Journal of Al-qadisiya in arts and educational sciences

The significance of the current research lies in elevating students to higher
levels of thinking, particularly in terms of renewed thinking, as this type of
thinking is considered a central focus of contemporary educational studies.
Therefore, the present research aims to develop an instructional program
based on synchronous thinking theory and to investigate its effectiveness in
achievement and synchronous thinking among fourth-grade literary female
students in the subject of history .The research included several
requirements, such as educational activities, teaching aids, evaluation
questions, and teacher and student guides. To identify the effectiveness of
the instructional program, the researcher adopted the descriptive method for
program development and the experimental method to verify its
effectiveness on the dependent variables .The research sample consisted of
(66) female students, equally distributed into two groups: (33) for the
control group and (33) for the experimental group. After statistically
equating the two groups, the researcher applied an achievement test and a
pre- and post-test for renewed thinking to both groups. The results indicated
statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the
experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the depictions of poverty in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s *The Poor Folk* and Ghāʾib Ṭuʿma Farmān’s *The Palm Tree and the Neighbors* as a social and human phenomenon. In both novels, material misery reflects an existential crisis and the struggle to preserve human dignity within Russian and Iraqi societies at the end of World War II.
Both writers portray poverty as a profound human condition that exposes the fragility of man and the falsity of social values in confronting it. The deprivation of the individual becomes a mirror that reflects his inner collapse in the face of this affliction. Dostoevsky presents poverty as an existential experience that shakes a person’s being and tests his resistance to oppressive social conditions; whereas Ghāʾib Ṭuʿma Farmān focuses on its impact on the daily lives of ordinary people and on the disintegration of moral values under the pressure of need and deprivation.
Both authors share a vision of poverty as a means of revealing the existential essence of man in the face of this phenomenon, exposing the contradictions within the individual—compassion and mercy on one hand, and cruelty and selfishness on the other.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Coscroff and Zimmerman models in the literary achievement of fourth-grade students in history and straight thinking. The researcher chose an experimental design with partial control (for the two experimental groups and the control group) with a post-test for achievement and straight thinking. He also chose a purposive research sample of Students of the fourth literary grade in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, to be a field for implementing the research experiment, students of the three research groups were rewarded statistically by adopting the appropriate statistical questions for the research, as the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) multiple-choice items, according to the four levels of the cognitive field, As a test of straight thinking, and their veracity was confirmed, they were presented to a group of experts and arbitrators. As for reliability, the researcher adopted the halves method; The level of difficulty of the items, the discrimination factor, and the effectiveness of the error alternatives were calculated, and at the end of the experiment, which lasted a full semester, which is the first semester of the academic year (2022-2023), and in light of the data, the results showed that the experimental research group was superior to the control group. In achievement and straight thinking In light of the results, the researcher proposed a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals that he deems appropriate for research.

Arabic literature abounds with many poems for various purposes, including praise of the Prophet. Among these poems is the poem Al-Busiri (d. 694 AH), whose fame spread throughout the world, and whose verses were chanted by councils and forums. The poem deals with many artistic characteristics in terms of the poet’s words, stylistic compositions, images, and meanings. We find in Al-Busiri’s poem contains many linguistic phenomena that commentators have addressed in their explanations, including the phenomenon of linguistic differences in various connotations. Among these connotations is the grammatical connotation that arises between the words in the sentence, as the connotation varies from one sentence to another according to the pattern of composition of the words in it and the difference in their relationships to each other, or the difference in their methods. Grammatical according to the difference between the predicate and the construction, and many of these methods were mentioned in the poem Burdah, which the commentators referred to, and they differed in directing some of them and explaining the semantic difference between them, each according to what he saw fit for the context of the text.

The research dealt with the study of the irrigation efficiency of the Diwaniyah Shatt and the possibility of its development, and found that the amount of water used for irrigation purposes amounting to (15151215 m3) faces the issue of water waste as a result of the use of traditional irrigation methods (water irrigation), which led to an increase in water consumption (14745628, 3 m3) and increased washing requirements (405586.55 m3) for crops grown in the study area, as well as increased field and transportation water losses (8665109 m3), Therefore, the total irrigation efficiency decreased to (42%). and during the winter season it reached (43%) while in the summer season there is no irrigation efficiency at all to meet the requirements of the irrigation process. The research also identified the most prominent natural and human factors affecting irrigation efficiency, and developed several solutions and treatments for them, for the purpose of developing the available water resources by reducing their water losses and rationalizing the use of water by adopting modern irrigation technologies (drip and spray), scheduling irrigation and programming it using computers, remote sensing and remote sensing, as well as using solar energy to exploit groundwater in order to improve irrigation efficiency and increase the irrigated area. Finally, the research concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations, and A list of footnotes and references.

