ADAB AL-BASRAH

This research, entitled \"Styles of Conversational Implicature in Al-Jahiz\'s Book \"Al-Mahasin wa Al-Ad’dad,\" examines some forms of Conversational Implicature in the declarative sentences of the mentioned book. We know that People are differ in their expression of the meanings that circulate in their minds. We, sometimes, find them speaking in phrases that have certain meanings in their appearance, but contain other meanings in their internal side. So, in order for the addressee to be able to arrive at what the speaker want, he must possess a set of cognitive, like cultural, and situational qualifications that enable him to comprehend the meaning of speaker\'s speech, this is what so called Conversational Implicature.
So, in this research, we took some styles of the Conversational Implicature in the declarative sentences in the book of “Al-Mahasin wa al- Ad’dad” by Al-Jahiz. We started the work with an abstract and an introduction that prepared the way for entering the subject.
After that, we talked about the conversational implicature and its definition. Then we turned to the declarative sentences and its nature and how it came to other meanings not to their apparent meanings. So, we treated a number of these sentences, such as command, prohibition, warning, supplication, praise, admiration, threat, command of sympathy, ext. Then, we talked about these sentences that entail these meanings in the mentioned book, and we ended with a presentation of the most important results that we reached through this research, and a list contains the sources and references used in the study.

Semiotics, according to Michel Riffaterre, is an analytical approach that focuses on the study of signs and symbols in literary texts—especially poetry—with the aim of uncovering deep meanings and underlying structures embedded within the text. Riffaterre views poetry not as a simple expression of direct ideas, but as a system of interacting signs and symbols that generate multiple layers of meaning.
Poetry is characterized by its expressive density and economy, as it approaches concepts indirectly and contains hidden and ambiguous meanings. This quality grants it greater scope for experimentation and diversity in conveying meaning. This study examines the applicability of Riffaterre’s theory to the poetry of Abbas Muzhir Al-Salami by analyzing the meanings of his poems through exploratory and interpretive readings.
The poet Abbas Al-Salami seeks to convey semantic relationships of a causal nature, revealing organic connections within his texts through networks of meaning and through the functional use of signs and signals. These relationships fluctuate between the explicit and the implicit, and they express both the internal and external components of the text.

It is well known and widely accepted among researchers that language is a means of communication and dialogue among its users. In reality, however, language is far more than that—and far more powerful. In addition to being a tool for communication and mutual understanding, language serves as a gateway and a medium for conveying the concepts and knowledge embedded in the speaker’s mind, conscience, and inner self. Since a speaker cannot articulate all the ideas and meanings circulating in their imagination, they carefully select their words and sentence structures in ways that correspond to what they wish to express, the situation they are experiencing, what they are required to say, and the seriousness of the stance or opinion they intend to present. As a result, words and structures emerge in harmony with the meanings and concepts that occupy the speaker’s thoughts.
From this perspective, the present study seeks to explore the meanings of words and structures—particularly the metaphorical imagery—employed by Lady al-Zahra (peace be upon her) in her Fadak Sermon. It aims to identify the meanings or cognitive implications that she perceived or held in mind at the moment of using these expressions and constructions. The primary objective of the research is to demonstrate the eloquence and rhetorical power of Lady al-Zahra’s discourse, as well as her profound awareness of the significance of the words and structures she employed.
The research problem lies in attempting to apply cognitive semantics to historical texts and in uncovering the inherent meanings that motivated speakers to use specific expressions. This study is neither an exhaustive examination of a poet nor a purely psychological or purely literary study. Rather, it represents a synthesis of both approaches: it is literary when discussing the Abbasid poet Abu Nuwas as presented by Taha Hussein, and psychological when addressing al-‘Aqqad’s study of him. Al-‘Aqqad, a prominent figure in Arab literary criticism, played a pioneering role in shaping and enriching critical discourse and establishing its foundations. However, his approach to studying Abu Nuwas was largely medical and psychological in nature, which calls for critical reflection. His study combined two important aspects: revisiting classical literature through a modern lens, and integrating literary analysis with psychological interpretation. Hence, the pressing need for this study and similar research endeavors.

