Misan Journal of Political and International Studies

The Danish Constitution of 1953, in force, stipulates in its first articles that the form of government in the country is a constitutional monarchy, and royal powers are inherited by men and women in accordance with the provisions of the law. The Danish political system is based on the principle of balance and flexible separation between the three institutions (executive, legislative, and judicial). The Danish Constitution defines the tasks and functions of these institutions, such that each institution performs its duties without interfering with the tasks of the other institutions. The relationship between them is participatory, based on balance and integration. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority party or coalition, the head of government, and the head of the Council of Ministers. He is responsible to the unicameral parliament. Therefore, the legislative institution plays an important role in imparting a democratic character to the Danish political system and legitimizing the decisions taken by this system. The executive institution occupies a prestigious position, given that the King assumes the throne by inheritance, and his presidency is not specified, so he monopolizes it until his death.

This research seeks to address a fundamental question: What is the relationship between climate diplomacy and the international system, and what tools can climate diplomacy employ to influence this system? Additionally, what is the extent of these impacts, and what challenges might climate diplomacy face in the resulting geopolitical landscape? These questions will be examined through two comprehensive axes: the first explores the mechanisms and tools of climate diplomacy, while the second addresses the geopolitical challenges and their corresponding impacts on the international order.

In the aftermath of World War II, Japan underwent profound transformations that encompassed its political, economic, and social structures between 1945 and 1972. Politically, the adoption of the 1947 Constitution marked the end of the absolute imperial system and established the foundations of democracy and human rights. The political order was restructured to ensure the separation of powers and the emergence of a multi-party system. Economically, Japan embarked on an intensive reconstruction phase supported by the United States, leading to what became known as the “Japanese Economic Miracle.” During this period, the country’s GDP expanded significantly, and its heavy industries and technological sectors experienced rapid growth. Socially, these developments were accompanied by substantial changes in the fabric of Japanese society, including rising educational attainment, the empowerment of women, and the evolution of urban lifestyles. Political stability and economic progress further contributed to improving living standards and expanding the middle class. This comprehensive transformation illustrates how Japan was able to rise from the devastation of war to become one of the world’s advanced nations in a relatively short period.

The severe climate changes that the country is witnessing have had a wide impact on the increase in poverty rates, especially among rural residents due to the scarcity of water for irrigation, lack of rain and high temperatures, which affected agriculture in general, which contributed to the exacerbation of migration and internal displacement. The country is facing many economic, social and political challenges due to this crisis. On the economic level, there will be pressure on services and infrastructure and the country will lose agricultural resources and the effects associated with them. On the social level, the displaced themselves are experiencing a scarcity of resources and services, unemployment or cheap labor, lack of education, health problems and others, not to mention the psychological effects. On the political level, displacement certainly leads to an exacerbation of political stability problems related to local governance, political representation and others. Therefore, this research aims to clarify the implications of climate change and its great impact on the displacement crisis in Iraq and its great risks to the Iraqi economy and how to respond and adapt to confront it.

In the nineteenth century, Zionism presented itself as a national project and a proposed solution to what it termed “anti-Semitism” or “hatred of Jews” in authoritarian Western societies. This phenomenon intensified with the rise of the nation-state and the emergence of Nazism, which represented an extreme manifestation of instrumental rationality. Zionism perceived that its problem could not be resolved through assimilation within these societies, but rather through the establishment of a national homeland achieved by colonizing and occupying the Arab-Palestinian land. Consequently, Zionism re-appropriated the discourse of anti-Semitism to reinforce its immunity, suppress any criticism directed against it, and justify its criminal acts toward the Palestinian Arab people through repression, displacement, and mass immigration and settlement.
This discourse eventually evolved into a political ideology within modern Western political thought in general, and within Zionist thought in particular, marking the beginning of the Arab-Zionist conflict—one of the major issues of contemporary political thought. Opinions have been divided between those supporting Zionism and its anti-Semitism narrative, and those defending the Palestinian cause.
The Frankfurt School—subject of this study—offered a distinctive critical intellectual position regarding the Palestinian issue and the phenomenon of anti-Semitism. Its analyses went beyond traditional historical approaches, presenting a contemporary critical vision encompassing political, social, cultural, and economic dimensions. It regarded anti-Semitism as a product of the authoritarian and instrumental mind. However, the School’s ideas and positions ultimately aligned with the Zionist entity and its ideological-political justificatory discourse that instrumentalized anti-Semitism

