Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Pragmatics is a linguistic approach with diverse and multifaceted sources, translated from various languages ​​into Arabic. It focuses on the study of spoken language, specifically colloquial Arabic. Currently, imported terms, both colloquial and colloquial, are becoming dominant. If pragmatics validates these terms, they will become the official language, replacing standard Arabic—a major problem.
This research aims to bridge the gap between academic linguistic theory, as represented by the field of pragmatics, and the actual, lived use of language in everyday colloquial contexts.
The importance of this study stems from the need to understand how pragmatic principles (such as speech acts and conversational implicature) are employed at informal linguistic levels, often neglected by traditional structuralist studies.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting a sample of colloquial conversations and loanwords used in formal discourse.
This study calls for a re-examination of the boundaries between formal and informal language in contemporary linguistic analysis

The implicit simile is regarded as one of the most distinguished rhetorical arts in the Arabic tradition, for it relies on suggestion and concealment rather than explicitness and clarity. Neither the subject of comparison nor its counterpart is openly stated; instead, the task of discerning the relationship between them is left to the intelligence and perceptiveness of the recipient. In this way, this form of simile acquires a distinctive artistic character, combining depth with brevity, stirring the imagination and widening the horizons of interpretation.
Classical rhetoricians devoted much attention to this mode: Ibn al-Athīr distinguished it from metaphor, while al-Jurjānī considered it a branch of the representative simile, and others described it as a metonymic or implicit simile. The Arabs, guided by their innate rhetorical instinct, resorted to this style for the precision and economy it affords; thus their poetic images, proverbs, and maxims were infused with subtle allusion, leaning more towards implication than declaration. The more hidden and delicate such expressions became, the greater their eloquence and profundity.
Accordingly, the implicit simile stands as a vast field in which the brilliance of Arabic eloquence is manifest: it unites the beauty of imagery with the force of suggestion, and reveals the language’s capacity to convey the deepest emotions in the briefest, most indirect of expressions.

The study dealt with the phenomenon of grammatical criticism, which focuses on the analysis and scientific discussion of grammarians in their treatment of partial and comprehensive grammatical issues. We presented the issue of grammatical criticism in the view of Imam Al-Alawi, who died in the year (749 AH) in his book, Al-Hasser Li Fawaid Muqaddimah Tahir - the book Muqaddimah Ibn Babshadh (d. 469 AH) - in selected issues from the chapter of structures. The critical nature prevailed in his dealings with the opinions of grammarians, and this appears clearly through his dealings with the opinions of grammarians of different schools of thought, from Basrans, Kufans, Baghdadis, and other schools of thought. He has objections that are difficult to enumerate. This study adopted the descriptive analytical method as the most appropriate in studying this phenomenon, as it provides the researcher with the ability to track Al-Alawi’s critical positions as they appear in his book concerned with the study, and then analyze them. To reveal his own vision and the foundations on which he relied in issuing his critical judgments on the grammarians who preceded him, as well as to demonstrate the extent of his accuracy in issuing those judgments.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Master of Messengers, our Master Muhammad, and upon his good and pure family and companions, and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment.
And after:
I had the honor of studying a little bit of the science of readings, under the title (The meme of plural according to Ibn Ghalboun in guidance and Makki al-Qaysi in insight (comparison and guidance), and the nature of the research required that it consist of an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. I explained in the introduction the importance of the topic, the reasons for choosing it, and the objectives of the research. And his plan and method.
In the first topic, I learned about the two Imams Ibn Ghalboun and Makki al-Qaisi and learned about their books, in two sections, by mentioning the name of each of them, his lineage, his nickname, his birth, his death, his academic standing, and introducing his book. The second topic was about the ruling on the plural meme according to Ibn Ghalboun and Makki al-Qaisi. Guide this reading.
The research ended with a conclusion that showed the most important results of the research, the most important of which are:
A - They unanimously agreed that every ha and meem were pluralized with a sukun after it and before the yaa there was a sakunah or kasra. Hamza and Al-Kisa’i recited it by adding the ha and the meem, and Abu Amr broke them in the wasl specifically, and the rest broke the haa and joined the meem, without filling it with a haf and a waw, and there is no disagreement about breaking the ha as a stop for all.
B - Makki al-Qaisi permitted the rhum and the isham in the plural meem that joins the waw as a connective and deletes a stop, and gave reasons for that.
C- It is not permissible to pronounce rhum and isham in the accusative plural meem, avoiding the meeting of two consonants.
D - Ibn Ghalboun did not mention rum and shamam in the plural meem, and therefore he treats it as a casual movement, as there is neither rum nor shamam in it, and God Almighty knows best.