The Qur’anic discourse took into account the discourse of feelings, taking into consideration that made it a reason for stimulating constructive emotion, first, and then a reason for achieving the emotional response that would become a prelude, the effect of which would achieve mental acceptance. Therefore, Surah Al-Mufasal, which was revealed initially, was charged with an emotional charge, ringing with the ear, and shaking the conscience, in harmony with the emotional nature of the Arab, which receives influences from the gate of sensation and feelings, so that receiving the Qur’anic discourse based on these social, cultural, moral and religious contextual aspects becomes the starting point. Which extends to other human civilizations. When we talk about the feelings raised by the Qur’anic discourse, especially in the chapters on it, we do not mean that that influence is limited to the Arab environment only, but rather that it started from that environment and extended to others, in place and time, even this. the moment. When we recite Surah al-Mufassal, we are enveloped in a different feeling compared to the long and repeated surahs, despite the fact that those surahs stimulate feelings, but what Surah al-Mufassal arouses differs in terms of the initial emotional surge and its effect, which has subsequent consultations

This study examines Iraqi EFL students' views on ambiguity tolerance, an important affective aspect in language learning. EFL environments often face uncertainty due to lexical, syntactic, and cultural difficulties. This study addresses a gap in the literature by directly investigating the Iraqi student perspective. A descriptive research approach was used to assess students' cognitive and emotional responses to uncertain, unfamiliar, and unpredictable situations using a 20-item Likert-scale questionnaire derived from previous models. The University of Baghdad College of Education for Women's English Department gave the instrument to 87 fourth-year students.
In general, participants had moderate to high ambiguity intolerance. Unpredictability, ambiguous rules, and imprecise information made students uncomfortable, frustrated, and uneasy. Most intolerance was connected with unpredictability and a preference for organized surroundings with clear solutions. The research also showed that social and cultural ambiguity reduced intolerance. Sample standard deviations indicated significant individual variation. The study found that this intolerance for ambiguity affects learning, adaptation, and stress. It suggests using clear instructions, systematic support, and explicit communication to help students manage ambiguity, improving learning conditions and maximizing their precision and reliability in well-defined tasks.

The current research aimed to know the level of mental alertness among female students of the Institute of Fine Arts. It also aimed to build an educational program to raise the level of mental alertness and to know the impact of the educational program in raising the level of mental alertness among female students of the Institute of Fine Arts. To achieve the objectives of the research, the following hypotheses were formulated:
1 “There are no statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental and control groups in developing mental alertness.”
2 “There are no statistically significant differences between the scores of the four areas of mental alertness among members of the experimental group on the pre- and post-tests.”
The research sample consisted of (24) female students from the theater and music departments in the fifth stage, distributed equally among the two departments, and who appeared to have a weakness in the level of mental alertness after applying the mental alertness scale to them. The theater department was chosen randomly to represent the control group, numbering (12) female students. The Music Department included the experimental group, numbering (12) female students, and parity was conducted between the female students of the two groups in a number of variables. An experimental design was used for the control and experimental groups. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher adopted the mental alertness scale prepared by (Yassin, 2022), consisting of: Of (45) items with (5) alternatives, the apparent and structural validity and internal consistency were verified, as well as its reliability, which was extracted by re-testing. The results of the study showed a low level of mental alertness among fifth-year female students at the Institute of Fine Arts and the presence of statistically significant differences. Between the two research groups in the degrees of developing mental alertness in favor of the experimental group according to the areas of the scale, and the presence of a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group and in favor of the post-test. This result indicates the effect of the educational program in raising the level of mental alertness among the students of that group. In light of the results The researcher developed some recommendations and suggestions.