Israel was among the first Asian countries to consider a coronavirus infection after it emerged in China, and quickly took the lead in responding to global demand at specific stages of the pandemic. This crisis has had profound political, economic, security, and social repercussions, prompting some observers to liken it to the October 1973 War, the pandemic caught it by surprise, just as the war did, in the absence of adequate preparedness and readiness for the magnitude of the threat. Since the onset of the crisis, Israel has faced cumulative challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, impacted by continued political instability, along with mounting economic pressures and internal social disparities. These factors combined have complicated efforts to respond to the crisis and mitigate its repercussions. Although Israel possesses advanced systems in some health and technical fields, this pandemic has exposed weak areas within the internal structure that are vulnerable to penetration, crisis, and influence, including the ability of institutions to manage crises, disasters, and other situations

This research emerges within the growing interest in modern media, particularly audio and video podcasts, which have increasingly gained wide popularity in society. This expansion comes amid rapid technological developments that have created new spaces as alternatives to traditional media, offering more interactive and flexible modes of content production and consumption.
The research aimed to investigate the extent to which the Iraqi audience relies on audio and video podcasts as a source of information, and to compare this with traditional media (such as radio and television). By employing theoretical, methodological, and field approaches, the research sought to identify patterns of podcast engagement, examine its positive and negative dimensions, and explore the motivations behind its rising popularity within Iraqi society.
The findings revealed that political and social content ranked highest among participants’ interests, followed by cultural, educational, and entertainment content at a moderate level, while economic, health, and sports topics occupied lower ranks. Results also indicated a stronger preference for audio podcasts over video podcasts, reflecting the primacy of listening and the ease of access to this medium.
The research concluded that podcasts represent an influential and complementary media platform to traditional outlets, meeting both informational and entertainment needs while providing broader opportunities for interaction and participation. It recommended diversifying content, improving video production quality, and fostering greater integration between podcasts and traditional media to enhance their effectiveness within the Iraqi media landscape

Desertification is one of the most prominent environmental challenges facing Iraq in light of climate change, represented by rising temperatures, declining rainfall, and declining water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This negatively impacts agricultural lands through increased salinity, the formation of sand dunes, and dust storms, leading to a decline in agricultural production and food security for Iraqi citizens. The situation is exacerbated by human intervention in nature to meet multiple needs that exceed those found in nature, disrupting the ecological balance. This is manifested in the cutting down of trees, burning of forests, and the conversion of agricultural lands into residential areas, which contributes significantly to the reduction of green space. To confront the threat of desertification, which has become a threat to the lives of various living organisms in two-thirds of Iraq's area, this matter prompted the Iraqi government to adopt several policies and strategies, including joining the "Paris Climate Agreement" in 2015. After this date, the efforts of the Ministries of Water Resources and Agriculture came to develop a policy to combat desertification for the years (2019-2021). The Iraqi government then developed the "National Strategy for Environmental Protection and Improvement" for the years (2024-2030), which included comprehensive policies to combat desertification. In the context of confronting the frequent occurrence of dust storms, the Iraqi government launched the "Afforestation Initiative" in 2023 to protect against the threat of desertification. Despite the Iraqi government's interest in climate policies to combat desertification for the present and future, it faces several challenges, including a shortage of advanced equipment and personnel necessary to implement desertification control projects, in addition to the lack of data and real rates to measure the phenomenon of desertification, weak financial support for scientific research projects to combat desertification, and the lack of awareness among Iraqi citizens of the importance of preserving the environment and climate from desertification, as this matter is a fundamental value. For the healthy life sought by countries, societies and international organizations in light of the worsening water crisis and desertification, these challenges make desertification the most important environmental threat facing the implementation of Iraq's vision within the framework of environmental policies to preserve a healthy climate in preparation for achieving sustainable development by 2030

Strategic foresight can no longer be regarded as a mere luxury that states may choose to embrace or neglect, regardless of whether they are developed or developing. The twenty-first century is characterized by profound waves of change that necessitate collective scientific efforts to anticipate and respond effectively. The essence of this idea lies in embedding a spirit of determination and resolve within the practice of governance, while cultivating in policymakers innovative modes of political thinking and a clear sense of direction to navigate the inevitable shifts in international relations. Within this framework, the benchmarks of power and capability are also evaluated.

This study examines and discusses the concept of cooperative security from both theoretical and conceptual perspectives, in addition to exploring the historical context of its development. Cooperative security is regarded as the most recent and contemporary stage of international organization, following two earlier phases: the balance of power system and the collective security system, ultimately leading to the cooperative security framework. The research provides a detailed analysis of the role of the United Nations, given its status as a universal international organization, and its efforts to mobilize and coordinate global initiatives within an international cooperative security system. This system aims to address a wide range of challenges both traditional and non-traditional that threaten the safety and security of individuals and states alike. Ultimately, it aspires to achieve common, sustainable, and globally oriented objectives.