Praise be to God who sent down the Book and made it a path to salvation and a constitution for life, and prayers and peace be upon the gifted blessing, our master Muhammad, and upon his pure family, and his noble and blessed companions, and upon those who followed them and traced their footsteps until the Day of Judgment. Now then, contemplate the meanings of the Noble Book of God, which falsehood cannot approach from before it or from behind it, because God Almighty has deposited in it knowledge whose wonders are endless, and wisdom whose marvels are endless; Schools of interpretation have varied, and their approaches have been diverse. Some rely on knowledge, others focus on narration, and others take the path of allusion. At the heart of this diversity emerged the personality of Imam al-Qushayri, who combined knowledge and leadership, knowledge and care. In his interpretation, he followed a skillful approach that combined these disciplines and revealed the, this thesis sheds light on Imam al-Qushayri's approach to interpretation, analytically and comparatively, in service of knowledge and scholarship, and in search of completion and benefit.

This research aims to explore the phenomenon of criticizing and debating grammarians, which formed a prominent aspect of Ibn Ya’ish’s approach in his commentary on Al-Mufassal. In this work, he addressed objections to their views, corrected their opinions, and favored some over others, adding unique scholarly value to his book. The research seeks to uncover the influence of this phenomenon in the book Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi by Al-Zanjani, a scholar close to Ibn Ya’ish in time. However, Al-Zanjani's work has not achieved the fame and widespread recognition of Sharh Al-Mufassal and was only recently published after being edited. The study focuses on examining grammatical issues, rooting the opinions within them, and analyzing them in detail to provide useful findings for researchers in grammar studies. Additionally, the research highlights the mutual influence between Al-Zanjani and Ibn Ya’ish and compares the two books in terms of methodology and approach to reveal the deep scholarly insights embedded in these heritage works.

The research examines the effectiveness of place and its role in enhancing the purpose of praise in the poetry of Ibn Zamrak al-Andalusi, one of the most prominent poetic themes in his diwan. The poet widely employed praise to commend the sultan, the vizier, the prince, and scholars. Within this context of praise, his poems often included references to places, either describing or alluding to them, in a way that serves to reinforce and deepen the praiseworthy meaning. This contributes to creating a vivid artistic image that highlights the interrelationship between place and the purpose of praise. Praise emerged as the dominant theme in Ibn Zamrak's diwan, surpassing other themes, due to the opportunities provided by the rulers and princes in Al-Andalus, who encouraged poets to express their creativity. As a result, the number of poems and pieces in this theme reached a total of 129. One of the most striking aspects of spatial effectiveness is how the poet used place as a tool to enhance and emphasize the purpose of praise

The research aims to study the evidence provided in Al-Rumani's commentary on Sibawayh's Book concerning genitives, highlighting the opinions of grammarians on the discussed issues, examining how Al-Rumani's views align or differ with these opinions, and attempting to weigh in on certain issues where necessary. This is done without being bound by chronological limitations regarding the opinions of earlier, later, or contemporary scholars. The study is applied to select examples from Quranic and poetic genitive evidence and prose, with an introduction and discussion preceding each example about the topic of the chapter being studied to ensure the reader is informed about the issues for which the evidence is presented. It should be noted that the poetic verses were explained and their linguistic significance was provided in order to benefit the reader and the relationship of some meanings to the grammatical significance of the witness.

All praise is due to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the mercy bestowed, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, and upon his family, companions, and those who follow his path until the Day we meet.
I praise Allah, the Generous, for His immense grace, which has made it possible for me to prepare this research and inspire me to organize and present it in a clear and accessible manner. For there is no way to understand the relationship between huruf al-ma'ani (the letters of meaning) and the science of usul al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) except by comprehending their true nature and examining their subtleties.
I found it fitting to dedicate a separate section to huruf al-ma'ani, as a means of benefit for the reader, especially students of knowledge, hoping that it may serve as a useful resource and be a reward for me after my passing. I ask Allah to make it beneficial and accepted. Indeed, He is the All-Hearing, the Close, the Responsive.
May Allah have mercy on those who view it with fairness, correcting what is accurate and affirming it, those who present and simplify it, overcoming envy with justice, and recognizing the truth and giving it its due. As it has been said: "Know the men by the truth, and do not know the truth by the men."
Huruf al-ma'ani are known as the letters that indicate meaning beyond themselves, a term coined by the grammarians. These letters play a significant role in understanding meanings and deriving rulings from the texts of the Qur’an, whether through ijtihad (independent reasoning) or ta’wil (interpretation). Many semantic issues and jurisprudential matters depend on understanding the meaning conveyed by the letter in a given context. They are called huruf al-ma'ani for this reason, because they connect the meanings of actions and nouns or indicate specific meanings.
There has been much debate among grammarians, scholars of usul al-fiqh, and scholars of kalam (Islamic theology) regarding the functions of these letters in terms of their grammatical rules and their linguistic connotations related to legal rulings and theological beliefs. They are treated like words in general with respect to their meaning, as they may be used either in their literal sense or in metaphorical or other meanings.
In this research, we will discuss the true meaning of huruf al-ma'ani according to the scholars of usul al-fiqh.