This study examines the impact of climate change on the frequency of southeasterly winds and their influence on relative humidity levels in Basra Governorate during the summer season. To assess the real-world effects of these climatic changes and their negative implications for various aspects of daily life, the research employs statistical techniques, particularly time-series analysis. The study is based on data from the Al-Hussein neighborhood meteorological station for the period 1989–2022 and focuses on changes in maximum and minimum temperatures, atmospheric pressure, southeasterly wind patterns, and relative humidity during the summer months of June, July, and August.
The findings indicate that climate change has had a clear negative impact on the study area over the selected period, particularly through rising minimum and maximum temperatures. The lowest recorded maximum temperature was 29.6°C in July during the 1989–2000 climatic cycle, while the highest reached 47.5°C in August during the 2000–2011 cycle. The greatest rate of temperature change occurred in July, reaching 17%. Minimum temperature averages remained high and relatively consistent across June, July, and August throughout the analyzed climatic cycles, with the highest rate of change reaching 2.4 during the 2000–2022 cycle.
Relative humidity levels were also notably high, with a maximum value of 26.6% recorded in August during the 2000–2011 cycle. The largest magnitude of change (4.1) occurred in the same cycle and month, while the highest percentage change (14%) was observed in June during the 1998–2000 cycle. The highest annual coefficient of variation was recorded in June at 2.75, accompanied by a strong correlation coefficient of 0.79 (79%).
Although southeasterly winds were not the most frequent during the study period, their role during the summer was mainly reflected in increasing air humidity in southeastern Iraq. Collectively, these climatic conditions contribute to increased human discomfort and limit the ability to carry out various activities during the summer season.

Here is the English translation of your text: Syntactic deviation is considered one of the most prominent stylistic features in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Saad Sabah Al-Samawi. He employs it as an artistic tool that reshapes language and grants it semantic and aesthetic depth that transcends the conventional structures of everyday speech. Through this type of deviation, the poet is able to explode the language from within, in a manner that aligns with the nature of the poetic experience he conveys and the psychological and existential atmospheres he inhabits. Syntactic deviation in Sabahi’s poetry is manifested through inversion (preposing and postponing), ellipsis, disjunction and conjunction, and the use of incomplete structures—techniques that lend the text a touch of ambiguity, contemplation, and emotional intensity. The poet does not aim to violate the rules of language merely for the sake of obscurity; rather, he seeks to create an aesthetic tension that prompts the reader to reconsider the relationship between words and meanings, thereby enhancing the poetic energy of the text. If you’d like this translated more academically or poetically, let me know your preference.

All texts contained in the Holy Qur’an—whether they depict events that are conceivable or those whose occurrence may seem improbable, and whether they relate to the past, present, or future—remain within the realm of truths that human beings may witness or that may lie beyond the limits of their direct perception. The unseen worlds constitute a clear example of such truths, which the human mind is unable to comprehend in a complete or exhaustive manner.
The Qur’an provides a truthful description of these unseen realities; however, the way humans receive and understand this description is determined by the limits of their intellectual capacities, their cognitive resources, and the means available to them for reflection and imagination. Consequently, human beings strive to construct approximate mental images based on the Qur’anic text, attempting to approach meanings that may coincide with objective reality or diverge from it.
Accordingly, this study seeks to clarify how human conceptions are formed on the basis of Qur’anic description, while emphasizing that these realities are fixed in themselves and are not subject to alteration or change, regardless of the multiplicity of mental images or the diversity of interpretive efforts. The study adopts an analytical approach to examine how the Qur’anic text constructs worlds, and to deconstruct images, scenes, and meanings in selected Qur’anic verses. It also aims to explore how possible and imagined worlds are generated within the linguistic structure of the verse.
Ultimately, the research aims to analyze the nature of these worlds as presented in the Qur’anic text and to clarify their rhetorical, faith-based, and philosophical functions.

The Islamic greeting (al-Salām) carries a pragmatic dimension beyond its semantic one. This is revealed in Qur’anic texts where it appears within specific contexts that highlight its significance in the social sphere, functioning both at the initiation and closure of interaction. Moreover, the term is employed outside dialogue as well, as it entails not only communication but also coexistence and the acceptance of the Other.
Within the framework of Speech Act Theory, the act of saying salām is imbued with illocutionary force that reassures the hearer, accomplishing peace and tranquility, in addition to fulfilling the act of greeting itself. The expression (al-Salām), through its phonological form, semantic content, and syntactic usage, embodies these meanings. Its successful realization depends on the felicity conditions outlined by Austin; conversely, the act fails when these conditions are absent.
This becomes evident in Qur’anic examples where the greeting occurs in diverse contexts involving participants of varying religious identities. Hence, the Islamic greeting (al-Salām) exerts influence not only upon the interlocutors themselves but also upon the external reality and the wider social sphere.