Among the most important methods and tools that countries employ to promote good governance and the digital transformation, the latter plays an effective and influential role in improving the efficiency of government performance. This research aims to understand the impact of digital transformation on enhancing government performance in Iraq post-2021
The research discusses the most significant changes that have affected the digital infrastructure from the perspective of digital technology, the extent of improvement in electronic services, and the implementation of government data management systems in Iraq after 2021. It also focuses on the role of digital technology in enhancing government performance, which includes studying systems for managing human resources, electronic monitoring, and artificial intelligence to limit manipulation of administrative and financial resources

Japanese policy toward the African continent constitutes a comprehensive model that combines economic interests, geopolitical dimensions, and humanitarian commitments. The absence of a colonial legacy in Japan's policy toward African countries, including Sudan, has prompted Japan to formulate multifaceted and multidimensional strategic partnerships, relying on unconventional diplomatic tools and developing an approach based on promoting mutual principles and interests. It also adopts sustainable development as an important approach to strengthening Japan's presence on the continent. The abovementioned is necessarily applied to Sudan as a model for study, given its position in Japanese political development, given its strategic location and economic and natural resources.

This study aims to analyze the role of education in achieving sustainable development in Iraq, with a specific focus on Sustainable Development Goal related to quality education. After over two decades of conflict and political, social, and security challenges, Iraq faces significant obstacles in improving its educational system, hindering progress toward achieving sustainable development goals. The research examines the impact of political instability and insecurity on education, highlighting how ongoing crises have led to the deterioration of educational infrastructure, loss of teachers, and a shortage of educational resources, particularly in rural and conflict-affected areas.
the study highlights that achieving quality education in Iraq is not only essential for sustainable development but also forms the foundation for Iraq's economic and social future. This requires a long-term, collaborative effort from all involved parties, alongside strong political will, to ensure continued educational reforms and the achievement of national and global goals.

Since 2011, Libya has witnessed profound political transformations following the collapse of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime. However, instead of leading to the establishment of a stable state, the transition opened the door to a period of turbulence and fragmentation. The absence of strong national institutions and the rise of competing political and military centers, in addition to regional and international interventions, Libya has become a complex arena of conflict where domestic and foreign interests intersect. This has negatively impacted domestic conditions, with signs of political division between East and West emerging. Economic conditions have deteriorated due to reliance on oil as a near-sole resource and the absence of sustainable development strategies. Social and humanitarian crises have also been exacerbated by displacement, the collapse of public services, and declining security.
The research demonstrates that the Libyan crisis is not merely the product of purely internal factors, but rather the outcome of complex interactions between local institutional failure and regional and international tensions that have deepened divisions and prolonged the conflict. By adopting a descriptive and analytical approach, the research seeks to present a comprehensive vision that demonstrates that achieving stability in Libya requires a radical approach that rebuilds state institutions on inclusive national foundations, achieves comprehensive internal reconciliation, and puts an end to external interference. In this way, the research contributes to understanding the dynamics of political transformation in Libya after 2011 and its implications for the future of the state and society.

This study examines the issue of Iraqi national security amid the escalating and complex regional competition in the Middle East. The interwoven regional environment presents multifaceted challenges, characterized by the overlapping political, military, and economic influence of major regional powers such as Iran, Turkey, and the Arab states. The research focuses on analyzing the strategic alternatives available to Iraq in addressing its internal challenges, including political crises, sectarian divisions, institutional weakness, and external interventions that directly affect its sovereignty and stability.
Furthermore, the study explores how Iraq’s national policies can be adapted within this dynamic context, providing theoretical frameworks that explain the nature of regional competition and its implications for national security. It also assesses the current state of Iraqi national security through an examination of multi-dimensional threats and their rapidly evolving variables.
In conclusion, the study proposes a set of realistic and flexible strategic recommendations, including the adoption of a policy of positive neutrality, the establishment of balanced regional alliances, and the restructuring of the security and diplomatic systems to strengthen Iraq’s resilience and enhance its national capacity.

The permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005 is one of the Iraqi constitutions that most explicitly stipulates, with detailed constitutional texts, the regions, their formation, and their relations with the federal government. This constitution (which is the first permanent constitution of the Iraqi state) even declared the Kurdistan region a federal region. These texts formed two currents, or trends: one of them is afraid of the idea of forming regions, and called for rejecting this idea, or at least postponing it to a later time to establish democracy first on a broader scale. This current classifies the idea of forming regions within the category of risks facing the Iraqi state. The second: is optimistic about the idea of forming regions, and considers it an attractive source of benefits for the Iraqi reality due to the advantages it carries in political, administrative, legal, and economic organization.
Between these two currents or orientations, the Iraqi state has moved from one stage to another, during which calls for the establishment of regions emerged, similar to the Kurdistan Region. These calls vary between the demands of Sunni powers to establish a Sunni region that includes: Nineveh, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diyala, in addition to the areas of the Baghdad Belt, and between the Basra Region or the Southern Region. These calls are renewed each time the Iraqi state faces economic, security, or political crises, seeking solutions or benefits that might be provided by the idea of establishing regions. However, the looming fears and risks persist, as these crises could escalate to greater crises than the formation of regions, namely the division of the Iraqi state, which is what those opposing the establishment of regions fear. From this, we will explore this research by explaining the benefits of establishing regions if the Iraqi state takes this path and outlining the potential risks resulting from it.