One of the images that is frequently used in children’s educational poetry is the sensory image that children need in their lives because it teaches them many useful things. Perhaps the poet Jalil Khazal emphasized it in his poems as approximate illustrative educational images that teach children and interact with them because they are close to their daily lives. So the researcher decided in the research to deal with the sensory image of all its types so that her study would be comprehensive, so she took the image to a visual one. Because sight is important, it allows the child to interact directly with him, and the auditory image that he uses daily in his studies or life. On the way to hearing, this is cognitive storage, and the gustatory image, which he also deals with while eating, is an important illustrative image, and the olfactory image, through which he smells odors and other things, this image was fertile material for children’s learning and cannot be dispensed with because it is inherent in his life.

The research discusses a morphological semantic comparison between two well-known commentaries on the book "Tanqīḥ al-Fuṣūl fī ʿIlm al-Uṣūl" by al-ʿAllāmah al- Qarafi (D684H). The first commentary is by Abū al-ʿAbbās Shihāb al-din al-Qarafi himself, and the second commentary is by Abū al-ʿAbbās Hululu al-Maliki (D898H). The research is titled "The Morphological Semantics in the Commentaries on 'Tanqīḥ al-Fuṣūl' by al-Qarafi (D684H) and Hululu al-Maliki (D898H).
The research involves compiling and organizing some morphological issues discussed in both commentaries and is structured into an introduction, preface, two main sections, and a conclusion. In the preface, I provide biographical information about the two scholars who authored the commentaries and explain the concept of "semantics" in both linguistic and terminological terms according to early and later scholars, its relationship with linguistic levels, and the organization found in books focusing on semantics. The first main section defines morphological semantics in both the language and terminological sense, both historically and in contemporary usage. The second section is the practical aspect of morphological semantics and the meanings of the forms. The presentation of the terms involves mentioning al-Qarafi's view first, followed by specialists' opinions, and concluding with Shaykh Hululu al-Maliki's statements and his positions on these issues. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, describing the morphological issues and how they are presented in the two commentaries, analyzing their origins, differences, and the reasons for these differences, and possibly evaluating and clarifying them to extract positions on the mentioned issues.

The morphological aspect in explanations is considered one of the most important aspects that are related to explaining the meanings of words in books, poems, and poems. Ibn Marzouq al-Hafid, the author of “Demonstrating the Sincerity of Affection,” was one of the most important scholars who took care of the morphological aspect. For him, morphology represented the starting point and the cornerstone from which he set out to explain the meanings of Words in the Burdah. In the first section of this research, I dealt with the sources of verbs, three- and four-letter verbs, both auditory and analogical, and in the second section, I touched on some derivatives such as the active participle, the active participle, the exaggerated form, the doubtful adjective, and the superlative participle.

This research delves into concise syntactical issues which closely associated with the language of the Holy Quran and the Arabic language, the language in which the Holy Quran was revealed, including its methods, structures, and expressions, on which many jurists based their legal rulings on. The study focuses on the conjunction "أو" (or) and elucidates its semantic nuances. This conjunction is among the particles with meanings that linguists have ascribed more than ten interpretations to. Scholars, considering the various meanings attributed to it, have selected one of its interpretations based on the context of Quranic verses. Given the diverse connotations within a single context, scholars judiciously choose one of these interpretations for this conjunction, aligning it with contextual indications in the Quranic verse. This choice is made in accordance with the scholars' comprehensive understanding of the Arabic language, its intricacies, and nuances.

Poetic music is one of the forms of artistic expression, and it is of great importance in the structure of the poetic text, as it makes its effect tangible and clear, striking the ears and caressing the souls, attracting the hearts of the listeners, because of the bell that is generated in it that the ear is familiar with and the soul enjoys, and it is what we can describe as the spirit of the poem, or the atmosphere of the poem that dominates it. Poetic music is divided into two sections: external music, internal music, and I mentioned the sections of each of them and their prominent and influential role in the poetry of the Muhammads. The meter is the tool and the spirit of the poetic text and its rhythm, and the rhyme is a partner of the meter in the specialty of poetry. It is not called poetry until it has meter and rhyme. As for repetition, export, alliteration, and paronomasia, they are among the rhetorical arts in which the Muhammads excelled in their poems, and the music of poetry is not limited to external music only, because behind this music, there is a hidden music, which is the internal music, and they represent the vocal harmony that stems from the musical agreement between the words and their meanings sometimes, and between the words with each other at other times.