This study examines human interaction with animals during the Abbasid era (132–656 AH / 750–1258 CE), focusing on the status and significance of animals in that period through a historical-analytical approach. The research is structured into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion.The study highlights several key findings: the Abbasids were among the first to establish zoos, historically known as Lake Al-Wahsh, for entertainment and recreation. Economic factors played a significant role in the interest in animals, as they contributed to industries such as wool, textiles, leather, agriculture, and hunting. Veterinary science and related studies also developed during this era, with notable scholars—including Al-Jahiz, Abu Nasr Ibn Hamid, Omar Al-Muthanna, and Ahmed bin Hassan—making substantial contributions to the field.

This study aims to examine the impact of climatic characteristics on certain diseases affecting humans in Dhi Qar Governorate. The research is based on the collection of climatic data from the Nasiriyah meteorological station for the year 2024, which were presented in specialized tables, analyzed, and then examined to determine the extent of their influence on the prevalence of diseases in the study area.
The study discusses the effects of climatic characteristics on selected diseases by identifying the influence of each climatic element on the diseases under investigation. It also seeks to establish the correlation between climatic variables and disease incidence.
The results reveal several significant findings derived from analyzing the correlation between climatic characteristics and diseases. This was achieved by entering climatic data from the Nasiriyah meteorological station, along with health data related to human diseases in Dhi Qar Governorate, into the SPSS statistical software. The analysis showed a strong positive correlation between theoretical sunshine duration and influenza, hepatitis, and typhoid fever, with correlation coefficients of (0.540), (0.555), and (0.758), respectively. A strong correlation was also found between actual sunshine duration and both hepatitis and typhoid fever, with correlation values of (0.661) and (0.746).
Average temperature showed a correlation with the incidence of hepatitis, whooping cough, and typhoid fever, with coefficients of (0.675), (–0.654), and (0.705), respectively. Maximum temperature also exhibited a notable correlation with hepatitis, whooping cough, and typhoid fever, reaching values of (0.685), (–0.655), and (0.695). Similarly, minimum temperature correlated with hepatitis, whooping cough, and typhoid fever, with coefficients of (0.689), (–0.607), and (0.734), respectively.
Wind speed showed a correlation with typhoid fever amounting to (0.705), while relative humidity correlated with whooping cough and chickenpox, with values of (0.631) and (–0.542), respectively. Rainfall also demonstrated correlations with hepatitis, whooping cough, and typhoid fever, reaching (–0.686), (0.495), and (–0.766), respectively. In addition, climatic phenomena such as dust storms, rising dust, and suspended dust were found to have an impact on the incidence of hepatitis and typhoid fever.

In 1959, the Shah of Iran initiated negotiations for a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. Soviet policy in Iran, reflecting its broader approach in the Middle East, showed greater acceptance of Iran’s “national bourgeois” regime. This shift involved replacing overt propaganda with more restrained criticism of “reactionary” elements, alongside efforts to expand Soviet influence in the region through generous and ostensibly “disinterested” economic aid. This contrasted with Western aid, which was often conditional and tied to multiple political risks.
Iran and Russia (later the Soviet Union) share a long history of relations, dating back to the sixteenth century during the rise of the Safavid Empire and its conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, and extending to the 1907 division of Persia into Russian and British spheres of influence. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the adoption of Marxist ideology in Soviet Russia further shaped bilateral relations. During World War II, the occupation of Iran by the Allies, particularly the Soviet control of the northern region, left a lasting impact on Iranian-Soviet relations.

This study aims to examine the impact of tissue culture techniques on the development of date palm cultivation and the increase of date production in Al-Zubair District. The research highlights the advantages of tissue culture in comparison with traditional methods such as offshoot and seed propagation. Tissue culture has proven effective in increasing productivity, improving date quality, and reducing problems related to diseases and pests.
The study also discusses the natural and human factors that have contributed to the successful application of this technique in the region. In addition, it includes an economic feasibility analysis of tissue culture and its positive impact on date marketing and on increasing farmers’ economic returns.
The research concludes that tissue culture offers effective solutions to agricultural challenges and plays a significant role in advancing this vital agricultural sector in Al-Zubair District.