Imam Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) is a pivotal figure in Islamic history، as his revolution in Karbala represents a profound turning point in the concepts of resistance and dignity in the face of injustice and tyranny. His revolution is considered one of the most prominent events that contributed to shaping the Islamic identity. Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) rejected the allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah، which contradicted the principles of justice and consultation، and decided to confront injustice despite the small number of his supporters، which is clearly evident in his heroic positions and sacrifices. The Karbala revolution was more than just a military confrontation، as it embodied the struggle between truth and falsehood، and between material power and adherence to humanitarian principles. Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) was fully aware that he was in an unequal battle، but his message was greater than the battle itself. His primary goal was to awaken the Islamic conscience and the Arab peoples from the state of intellectual and political stagnation in which they were living، as he sought to confirm that dignity cannot be bought or sold، and that a person should not compromise on his values no matter the circumstances. The revolution was not just a passing event in Islamic history، but rather it represented a turning point. It was pivotal in reviving the spirit of resistance against tyranny and oppression، and it also influenced the development of the concepts of sacrifice and resistance in many Islamic cultures، as it was adopted as a model for society in the face of oppressive regimes. Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) embodied the meaning of true courage that does not break in the face of material weakness or political oppression. His revolution stimulated the movement of political thought in the Islamic world in an unprecedented way، as it confirmed that change cannot be achieved through silence or surrender to corrupt reality، but rather there must be an intellectual and moral revolution. The revolution also demonstrated the necessity of reviving the sense of individual and collective dignity، which helped form a cultural and civilizational framework for societies that lived after Karbala، as the revolution inspired many resistance movements throughout the ages.

The research aims to identify the extent to which contemporary international standards are included in intermediate biology textbooks from the perspective of their teachers. The researcher used a descriptive approach, which is consistent with the research objective. The research community consisted of (96) intermediate biology teachers in intermediate schools affiliated with the Wasit Governorate Education Directorate and in the education departments of the Suwayrah and Aziziyah districts. A random sample of (24) teachers was selected. The researcher prepared the research tool, a contemporary international standards questionnaire, which consisted of (34) paragraphs distributed across four areas (objectives, content, activities, and questions). After applying the questionnaire to the research sample, the results were extracted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that the inclusion of contemporary international standards in intermediate biology textbooks was moderate. The researcher recommended that curriculum developers pay attention to contemporary international standards and keep pace with scientific and cognitive development, including them in curricula, and providing all the necessary tools, equipment, and laboratory equipment that would assist in implementing activities and practical experiments, which would positively impact the development of skills. Learners.

The current research aims to identify (the understanding of the nature of science among physics teachers according to the AAAS reform document and its relationship to the conceptual and procedural scientific culture of their students). The research sample included two samples, one representing second-grade intermediate physics teachers and the other representing second-grade intermediate students. The researcher adopted the Nature of Science test according to Project (2061) with its instructions to the researcher (Ayash, 2008) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the science teacher category. He also prepared a conceptual and procedural scientific culture test for intermediate-grade students. In addition, a survey study was conducted on a sample representing a number of teachers distributed across Rusafa schools (first, second, and third) from the research community, not from the original sample, to clarify the clarity of the instructions and paragraphs for teachers regarding the Nature of Science test. As for the conceptual and procedural scientific culture, a survey sample representing a group of male and female students from the research community was taken. Statistical methods were used (difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, false alternatives effectiveness coefficient, and Kuder- Richardson-20, a single-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance. Therefore, the researcher concluded that it is necessary to utilize the recommendations of Project 2061, presented by the American Association of Science Teachers, to include the nature of science in pre-service science teacher preparation programs. He also called for developing qualifying courses for physics teachers that take into account teachers' commitment to making the nature of science, according to the AAAS Educational Reform Project 2061, a primary goal of science education in teaching physics content. This is intended to enhance their understanding of the nature of science and positively impact their students' conceptual and procedural scientific culture. Therefore, the researcher developed a set of proposals regarding the understanding of the nature of science among secondary and intermediate physics teachers, according to the AAAS, and its relationship to functional scientific culture on the one hand, and to variables of specialization, gender, and academic qualifications on the other.

The Holy Qur’an contains between its two covers a great linguistic wealth of Arabic words and rhetorical devices. Among these words are those that are semantically linked to one another in terms of usage, such as the words scale, measure, weight, balance, and other words related to scales, Which indicates justice and equality, in addition to other meanings, and it has been mentioned in multiple forms, in the contexts of the wise remembrance, and it was the purpose of this research to enumerate them, It traces its lexical roots and explains its connotations, both within and outside the context, while pointing out some of the various linguistic aspects as a whole.

This study aims to identify the types of interrogative style that appeared in the collection of Al-Sahib bin Abbad, and to explain the most important grammatical characteristics that distinguish them. The researcher in this study relied on the descriptive approach based on analysis, as I make a complete extrapolation of all the interrogative devices and give a theoretical introduction to each device. I count the number of times the poet used each of the interrogative tools, and analyze the linguistic contexts in which these tools were used .