There is no doubt that scientific research came to address societal issues, especially those issues that began to grow and eat away at the body of society. Among these important issues is the issue of corruption in society. Therefore, we presented this research to shed light on the concept of corruption in its forms and types, defining this term and other terms related to the word corruption. We relied on the legal texts from the Holy Quran and the pure Prophetic Sunnah, to present to the reader the image of corruption in its various types from a legal perspective. Perhaps we may contribute to limiting and curbing the scourge of corruption that has grown among society at various levels and fields, aspiring to combine efforts between all segments of society, institutions and individuals, government and people, to eliminate corruption once and for all. Commencing writing this research is a legal, national and moral duty, including combating and fighting corruption with the tool of scientific research, seeking the face of Allah Almighty. May God’s prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions.

This research aims to highlight the opinion of Imam Al-Shawkani (may God have mercy on him) and his orientation to the words that God Almighty has singled out for mention among their counterparts. Imam Al-Shawkani (may God have mercy on him) had great care in interpreting the Book of God, as his interpretation included many different sciences, including those specific to dhikr. Which is one of the secrets of the miracle of this dear book, I traced his interpretation of Surat Al Imran, and collected his directions for those words specific to remembrance, which he mentioned in various phrases: “specificate, express, mention, specify,” and all of that indicates his great interest and extreme care in interpreting the Book of God Almighty.
I divided the research into an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a list of the sources and references approved in the research. The first section: introducing Imam Al-Shawkani and his interpretation, the second section: introducing what is specific to dhikr and its scientific value according to Imam Al-Shawkani, and the third section: the applied study (Surat Al-Imran as an example) The research was then concluded with a conclusion in which the most important results were demonstrated.

Abrogating and abrogated are important sciences in the studies of Quranic sciences, as scholars and interpreters have directed themselves to explain this science in the verses of the Holy Quran, due to its impact on explaining scientific and legal rulings. It is one of the methods that show the approach and approach of scholars and interpreters, predecessors and successors, including the contemporary scholar Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, may God have mercy on him, as he had a clear approach in the science of abrogating and abrogated, which he included in his interpretation, which was the reason for choosing the research. The current research aims to explain Sayyid Fadlallah's position on abrogating and abrogated through his interpretation (From the Inspiration of the Quran), and the researcher relied on the analytical inductive method in the research book, through which she reached a number of results.

Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah - may God have mercy on him - has his own valuable inspirations, gestures and jokes from which we can deduce the extent of his interest in women as human beings in various positions and movements, and he sought to raise women's issues with a fair and moderate spirit, avoiding all forms of extremism, fanaticism, laxity and dissolution.
It will not be forgotten that the interpreter - may God have mercy on him - was a reforming jurist, who had full awareness that the Islamic message must keep pace with the times and developments, so he worked to link the text to reality, and among his advantages: He was distinguished by openness and moderation in his social views, especially regarding women. He worked to interrogate the religious text, reading and interpreting the glorious Book of God away from the multiple explanations and interpretations of it without being bound by others' understanding of the text, while noting other opinions, and he acknowledges the authority of the Qur'an and its rule over the Sunnah, and he considers the Book of God the basis for ijtihad, and that the Qur'anic titles are what govern the Sunnah.

This study addresses the interpretive possibilities (al-muḥtamalat al-tafsiriyyah) in Aḥkam al-Qur’an by Imam al-Jaṣṣaṣ (d. 370 AH), clarifying the types of these possibilities, the causes underlying their occurrence, and the methods al-Jaṣṣaṣ employs in presenting them. The research surveys selected examples that illustrate each of these cases and outlines the views of scholars regarding them, in order to determine the most preponderant opinions concerning the meanings of the Qur’anic verses in which such possibilities are mentioned. The study is divided into four sections:
The first section provides an introduction to Imam al-Jaṣṣaṣ and an overview of interpretive possibilities in Qurʾanic exegesis. The second section examines the types of interpretive possibilities according to al-Jaṣṣaṣ. The third section discusses the causes of interpretation based on possibility. The fourth section explores al-Jaṣṣaṣ’s method in presenting these possibilities. The study concludes with a summary of its major findings and recommendations.

This research focuses on highlighting the efforts of Dr. Bahjat Abdul Ghafoor Al-Hadithi in the contemporary Islamic poem and its poets in Iraq. Al-Hadithi believes that the Islamic poem derives its language, meanings, ideas, imaginations and images from the perspective of the Islamic perception of the universe, life and humanity, provided that it carries the message of Islam and the call to achieve and apply it in life and on its various political, intellectual, ideological and social levels. The Islamic poem must have an Islamic goal and its main purpose must be to call to Islam as a belief and system. The Islamic poem is a final poem whose goal is Islam, calling to it, spreading its principles, values ​​and teachings and striving to achieve them in all areas of life.