Chastity is one of the noble moral values whose significance has remained elevated across ages and eras, owing to its profound importance in both individual and social life. In human existence, chastity represents a key to success, excellence, and distinction across various aspects of life. When chastity is absent from any society, vice inevitably emerges. Moral values constitute one of the most essential dimensions shaping the spiritual life of human beings, regardless of the belief system they adhere to, as they reflect the degree of refinement and moral elevation attained by both individuals and communities.
For this reason, the pre-Islamic society was characterized by a variety of noble moral virtues, among which chastity—across its different forms and connotations—occupied a central position. It was regarded as one of the fundamental components of sound human nature, guiding individuals in the pre-Islamic era toward a set of virtuous values and distancing them from anything that might tarnish their character or undermine their social standing. Upholding chastity and avoiding moral defilement thus represented a core aspiration of that society.

This study examines the characteristics of water yield in the eastern valley region of Diyala Governorate and analyzes both the quantitative and qualitative properties of water resources in the study area. According to data from the Ministry of Water Resources, the estimated annual water yield of the valleys of Haran, Al-Naft, Al-Muwaylih, Al-Hizam, Al-Layma, Tahlawah, Al-Ma‘la, Tirsag, Sayyabah, and Shawshreen amounts to (228, 52.8, 102, 57, 165, 51.4, 213, 296, 127, and 31.4) million cubic meters, respectively. The total combined yield reaches approximately 1,324 million cubic meters.
Most of the discharge is concentrated between October and May, with flow rates during the rainy season ranging between 300 and 400 m³/s. During a 48-hour rainfall storm, the water yield of Wadi Tirsag reached 35.53 million m³ per hour, while the lowest discharge during a 22-hour storm period was recorded in Wadi Al-Muwaylih, at 16.34 million m³ per hour. Due to the scarcity of data and the lack of direct measurements of water yield in the valleys of the study area, two mathematical methods were employed to estimate the potential discharge of the semi-arid eastern valleys.
The first method relied on the relationship between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration using the Thornthwaite method to determine rainfall surplus and deficit contributing to water yield. The results indicate that the potential annual discharge of the valleys is approximately 2,208 million cubic meters, representing about 58% of the total annual rainfall over the recharge basins. The second method was based on the relationship between rainfall volume and basin area, revealing an estimated annual discharge of about 1,829 million cubic meters, equivalent to 48% of the annual rainfall over the catchment areas.
The region possesses a significant water resource, particularly during the rainy season, as floodwaters originating from Iran accumulate within the valleys of the study area. This situation necessitates securing and managing these waters through control and storage projects, as they have the potential to revive agriculture—especially orchards—and to prevent population migration caused by drought.

This study aims to examine competitive intelligence and its key dimensions—technological intelligence, competitor intelligence, strategic intelligence, and beneficiary intelligence—and to analyze their impact on the marketing of information services provided to users. The research addresses the observed weakness in keeping pace with recent promotional developments in the marketing of information services and seeks to identify the underlying factors contributing to this gap.
The study sample comprised seventeen central university libraries across Iraq. To achieve the research objectives, hypotheses concerning the relationships of correlation and influence between competitive intelligence and the marketing of information services in university libraries were tested at both the overall level and the level of individual dimensions. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 23).
The findings reveal that competitive intelligence and its dimensions have a significant effect on the marketing of information services. This result highlights the ability of university librarians to enhance service marketing by effectively applying strategic intelligence, taking competitor intelligence into account to achieve a competitive advantage, keeping pace with technological developments, and responding to the needs and expectations of users. Achieving this requires continuous professional engagement, such as attending conferences and seminars, to become familiar with modern technological tools used in service provision. Such efforts ultimately contribute to improving the promotion and competitive marketing of information services through contemporary promotional channels.