While we recognize that life on earth has changed and evolved over billions of years, we are now witnessing a new form of evolution — the evolution of machines and intelligent systems. The trajectory of artificial intelligence development is not fundamentally different from biological evolution; rather, it can be understood as a journey through time that begins with charles darwin’s ideas and extends to the current revolution in robotics and artificial intelligence.
This evolution has driven nations to compete in advancing ai technologies, not only in the military sphere but also in the economic and geopolitical domains. The rapid integration of ai into defense, intelligence, and economic sectors has intensified regional and international tensions, prompting most countries to allocate significant portions of their budgets to ai-based defense systems.
Technological dominance, which for a long time was a decisive factor in global power struggles, is now embodied in artificial intelligence. However, the pace of technological advancement is so overwhelming that nations struggle to comprehend or regulate it. As a result, we are witnessing the emergence of a hidden digital war characterized by data theft, manipulation, and suppression.
The chaotic nature of cyberspace fuels digital nationalism, while cyber weapons — now part of the military arsenals of countries such as china, israel, iran, south korea, the united states, and russia — have made political decision-making increasingly unpredictable. The absence of common international standards poses undefined risks, leading to a new level of global disorder with emerging boundaries that threaten the free flow of information across the world

Maritime outlets represent essential channels of communication between nations and the outside world, as the geopolitical and economic standing of states is closely linked to their ability to possess and utilize such outlets in strengthening their regional and international presence. Amid the accelerating global transformations and the growing interdependence of strategic, political, and economic interests, the Grand Al-Faw Port emerges as a strategic project whose impact extends beyond Iraq’s borders, positioning it as a pivotal hub within the global trade network and the world energy map. The port is not merely a maritime outlet; it constitutes a geopolitical instrument capable of connecting supply chains and trade routes between East and West, thereby reducing logistical costs, accelerating trade exchanges, and enhancing maritime security.
This research seeks to explore the geostrategic significance of the Grand Al-Faw Port within the framework of regional and international balances, by tracing its historical background and analyzing the underlying motivations behind its establishment. It also examines the economic, political, and security dimensions of the project—particularly its linkage to major initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Iraq’s Development Road Project—which together grant it a central position in the equation of global competition. Furthermore, the study discusses the internal challenges, including limited financing and delays in contractors’ commitments, alongside external challenges posed by parallel projects such as Kuwait’s Mubarak Port, the enduring strategic role of the Suez Canal, regional railway connection projects, and the implications of U.S.–China rivalry in the Arabian Gulf region.
The study concludes that the Grand Al-Faw Port cannot be confined to its economic function alone; rather, it represents a geostrategic lever for reshaping regional power dynamics and reinforcing Iraq’s role as a pivotal linkage in the global trade system. This, in turn, places Iraq before strategic opportunities and challenges that will shape the contours of its regional and international role in the coming decades

The chaos in Iraq has evolved into an existential threat to national security rather than merely a terrorism-related threat, especially after 2005.
This issue is no longer limited to broad social and health consequences; it now affects the overall political and security landscape. Due to Iraq’s open geographic borders and persistent security challenges, the country has become increasingly vulnerable to drug trafficking and smuggling networks that exploit weak state control in certain regions.
The spread of this phenomenon is linked to several factors, including political instability, the breakdown of law and authority after 2005, social and psychological pressures, and the weakness of oversight institutions. Addressing this challenge requires effective coordination among state institutions and the development of reliable social and economic strategies. Combating drug trafficking has become comparable in importance to counterterrorism efforts, given its impact on social cohesion and national stability.

This study aims to analyze the nature of strategic deterrence in the post-truth era by examining the dynamics of hybrid warfare, which has shifted the battlefield from direct military force to the cyber and cognitive domains. The research highlights how cyber and cognitive tools contribute to shaping a new deterrence environment that depends on influencing collective perception and decision-making rather than relying solely on physical force.
Through applied case studies—including the India–Pakistan, Iran–Israel, and North–South Korea crises—the study demonstrates that integrating cognitive and cyber capabilities enhances deterrence effectiveness and limits adversaries’ strategic options. The findings conclude that control over the cyber and information domains has become essential for regulating international behavior, emphasizing the necessity of developing normative and ethical frameworks to prevent the international system from drifting into instability that threatens strategic security.