Praise be to Allah who revealed the Book to His servant to be a warning to the worlds, and the two weights (angels and humans) are unable to bring something similar to it, even if some of them were to support each other. I send blessings and peace upon our master Muhammad, the master of all the children of Adam, who was given the comprehensive words, the seven repeatedly recited verses, and the glorious Quran. May Allah bless him and his good family, and all his companions.
This research is about the book \"Al-Eidah fi Al-Qira\'at\" by Abu Abdullah Ahmad bin Abi Omar Al-Andarabi (died 470 AH), which holds a middle position among those writings, but its author was one of the leading figures in the science of readings, in terms of performance, teaching, and authorship. This calls for attention to him, studying him, and following his approach in the book, and his approach in presenting the issues of readings and simplifying them. I chose from his book the choices he mentioned in it My plan consisted of three chapters after the introduction The first: Identifying Imam Al-Andarabi
The second: Defining the choice and explaining its motives and controls
The third: Choices Then I concluded with a conclusion in which I mentioned the most important results I reached. The book \"Al-Eidah fi Al-Qira\'at\" is an important and authentic source in the readings; because it is one of the first writings written in the readings, in the issues of choice.

Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah and Sheikh Nasser Makarem Shirazi relied on a huge collection of sources from Hadith books in their two commentaries, Al-Tafsir Al-Kashf and Al-Tafsir Al-Amthal fi Kitab Allah Al-Manzil. These books were not limited to a specific school of thought, but rather the books from which the researchers drew were characterized by intellectual and sectarian diversity, encompassing all Islamic schools of thought. This research includes a census of the books that the commentators relied on, while clarifying the interpretive points in which they relied on these sources.

Perhaps the most reliable method of interpreting the Qur’an by consensus is the interpretation by the transmitted texts; therefore, my research dealt with this important type of interpretation, so I wrote a research entitled ((Features of Interpretation by the transmitted texts according to Sheikh Al-Tabarsi)) since the subject of my thesis for a doctorate degree is the preferences of Sheikh Al-Tabarsi; therefore, this study came from the subject of the thesis.
The research consisted of two requirements:
The first requirement: I spoke briefly about the life of Sheikh Al-Tabarsi, as for the second requirement: It is the interpretation by the transmitted texts, in which I dealt with the methods of interpretation by the transmitted texts

The Holy Quran is a way of life, facilitating human life in the best and most complete way if one follows the guidelines of this great book. The Holy Quran is the constitution of life, containing the sciences and their keys, and the path to truth for every seeker of knowledge and learning, and for a strong, ideal personality. This is a personality that strives for the pleasure of God, the methodology of the Holy Quran, and the Sunnah of His Prophet, the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers. My research, entitled "Features of the Moderate Muslim Personality: Linked and Related to Religion and Reason in the Interpretation of Mawaahib al-Rahman by Abdul Karim al-Mudarris," is a title worthy of study and research. It demonstrates the impact of the Holy Quran, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), on shaping the features of the Muslim personality and its correct, upright approach. This is due to its distinctive features, including noble morals, a sound methodology, and a balanced approach in all areas of life. It was by the grace of God Almighty that He made me a graduate student, and that I chose to study "Features of the Muslim Personality."

Al-Fasi is considered among the most important scholars who devoted their efforts to creating an important source on the history of Mecca. What is noticeable about Al-Fasi is that his approach is characterized by brevity, as he combines opinions while mentioning sources with some brevity. It became clear in the light of his writings that he did not include one aspect, but rather It includes several scientific aspects, legal, historical and biographical.

The Islamic Maghreb has known several prominent figures who addressed the history of the Fatimid state, including Judge al-Nu'man in his book "The Inauguration of the Call" and al-Jawdhari in his book "The Biography of Professor Jawdhar." These two historians played an important role in the history of the Fatimid state, as each of them presented a detailed analytical study of the state's origins and establishment, from its entry into Morocco to its end. It had a profound impact on all political, cultural, social, and economic activities. In this research, we will examine the comparative approach between the books "The Inauguration of the Call" and "The Biography of Professor Jawdhar," by examining the two books objectively and evaluating the success of the Ismaili call in Morocco at the hands of its preachers and thinkers. We will also examine the methods of the two historians and the nature of their writings, and attempt to shed light on the most important facts reached by the researcher in comparing the methods, and how the two historians were able to present historical events from their own perspectives. From this perspective, the topic was studied and divided into several points. First, an objective study of the approaches of al-Nu'man and al-Jawdhari; second, a comparative study of the nature of the two books; third, the evaluation of al-Qadi al-Nu'man and al-Jawdhari of the Ismaili da'wah; and fourth, the letters and speeches, followed by how they dealt with oral tradition.