This study aims to analyze thematic trends in Iraqi political news from 2015 to 2023 by employing advanced techniques in natural language processing and data analysis, with a particular focus on topic modeling using the BERTopic model based on deep machine learning methods. A large corpus of political news articles was collected, cleaned, and linguistically processed using specialized Arabic language tools. The texts were then transformed into numerical representations, after which artificial intelligence algorithms were applied to identify and analyze recurring topics.
As a result, the study extracted the ten most prominent news topics. These topics were subjected to semantic and temporal analysis to trace their development and linguistic features over time, with particular attention given to contextual information and shifts in political discourse within Iraqi media. Visual analytical tools, such as word clouds and annual trend analysis, were also employed to reveal transformations in thematic discourse across the studied period.
The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of topic modeling in converting political texts into structured, analyzable information, thereby reinforcing the role of information science in understanding and analyzing political discourse. Moreover, the study opens new avenues for leveraging textual data to support decision-makers and guide media and social research.

As part of the University of Basrah’s ongoing efforts toward digital transformation, this study presents an advanced digital tool designed to calculate the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) for postgraduate students. The tool addresses major challenges associated with traditional methods, which often suffer from delays and susceptibility to human error. It is built on a precise computational algorithm that accounts for the distinctions among doctoral, master\'s, and diploma programs, and features a user-friendly interface that enables instant result generation, data storage, and retrieval.
The study’s key outcome lies in achieving an unprecedented 100% accuracy rate compared to manual calculations, along with a significant reduction in the time required to complete the process. These results affirm the tool’s readiness for broad-scale implementation. Based on the findings, two primary recommendations are proposed: first, the formal adoption of the tool as part of the university’s digital infrastructure; and second, the integration of the tool with existing academic systems to ensure comprehensive digital integration. This initiative represents a practical model that can be replicated across other higher education institutions, contributing to increased academic efficiency and enhanced transparency in student assessments.

This study aims to examine the educational system of Information Science and Knowledge Technologies in Iraqi universities at the postgraduate level and to analyze the curricula adopted in this field. Given the growing importance of this specialization in the information age, a careful analysis of its educational structure constitutes an essential reference for educational policymakers.
The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and relies on content analysis of course syllabi offered at the diploma, master’s, and doctoral levels at Al-Mustansiriyah University, the University of Basra, and the University of Mosul. The findings indicate that the curricula are largely similar, with differences mainly limited to course titles. At the same time, the universities under study vary in the content of the courses they offer, reflecting diversity in educational orientations.
The University of Mosul stands out for offering specialized courses such as Reading in Information Science and Advanced Cataloguing, while Al-Mustansiriyah University is distinguished by offering a doctoral program, albeit without sub-specializations. The University of Basra, in turn, is notable for offering a higher diploma program in addition to the master’s degree. The analysis also reveals the absence of some core components of the field, such as the subject of Collection Development.
The results underscore the necessity of establishing doctoral programs where they are lacking and updating curricula to incorporate contemporary topics such as artificial intelligence and informetrics. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of diversifying sub-specializations and enhancing coordination among Iraqi universities with regard to educational content, in order to improve the quality of human resource preparation in this vital field.

This research paper examines Colson Whitehead’s 2019 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Nickel Boys by focusing on the concept of “temporal fracture,” a narrative strategy that intentionally disrupts linear chronology to reveal historical trauma and encourage engagement with repressed experiences. By carefully examining the text, I illustrate how Whitehead utilizes non-linear narrative techniques to uncover the lasting impacts of institutional racism and state-sanctioned violence on African American youth at the fictional Nickel Academy, which draws inspiration from Florida’s real Dozier School for Boys. Through the fragmentation of narrative time, Whitehead demonstrates the enduring effects of historical trauma across generations, so contesting traditional narratives of progress and resolution. This study enhances the understanding of literary representations of historical trauma by offering a framework for studying how contemporary African American literature utilizes temporal disruption to confront America’s unresolved racial past. This methodology extends beyond prior studies, which have predominantly focused on thematic aspects rather than formal techniques in Whitehead’s fiction.

