as the center of the transformative power memory has in »outlining adversity. Drawing on close reading of the novel, this research explores the complicated relationship between memory and the passage of time, the symbolic meaning of sensory signals, and the collective nature of memory in friendships. Shafak’s work positions memory as a powerful force in the construction of selfhood while also revealing its fragility in the face of mortality. This research contributes to contemporary literary discussions on memory's transformative power, offering insights into its representation in literature and its broader implications for understanding identity, resilience, and human connection.