The journal Palestinian Affairs is considered one of the most prominent political and research publications issued by the Palestinian Research Center affiliated with the Palestine Liberation Organization, It played a pivotal role in documenting and analyzing the developments of the Palestinian cause across various stages, This study focuses on the circumstances surrounding the establishment of Palestinian Affairs, its intellectual and organizational evolution through an analysis of its main permanent sections, in addition to highlighting the most significant challenges it faced from its inception until its temporary suspension.

The study aimed to shed light on the personality of izz aldin aliraqi and his foreign policy during his presidency of the Moroccan government (1986- 1992) as he is one of the personalities whe played an important role in the history of contemporary morocco especially in the field of international positions the positions was distinguished by extensive international relations that had an impact on morocco.

The research entitled (Abdul Wahab Mahmoud, his life, intellectual activity, and social views in the Iraqi Parliament during the royal era 1937-1945) highlights the role of one of the Iraqi figures who had an important role in the history of Iraq and how he contributed to the emergence of the press movement and the national party movement in Iraq and contributed to the formation of Cells in order to establish a party that would have a role in demanding the rights of the people, as he had a prominent role in the Parliament during the royal era from the period 1937-1945. He contributed to presenting many opinions through which he proposed solutions to the most prominent problems facing the people, and here his role was highlighted. In the Parliament through his opinions on social issues

The era of the Nasrid state in Andalusia is an important stage in the history of Andalusia, as this state was able to restore the health of Islamic civilization through the cultural and scientific development and prosperity that the country witnessed during that era. This scientific revolution was not born of natural circumstances, but rather several factors helped it to arise, and perhaps the most important of these factors, which comes at the forefront, is the role of the rulers in the Kingdom of Granada. It is known that this interest was not limited to the Nasrid rulers and the stage of their state, but rather dates back to the beginnings of the Umayyad era, but what the Nasrid rulers gave it had a special distinction in a critical and sensitive stage. At a time when all the Andalusian cities had collapsed and the Kingdom of Granada was in danger, that state was able, thanks to its rulers, to preserve the entity of that state politically and militarily, and at the same time to establish an intellectual, cultural and scientific glory from which the generation of that era drank and left a great scientific legacy for those who came after them

The personality Hassan Polat had a major role in Turkey’s internal politics. He played a major role in opposing the Republican People’s Party, especially in its economic policy. Therefore, he was one of the most prominent figures who organized the Democratic Party since its founding. He worked as a representative in the National Assembly for the Democratic Party since the 1946 elections and continued in the opposition until The 1950 elections, and after the victory of the Democratic Party in these elections, he became Minister of Labor and took over the new ministry, which is considered his first sovereign position. From day one, he focused on helping workers and finding solutions to their suffering, especially health problems, and he worked to build many From hospitals to them.

Abstract
Newton Baker His political standing reached its peak during this period when he was elected Mayor of Cleveland from 1912 to 1914, a period during which he emerged as one of the most prominent figures of the progressive movement in the United States. During his tenure, Baker sought to implement a series of administrative and social reforms, including improving public transportation services, developing the education and health sectors, and curbing the influence of private companies in the management of public utilities.
Known for his firm and balanced approach, he managed to maintain the city's stability despite the economic and commercial pressures he faced. These years represented a major turning point in his political career, as he became a prominent national figure and a potential candidate for federal office.

A joke is a short expression or saying that carries within it a surprising or funny meaning, and aims to create a comic effect or reflect on a specific situation in life. This type of joke is characterized by its use of language in unexpected ways, often relying on wordplay, irony, or simple wisdom. The Arabs used humor as a means of expressing social or political criticism in a sarcastic manner , or to highlight the paradoxes and contradictions in everyday life. These jokes can be derived from popular stories, proverbs, or funny tales, and they often carry a deep message despite their apparent simplicity, so Arabs expressed their amusement in their own unique way , It was reflected in their proverbs and sayings, especially in the proverbs that constituted rich material for the people, in which they gathered their laughter and anecdotes. The proverbs served as a space for freedom, and a mirror for the details of daily life with all its paradoxes and absurdities. They were also an outlet for the repressed and apparent desires of individuals and groups, and a fertile pasture for artistic creativity that... It arouses amazement and admiration in people.

