AL-Mawrid Journal

The search talking about style of Mohammed Mortadha Al-Husseini Al-Zubaidi (1145-1205) in his book (Taj Al-Arus Min Jawahir Al-Qamus) And how to build its glossary on a lexicon (Al-Qamus Al-Muhit) An explanation of his material and an extension of his evidence based on the dictionaries of the ancients, for example (Mejam Aleayn, Lisan Alarab, Jamhrat Ibn Dryd, Tahdhib Alazhry, Maqayis Ibn Faris, Sahah Sljawhari, Hawashy Ibn Bry, Eabab Alssaghany) This lexicon is the last dictionaries of the ancients And his goal was to fill the inability of the former and was the means in that preamble to the poetic evidence the course over this research, addressing the researcher to the owner of the evidence and the story of the evidence and ways to present the evidence

This research deals with a number of terms in the books of ancient Arab heritage hovering around the modern monetary term (critique the criticism), Is dependent on the terminology of what was written about the Muqamat Al-Hariri by some of the old scholars, most notably (Ibn Al-Khashab) Who received a message about the Muqamat did not identify himself, therefore named after more than one name. Many replies have been placed on that letter, Perhaps the most famous one made by (Ibn Bari).
And analysis of perceptions to Ibn Al-Khashab, Replies of Ibn Bari We find the accuracy of the Respectful scientists and their desire to stand on the right and alert the error or to exceed what the Arabs said, And what scientists approved. Both of them known his ability to follow the writings of others and respond to them, or comment and objection. This makes their criticism efforts close to the term (critique the criticism), which is discussed in modern criticism studies.

The researcher deals with the definition of social history and its importance as it is an innovative science branch of the history and its connection to a people or a period of history, highlighting the customs, traditions and ethics, Its association with the history of social relations and organizations to which individuals belong; And the connection of social history to economic history in terms of the causes, consequences and impact of economic change on social life and its organizations that enjoy economic benefits or disadvantages. And derives its material in all of the history of civilization and sociology and anthropology as well as interested in the history of the lower classes of the people that contributed to the arts and sciences and ignored by most historians.
Through my reading of two books of recompense, I have discovered what is supposed to be a significant tributary of social history in the Islamic heritage. These two books are: Nihayat Alrutba Fi Talab Al-Hisba To I'abi Eabd Al-Ruhmin Bin Nasr Al-Shiyzari, And Maealim Al-Quruba Fi 'Ahkam Al-Hasba To Muhamad Bin 'Ahmad Al-Qurshii known as bi'abn al'ukhww.

The ages of the ancient Iraqi civilization, which on the land of Mesopotamia produced a rich and varied literary offer, The various literary arts included poetry with its narrative and lyrical content, Its purposes, and the literary narratives that are represented in myths, stories, proverbs and wisdoms.
After the strenuous efforts of exploration missions, It has extracted many of the old Iraqi heritage and put it within the reach of reading, study and research has found many contemporary researchers of Iraqis and foreigners between the available in their hands of the number of that civilization and its blogs a large area of literary work, which they cared about and highlighted the contents, And translated from the original language into modern languages, including Arabic.
This research came to check their efforts and reflect them and reflect their ideas about them and the nature of the impact that is still present in the types of Iraqi literature, especially popular in his stories and hymns and its ilk.

The economy of each State's lifeblood, whenever economically stable State reflected positively and political institutions and became her weight and the weight of the political, but economic crises and obstacles may occur, it causes that aggravate the situation and conditions of major reasons coupled with secondary causes and taught wood shop this very last factors of collapse that occurred in the reign of the last Kings of the Babylonians is King Nebonaide (539-555 BC) where he has yet to face his inner turmoil that occurred after the death of King Nebuchadnezzar II, Internal turmoil and confusion had been limited to two economic and religious first second. The whole interior conditions were not favorable to him as that external conditions have gone contrary to what was the Babylonian aspires as Medes dominated after the fall of Assyria on the most important trade routes between the East and the Mediterranean to northern Syria and Anatolia did not affect this state of modern trade Babylonian initially that links were good between them and the Medes but over time began to Medes control effects affect the economics of the State which the Babylonians to discover new trading routes across the northern areas of the island Arabic, Nebonaide took advantage of the controversy between the Medes King gets it Walakhminin Alakhmini Cyrus against King Astiags've been wondering, Nebonaide led an army against garrison Almideh at Harran and seized it and then Take the Nbonaease controls the new trade routes, prepare an army and take runs through Syrian territory in the Northwest of the island and Arabic base toward scurrying to control other centers in the Arabic Peninsula. But try to Nebonaide failed to achieve control by Arabic trade convoys for Babylon.
Wetasisaali the above study came in four preliminary historical and preceded axes as follows:
The first axis: political conditions.
The second axis: crisis or religious problem.
The third axis: Awalmshklh economic crisis.
Axis IV: King Nebonaide solutions and actions.