Artificial intelligence is changing the way students write. ChatGPT is one of the most used tools in academic writing. Studies show that students rely on it to save time, improve grammar, and organize ideas. Most research, however, focuses on students outside Iraq. Little is known about how Iraqi EFL learners use ChatGPT in research writing. This study aims to fill that gap. The study had five main objectives. It examined students’ perceptions of ChatGPT, how often they use it, and whether use differs by gender, academic level, or prior AI experience. It also explored learners’ experiences, benefits, and challenges, and analyzed the effects of ChatGPT on the quality and structure of writing. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used. Data were collected from 600 undergraduate students at the University of Basrah, College of Education in Qurna, English Department. Quantitative data came from a Likert-scale questionnaire, and qualitative data came from interviews and student-written papers. The two data types were analyzed separately and then combined to provide a full understanding of ChatGPT use. Results show that most students view ChatGPT positively. They use it to improve clarity, grammar, and organization. Differences appeared based on gender and prior experience. Students also reported challenges, including plagiarism risks, over-reliance, inaccurate references, repetitive language, and repeated ideas or structures. ChatGPT improved paper structure but did not always enhance originality or depth. These findings highlight both the benefits and limitations of ChatGPT in academic writing. The study provides insights for teachers and curriculum designers to guide students in using AI responsibly. It shows that ChatGPT can support writing but requires careful use to maintain accuracy, originality, and critical thinking.

Literature has long been used to discuss and reflect on societal, religious, and cultural values. The story of Amal Mohamed Nasrullah Abdel-Hakim, a young Muslim Australian girl who always wears a headscarf, is told in Randa Abdel-Fattah\'s 2005 book \"Does My Head Look Big in This?\" .It examines how Islamic principles are demonstrated, negotiated, and lived in the modern Western world by reading this book. The problem of this study is reflected through the hidden ideologies that are used to reflect either good images or bad images about Islam. The gap is clearly manifested because there is no study that addresses the same topic within the same book..
This article\'s objective is to examine how \"Does My Head Look Big in This?\" demonstrates Islamic principles via its themes, character development, and narrative structure. The book discusses Islamophobia, cultural misunderstanding, and the formation of teenage identity in addition to discussing key Islamic values like justice (Adl), humility (ḥayā’), honesty (ikhlāṣ), patience (ṣabr), and compassion (raḥma). The data are analyzed depending on van Dijk’s model (1980). This model present two aspects to analyze the data. The first one is the micro and the second is macro analysis. The results of the study show that the principles of Islam are reflected positively.

This study seeks to investigate the production, operation, and legitimisation of colonial power in James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans (1826) through a Foucauldian postcolonial discourse analysis. It addresses a significant scholarly gap by examining how narrative form, spatial representation, and character relations act as technologies of governance, a dimension often marginalised in thematic and ideological readings. The research aims to reveal how the novel embeds colonial governmentality within literary structure and to expose the microphysics of imperial control that shape its moral and political vision. Methodologically, it adopts a qualitative textual analysis informed by Foucault’s six interconnected concepts—disciplinary power, surveillance, normalisation, power/knowledge, biopolitics, and governmentality—together with postcolonial insights from Mbembe, Stoler, Bhabha, and Said. The findings demonstrate that Cooper’s frontier functions as a surveillance grid, its discipline constructs docile and governable subjects, and its biopolitical logic sanctions racial elimination and settler futurity. These mechanisms collectively expose the novel as a script of colonial rationality rather than a neutral adventure romance. The study contributes a replicable Foucauldian-postcolonial model for analysing how nineteenth-century American fiction participated in the historical formation of modern colonial authority.

The present study investigates the stylistic boundaries between algorithmic aesthetics in AI-generated poetry and the established traditions of human-authored verse. Drawing on frameworks from stylistics (Leech & Short, 2007; Burke, 2014) and posthumanist literary theory (Hayles, 1999; Braidotti, 2013), the research critically examines how generative language models particularly OpenAI’s GPT-4 and Google’s Gemini 1.5 produce poetic texts that mimic, subvert, or innovate upon human literary conventions. A corpus of 100 poems was compiled, consisting of 50 AI-generated texts and 50 works by contemporary poets such as Ocean Vuong, Warsan Shire, and Ada Limón, selected for their experimental and boundary-pushing stylistic tendencies. The analysis employed both quantitative stylistic tools (keywords, collocation networks, and lexical density measures using AntConc and Stylo) and qualitative analysis, focusing on metaphor, imagery, rhythm, and intertextuality. Findings reveal that while AI-generated poetry often replicates surface-level stylistic markers such as the dense metaphorical layering characteristic of Shire or the fragmented narrative structures of Vuong it struggles with thematic cohesion, emotional authenticity, and pragmatic nuance. Nevertheless, in certain cases, algorithmic texts exhibited unexpected aesthetic innovation, particularly in their combinatorial manipulation of intertextual references, echoing Kristeva’s (1986) notion of “textual mosaics.” This tension between mimicry and innovation raises critical questions about authorship, creativity, and the ontology of literature in the digital age. The study concludes that AI’s algorithmic aesthetics do not replace human creativity but rather expand the stylistic horizon, positioning machines as collaborators rather than competitors in the evolving landscape of poetic authorship.