Abstract
This research deals with the natural factors (geographical location, surface and climate characteristics, and its elements, as well as water resources), and its impact on attracting the population from all other cities, and this chapter will also address the human factors represented by the characteristics of the population of Bismayah city, population growth and their distribution by municipal units as well as their age and gender composition.

The research aims to evaluate the relationship between Tigris River water pollution and human activities between Al-Muthanna Bridge and Al-Jadriya, in order to identify the relationship between human activity and its repercussions on water pollution, and an attempt to show the patterns of spatial and temporal variation of these human effects on the problem of water pollution in the city of Baghdad.
The research relied on official government data and field surveys for the purpose of selecting water pollution samples and analyzing their characteristics to identify the impact of human activity in determining the problem of water pollution.
The research has concluded that the pollution elements for the period (2020-2023) within the seasonal characteristics indicate positive percentages of change between the water entering the Tigris River, as it is at the Muthanna Bridge by (27) km at the Jadriya Bridge, and increases at Jadriya over Muthanna by (100)%. It was found that the Medical City Station affiliated with the Rusafa Municipality Department leads with the highest discharge rate of (44.6)%, while the Al-Jisr Al-Muallaq Rain Station affiliated with the Karrada Municipality Department records the lowest discharge rate of (0.5)%. It was also found through the researcher's field survey using the Global Positioning System (GPS) within (25) spatial monitoring points for pollutants that human activities practice water pollution through residential drainage pollutants, industrial drainage pollutants, and mixed drainage pollutants between residential and industrial. We have identified the type of activity and taken pictures that affect the state of human activities encroachment on the river environment. Understanding the human impact on health, industrial activity and domestic wastewater has a negative role in activating the problem of water pollution within the Muthanna Bridge Al-Jadriya area, and therefore paying attention to it is of utmost importance; given the limited water availability and the emergence of the problem of drought and lack of water flows, which is one of the most important indicators of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up on the problem of water pollution and give it attention when planning urban policies in the city of Baghdad, and reduce it by protecting the river from the discharge of pollutants and treating them

This research will address the change in irrigated agricultural areas in Bardarash district for the period (2007-2024), relying on Landsat satellite imagery, using the United States Geological Survey (USGS) classification system, and employing spatial analysis. Modern techniques such as Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS Pro 3.4) will be utilized as effective and high-quality analytical tools for planners and decision-makers. Agricultural geography is one of the spatial sciences that has benefited from these techniques for spatial analysis and classification of agricultural land uses, as well as for handling and processing data, information, and maps with precision and efficiency, whether at the district, administrative unit, or agricultural sub-district level. The ultimate goal is to reveal the spatial change in irrigated agricultural land use in the study area during the specified period. This is also an essential and important requirement for development programs and for formulating appropriate policies to maximize the utilization of available resources, as it provides data on agricultural activity in the study area regarding growth trends and levels of progress, at a time when the world is struggling to increase production and overcome population growth. The research findings indicate a significant increase in irrigated agricultural areas in the study region in 2021 compared to other years within the study period. Consequently, the magnitude of change was positive, both at the district level, with a change of (11638.93), and at the administrative unit level, with a change of (11637.18), as well as at the agricultural sector level.

This research aims to study and analyze the economic development impacts of the Fallujah Cement Plant, as it has various developmental dimensions (economic, social, urban, and service-related). It also seeks to address the region's economic issues, particularly unemployment and the generated economic returns.
Additionally, the research discusses and analyzes the main aspects included in its structure, such as the level of investment in raw materials, job opportunities provided by the Fallujah Cement Plant, income levels of the plant’s workers, the ability to meet local and regional market demands for its products, the plant's contribution to Iraq’s total cement production, and its functional integration with other industrial activities.
Keywords: Economic impact analysis, Investment in primary raw materials, Job creation at Fallujah Cement Plant, Income levels of workers at Fallujah Cement Plant, Meeting local and regional market demand for white and black cement products, Functional linkage of Fallujah Cement Plant with other industrial and service activities

The research aims to analyze spatial variation in the quality of life in Iraq by assessing four basic services: education, health, potable water, and sewage services. Quantitative indicators were used, such as the number of students per teacher and school, the number of residents per doctor and hospital, and service coverage rates.
The results revealed clear disparities between Iraqi governorates. Governorates such as Najaf, Babil, and Karbala were characterized by high levels of service quality, while governorates such as Dhi Qar, Basra, and Nineveh recorded low levels. In the education sector, Baghdad and Kirkuk emerged as governorates with high quality, while Anbar and Maysan declined. In health services, Najaf and Babil topped the list, while Kirkuk and Dhi Qar suffered from poor coverage.
In water and sewage services, Najaf and Nineveh performed best, while Salah al-Din and Wasit suffered from clear declines. The research concluded that governorates were classified into three categories: high, medium, and low quality. The study recommends adopting fair development policies that enhance the efficiency of service distribution and address service gaps between governorates, to achieve a balanced and sustainable standard of living.