The Ugaritic site of Ras Shamra in Syria was excavated in 1973. Many of the plates were found in the cuneiform Ugaritic, and included texts of great importance in the history of the Hittite Empire. Among them was a document (RS No. 165 165) that deserves attention as it shed light on the Assyrian-Hittite relations at the end of the thirteenth century BC. The text of the document was translated and other directly related tablets were added. These tablets provided information on the Assyrian-Hittite relations, in the time of the Assyrian Emperor Šulmānu-ašared (=SAG) or his son king Tukulti-Ninurta I, whose name and titles have been written in the first line is lost, generally through the texts We have reached the nature of the Assyrian –Hittite relations .

This research deals with the rereading of one of the mathematical issues (algebraic geometry) that the mathematicians of ancient Iraq developed and arranged their equations, Then reach its solution. This mathematical issue is one of the many examples revealed by archaeological excavations, in order to ascertain the scope of the scientific achievement by the ancient Iraqis in the primacy of their achievements, which tells that the foundations of mathematical science were developed in the civilization of Mesopotamia more than four thousand years ago. And that Iraq's ancient mathematicians have reached a far-off position in the knowledge of many of the engineering and algebraic principles that contemporary mathematics studies.

Hardan hill situated in Baghdad governorate exactly in Al- Madain district beside Tigris river in front of Celokia archaeological city that is according to Germany mission opinion . It is settled by fraternal tribes through the those who could enter to Iraq in (140 B.C.) the king Mathraddas 1st, to Babylon region and established an impregnable fortress called (Tesiphon) where the fraternal had taken it as a capital.
Exploration authority could not drug more because of underground water making them not know the era of settlement , the Sasanians came atter them who took (Tesiphon) as a capital of them as well for four centuries , thus this period is called Sasanians fraternal in addition to natural erosion factors that effected on the rest heritage there finally, it must be kept the cultural heritage of the country.

The research sheds light on the manuscripts. After about a century and a half of the blessed Arab renaissance, which was rooted in the revival of our manuscript heritage and its scientific mission, it still awaits a lot of work to complete the process of (revival) according to a serious scientific approach. He praised the researcher and pointed to the credit given to us by Orientalists and interrogators in most of what they spread from our manuscript heritage with limited exceptions.
The researcher pointed out that since the nineteenth century AD (Scientific investigation), we took from him, and compared to the appropriate of our society and values, And traditions in the course of the journey the traveler collected thousands of Arabic-Islamic manuscripts picked up from mosques, churches and monasteries, and places of worship - rightly said they take care of them, and spread some, Among them was Schisterbetti, the Irish Orientalist who managed to acquire much - after Cairo took over a regional office for him and his staff. Years later, the brilliant British orientalist Arbori put an Accurate index in eight volumes, most recently in 1966 It was a manuscript (the complex of sayings in the meanings of proverbs) written by its author, a unique manuscript - No similar to him - Among this - Catalogue - was revealed, This article highlights on this outstanding encyclopedia.

The Book of the Dead is a small letter consisting of three leaves, attributed to Sheikh Najm al-Din al-Ghaiti, Abu al-Dahab, al-Qahri, Imam al-Habr, al-Faqih al-Shafi’i (d. 984 AH), and he mentions this at the beginning of the manuscript. The manuscript contains a number of hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) regarding the life of the dead and beyond, and these hadiths emphasize the importance of visiting the dead.
The study included three main axes: the life of Al-Ghaity, the author of the manuscript, then the study of the manuscript through its description and clarification of its copies, and finally the investigation of the manuscript and documenting the hadiths contained in it and comparing it with other sources.

The name of the city of Baghdad was strongly associated with the Arab-Islamic civilization. The city had a great role in the Middle Ages in the field of science, culture, arts and cultural prosperity. Baghdad had great importance in Arab Islamic thought, especially in the fields of jurisprudence, linguistics, philosophy and literature.
The schools that were established in Baghdad since the middle of the fifth century AH atheist tenth century, such as the regular school, which opened to teach in 459 AH / 1066 AD and the school of Abu Hanifa, which started teaching in the same year began by the regular school and established after them many schools, most notably the Mustansiriya school, Caliph al - Mustansir al - Abbasi and opened for teaching in 631 AH / 1233 AD.
It is well known that the Baghdad schools, especially the regular and Mustansiriyah schools, were attended by a large number of students from the countries of the Mashreq and Maghreb. Those who remained in Baghdad were influenced by the Baghdadi customs of food, drink and clothing, so that these Baghdadi schools influenced the morals of the international students who passed these customs and morals after they graduated from These schools also talk to their families in their own countries about Baghdad's civilization and scientific progress.

The book " Dictionary of the Countries" by Yaqut al-Hamawi al-Baghdadi is one of the most important encyclopedic books that enriched our Islamic library with a lot of information about the heritage, traditions and customs of those countries, that he had visited most of them. Through out our research titled (The palaces, homes and houses in book The Dictionary of the Countries), As described earlier castles, public and official houses as the caliph palace and described landmarks itself or oblivion, and he describe the living and the features as well, He mentioned the resins for math for each landmark , it regard one of the important rich materials that never available in the rest of the other books, " Dictionary of the Countries" become a reference science student to the different specialty and orientation, therefore that historiographer was great effect in enriching the culturist side of the Islamic world through out a scientific material in his encyclopedic book.