This study aims to explore the aesthetic foundations of rhetorical narratology in the modern novel, examining the interaction between rhetoric as a communicative and interpretive act, and narrative as an artistic form that embodies values and meaning. The significance of the research lies in its attempt to redefine rhetoric beyond its traditional rhetorical and linguistic scope, positioning it as a critical framework through which the novel can be read as both an aesthetic and ethical discourse. The study adopts a rhetorical-narrative approach that combines textual analysis with interpretive reading, drawing on James Phelan’s theory of rhetorical narratology to reveal how rhetorical strategies operate within narrative structures. The novel Al-Makhtoufa (The Kidnapped Woman) was chosen as a practical sample for its rich representation of the interplay between narrative voice, moral stance, and aesthetic form.Through this approach, the research concludes that the rhetoric of the novel is manifested in its capacity for aesthetic persuasion and emotional communication, and that rhetorical narratology provides a renewed critical horizon for understanding the ethical and aesthetic dimensions of contemporary narrative art.

معضم الروائين يضع الشخصية النسائية (سواء كانت شخصية البطل او شخصية الخصم) كشخصية اساسية في نصوصهم. ولايحتاج القاريء ان ينتظر لانهاء قرائته كي يكتشف فيما اذا كانت الشخصية ايجابية او سلبية. في " قطة في المطر" لايرنست همنكوي و "قصة ساعة" لكيت جوبين هناك شخصيات نسائية كشخصيات رئيسية. بالرغم من ان لديهم ادوارهم مختلفة و واجهو ظروف لا تتشابه لكن حقيقتهما وشخصياتهما الداخلية متشابهه. كلا القصتين صورتا النساء كضحايا حيث شخصياتهن مهيمن عليها بواسطة ازواجهن.
هدف البحث ليوضح هذه الفكرة ويعرض التشابه (الهشاشة, القمع, والاضطهاد) بالرغم من الفروقات (الافعال , ردات الافعال, والتوجهات).

The current research aims to identify:
The effect of using an application based on artificial intelligence on the achievement of fourth-grade science
To achieve the research objective, the researcher relied on the following:
-1- The researcher used the experimental research method with partial control, adopting the experimental design. The two groups are equivalent (experimental and control), each of which controls the other.
-2- Constructing a test to measure the academic achievement of students after the researcher fulfilled all the conditions of validity, reliability, discrimination coefficient, and internal consistency of the test.
To complete this, the researcher applied the test to a sample of (62) secondary school students in Iraq. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS),
the research reached the following results:
1- The positivity of educational applications based on artificial intelligence (AI) technology in teaching physics:
2. The academic achievement of students in the experimental group, who studied a subject using an application based on artificial intelligence, was similar to the academic achievement of the control group, which studied
the same subject using the traditional method.
In completion of the results reached by the research, the researcher made several recommendations and suggestion .

This article is detected to the study of a very important city, namely Dura-Europos, known as Al-Salihiyah, which was built by the Seleucids in the Syrian desert on the ruins of an ancient town that was ruled by the Assyrians. This city, along with other cities such as Palmyra and Hatra, are examples of caravan cities, i.e., cities that served as rest stops for caravans crossing the desert along land routes. These city was a center of tolerance and coexistence between many ethnic groups and different religions, which we discuss in detail in the body of the research, along with its geographical location, history, religion, and the history of excavations there.

Women and their rights were subject to the political developments and intellectual currents that the world witnessed at the beginning of the twentieth century. These rights varied from one country to another depending on the philosophy that led this country. With the end of the Ottoman Caliphate in Turkey and the transformation of its Political system became secular, the status of Turkish women changed. The new regime promised the issue of liberating them from the legacy of the past part of its philosophy and goal.

The present study aimed to identify:
1. The bioethical knowledge orientations among students in the Department of Life Sciences.
2. The differences in bioethical knowledge orientations among these students according to gender (male vs. female) and academic year (first, second, third, fourth).
To achieve these aims, a stratified random sample—proportionally allocated—was selected, comprising( 200) students (male and female) from the Department of Life Sciences, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, for the academic year 2024–2025. A scale was developed to measure bioethical knowledge orientations, containing( 48 )items distributed across four dimensions: objectivity and perceived universality, moral autonomy, moral motivation, and moral emotions. Each dimension was represented by( 12) items, which collectively addressed the six domains of bioethical knowledge adopted in this research.
Statistical characteristics of the scale were extracted in terms of discrimination and internal consistency, and its psychometric properties—namely validity and reliability—were established. After administering it to the study sample, the results indicated a weak orientation toward bearing responsibility for biological knowledge. There were also statistically significant differences in the level of bioethical orientations by gender (favoring females), and by academic year: the fourth year showed significantly higher bioethical orientation compared to the first year, and the third year compared to the first year. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals, including gradually incorporating bioethical knowledge items into the curricula of the Life Sciences Department, and integrating the ethical value dimension with the cognitive dimension in order to foster ethical awareness.