The semantics and pragmatics interaction refers to the connection between the literal and contextual meaning of language, with particular emphasis on sentence meaning (semantics) as it interacts with the speaker's intention and situational context (pragmatics). The interface between pragmatics and semantics has been the focus of the current paper, especially the nature of the context-sensitive expressions in natural language. The current research paper aims to investigate the constraints of formal semantics, which traditionally focus on such aspects as truth value and compositionality, to sufficiently reflect the dynamic and context-sensitive nature of linguistic expressions. To achieve this aim, a hypothesis is set to show whether or not having a good understanding of both formal semantics and pragmatics, students can be expected to be good in their interpretation of all forms of context-sensitive expressions, regardless of their complexity and context-dependence. The investigation was carried out with 15 MA students from different Iraqi universities, and they were supposed to possess a good knowledge of formal semantics, pragmatics, and linguistics. The primary data collection instrument for this study is a Google Form, which includes a test focused on five types of context-sensitive expressions, including indexicals, deictic expressions, epistemic modals, anaphora, and attitudinal expressions, by sending it via WhatsApp. The findings show that the students scored highest with indexical expressions (51.1%), which indicates that they feel comfortable with such expressions that have their meaning directly related to the immediate context, something that fits well within the clear-cut lines of formal semantics. Epistemic modals (46.7% used in more contextual interpretation) and attitudinal expressions (40% used in more contextual interpretation) showed lower success rates, demonstrating the difficulty of integrating formal semantic knowledge and using pragmatic relation. The most challenging ones were anaphora (33.3%) and deictic expressions (24%), as they are very context-dependent phenomena, including the discourse and situational awareness. These results demonstrate that while students had a strong foundation in formal semantics, the complexities of interpreting context-sensitive expressions highlight the difficulty of navigating the interface between formal semantics and pragmatics, where contextual factors and speaker intentions play a significant role. The study ends with some recommendations for further studies

An anthology of translated Iraqi Arabic literature is vital because it highlights the crucial role of translators in making Iraqi literature accessible to the world. Translators convey not just the words but also the context of Iraqi poetry, short stories, and novels. By compiling the translated literary works of Iraqi poets, short story writers and novelists, such an anthology showcases the diversity of Iraq’s literature in other languages, including English. This collection showcases the diversity of Iraq’s literature, encompassing shared translators, authors, literary genres, and years of translation. Collecting the translated Arabic language literature of Iraq into English, including novels, short stories and poetry, by non-native translators of Arabic, is the main purpose of this research. It will alphabetically list 52 translators who have translated 125 literary works of 51 Iraqi Arabic literary writers into English from the invasion of Iraq in 2003 until 2025. The main aim of this research is to create a cohesive reading experience regarding the existence of Iraqi translated literature in English. A further purpose is to choose non-native Arabic language translators to highlight the role that translators play in reaching a Western audience and culture and bringing Iraqi literature and its authors to a wider audience. The main research questions for this research paperare as follows: Who are the translators that are mostly translating Iraqi literature? Who are the authors attracting more attention and getting their literature translated? Which literary genre has received particular attention from translators? Which years have seen the highest rates of translation into English? And has there been a gradual increase in the amount of translated Iraqi Arabic literature by non-natives into English or not? The current research paper concludes that the answers are as follows: William M. Hutchins as a translator and Najem Wali as an author witnessed the highest rate; the translation of short stories as a genre; and 2007, 2013 and 2025 respectively as years.

This study evaluates translating legal documents in general and commercial texts “contracts”(2) in particular before the re-correction (i.e., editing) process performed by sworn translators(3) at Basrah Federal Appeal Court, with the aim of assessing the quality of the translated texts. Legal translators play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of translations in the legal field. By assessing the initial translations of commercial contracts done by sworn translators at Basrah Federal Appeal Court, the study aims to identify common issues and challenges faced by translators in this field. The findings will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the translation process and suggest ways to improve the quality of legal translations