This research aims to evaluate the chemical properties of the soil in the Saadiya subdistrict located northeast of Diyala Governorate, and to identify its mineral components and nutrients in the soil, which contributes to understanding the soil composition and its impact on agricultural production. Its chemical properties are influenced by several factors such as climate, the type of parent rocks, and human activity. This study addresses several important chemical properties including organic matter, which plays an important role in improving the soil environment and its retention of water and nutrients, pH level which determines the acidity or alkalinity of the soil and directly affects the availability of nutrients to plants, electrical conductivity which affects soil salinity, the availability of soluble salts that influence plant growth, and negative and positive ions. Detecting these elements required laboratory analyses to accurately determine their properties through the integration of soil laboratory analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The results showed that the organic matter content in the study area's soil is low, ranging between (0.4-1.3), attributed to the sparse vegetation cover in the area. It was also found that the soil in the area is moderately to strongly alkaline, with pH values in all samples ranging closely between (7.30-8.21). The research concluded that the integration of laboratory analysis and spatial analysis tools in GIS represents an effective tool for identifying chemical soil problems and establishing a spatial database that can be relied upon in land resource management and sustainable agricultural use planning in the Saadiya subdistrict.

This study aims to analyze and model the spatial variability of soil chemical characteristics in the area between Al-Saqalawiya district and Abu Ghraib district. Several soil samples were collected from different locations within the study area and subjected to various chemical analyses, including organic matter (OM), pH measurement, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The results of spatial analysis showed clear variations in the distribution of soil chemical characteristics. This study represents an important step towards supporting agricultural and administrative decision-making by understanding soil chemical properties and determining their suitability for agricultural activities, thus contributing to the optimal and sustainable use of land resources in the study area.

River islands are one of the most important sedimentary and structural phenomena of rivers, resulting from the erosion and sedimentation processes that occur on river banks or bends, as well as the sediments deposited by valleys and other waterways within rivers. The research area falls within the boundaries of Al-Obaidi district in Al-Anbar Governorate, in the western and northwestern part of Iraq. As for the geographic location of the research area, it is situated between latitudes (34°26'15"N) and (36°21'40"N) to the north, and longitudes (40°59'35"E) and (41°10'35"E) to the east. The research area is bordered to the west by Ramana District, to the north by the Al-Jazira Plateau desert, to the east by Al-Safra village, and to the south by the western Al-Anbar Plateau desert, with an area of (150.474) km². The researcher followed a descriptive and analytical approach in his study, and concluded that river erosion and sedimentation processes work to form river islands in the Euphrates River within the Al-Ubaidi District through erosion and sedimentation processes. They also vary in area and shape depending on the type of rocks present on both sides of the river, as well as the direction of the water current. The river islands in 2024 were characterized by a larger area and an increase in their numbers compared to 1980. This was due to the cessation of the natural flood waves that carried out the natural dredging processes through the speed of the water current. The reason for this cessation is due to the dams built by neighboring Syria on the river course, which worked to control the absolute water discharge.

Advocacy posters constitute a powerful multimodal medium through which social, political, and humanitarian messages are communicated to diverse audiences. Their interpretation, however, is not fixed, as meaning emerges from the interaction of multiple semiotic resources shaped by cultural and contextual factors. This study investigates the semiotic and pragmatic dimensions of Gaza advocacy posters from a multimodal perspective, focusing on how visual and verbal elements interact to generate meaning and relevance. Drawing on an eclectic analytical framework adapted from Awad (2024), the study integrates Martinec and Salway’s (2005) model of image–text relations, Forceville’s (2020) relevance-theoretic approach to multimodality, and Wilson’s (2018) distinction between internal and external relevance. Methodologically, the research adopts a mixed qualitative–quantitative approach. Two advocacy posters published in 2024 were purposively selected based on their thematic relevance, multimodal density, and representativeness of contemporary Gaza-related visual discourse. The qualitative analysis examines image–text relations, ostensive acts, and inferential processes, while the quantitative component identifies the frequency of trope types, status relations, and textual prominence. The findings reveal that metonymy constitutes the dominant trope in both posters and that meaning is primarily achieved through the complementary interaction of visual and verbal modes. Colors, typography, and symbolic imagery play a crucial role in activating contextual assumptions and non-propositional effects, thereby enhancing emotional engagement and persuasive force. The study demonstrates that multimodal advocacy posters rely on carefully structured semiotic strategies to communicate humanitarian messages and calls for action, contributing to ongoing research on multimodal pragmatics and visual communication in contexts of conflict and resistance.