Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences

The Bubble Deck slab is an innovative construction technique
that incorporates spherical plastic voids inside concrete slabs
to diminish self-weight while preserving structural integrity.
This technology reduces the amount of material used by a
significant amount by carefully replacing non-structural
concrete with voids, which results in cost savings and
improved sustainability. The production of bubble deck slabs,
their design principles, benefits, drawbacks, and new
developments in their use are all covered in this review study.
Particular emphasis is placed on their role in modern
construction, highlighting their environmental benefits, ease of
installation, and structural performance compared to
conventional solid slabs. Additionally, the study also highlights
critical research areas, including the interaction between voids
and reinforcement, the slab’s behavior under static and
dynamic loading conditions, and its contribution to sustainable
building practices. Bubble Deck slabs help make concrete
production more sustainable by minimizing the total carbon
impact, improving load distribution, and decreasing
construction waste. Even with these limitations, recent
progress in material science and computational modeling has
strengthened their potential as a sustainable and efficient
substitute for standard reinforced concrete slabs. The use of
Bubble Deck technology is an important advancement in the
direction of structural systems that are more efficient in their
use of resources and that perform better, as construction
practices continue to develop toward more environmentally
friendly solutions.

Bitumen is a standard material for road infrastructure that is black in
color, sticky, and thermoplastic in nature. It is well-known for its
many applications. Due to rising traffic, global warming, and the
constant introduction of new pavement varieties, forecasting road life
has become increasingly complex in recent years. At the same time, a
significant quantity of vehicle tires and waste engine oil (WEO) from
different cars are dumped into the environment as hazardous waste.
Additionally, it has been challenging to manage heavy metals and the
substantial costs associated with their sustainable treatment.
Therefore, this study looks at how Waste Engine Oil (WEO) and
Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) affect the characteristics of PEN60-70
asphalt binder. The asphalt binder has been subjected to several tests
at different temperatures due to the use of various concentrations of
CRM and WEO. To reduce the usage of virgin bitumen (VB) and make
bitumen a sustainable material, this study investigates modified
bitumen using a waste crumb rubber modifier (CRM) combined with
WEO. These WEO concentrations (5% and 10%) and CRM
concentrations (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%) were used in the
characterization of modified bitumen, and then the characteristics of
virgin and modified bitumen were compared. According to the study,
adding WEO to CRM-modified binders reduces softening points by
increasing penetration, as well as viscosity and workability, while
CRM enhances rutting resistance. Nevertheless, the incorporation of
WEO has a detrimental effect on the binder's ability to resist rutting.
The study's findings also indicate that the use of WEO and CRM can
enhance the resilience of asphalt mixtures to low-temperature
cracking. According to the study's findings, adding WEO to co-modify
CRM binders significantly reduced their softening point and viscosity
values, making them easier to work with. Ultimately, the modified
asphalt was found to exhibit positive rheological and physical
modifications in the bitumen.

The annular geometry with inner cylinder eccentricity and rotation is significant in many thermal and engineering fields, particularly with non-Newtonian fluid flows. A numerical analysis examines the effects of rotation and eccentricity of the inner cylinder on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids within annular geometry under developing steady laminar flow. The computational model simulates non-Newtonian annular flow using a power-law viscosity model for generalized Reynolds numbers (100 ≤ Reg ≤ 1000), flow behavior index (0.2 ≤ n ≤ 0.8), and Taylor number Ta = 104 with radius ratio r* = 0.5. The simulation employs hydraulic and thermal boundary conditions, including an adiabatic outer cylinder and a constant temperature at the inner rotating cylinder, while the outer cylinder remains stationary. Results show that axial flow at n = 0.2 exhibits lower flow resistance and enhances convective transport compared to higher n = 0.8, especially for the concentric case (ε = 0). However, increasing eccentricity from The ε = 0.2 to ε = 0.6 range alters the heat transfer behavior, with n = 0.8 yielding the highest Nusselt numbers at ε = 0.6, due to the strong secondary flows and intensified local acceleration in the narrow gap. These outcomes reveal that heat transfer enhancement is not solely governed by flow resistance but is also influenced by secondary flows, boundary layer stability, and localized acceleration effects.

The flow rate of water in a pipeline system significantly affects
hydraulic efficiency, water quality, and infrastructure durability. This
study examines flow velocity distribution in the water distribution
network of Ramadi City, Iraq, using advanced modeling techniques
with WaterGEMS and GIS. The field data was analyzed to identify areas
with low flow velocities, which can cause sediment buildup and
bacterial growth. Our findings show that about 28.57% of the network
has velocities below 0.5 m/s, indicating limited connections and higher
pressure in these pipelines. Meanwhile, 48.98% of the network
operates within the optimal range of 0.5 to 2.0 m/s, while 22.45%
exceeds 2.0 m/s, which can lead to pressure loss and pipe
deterioration. Low average daily demand results in moderate flow
speeds in some pipelines, increasing the risk of stagnation and
negatively impacting water quality. Maintaining adequate flow rates is
crucial for protecting water quality and ensuring efficient operations.
This study highlights how integrating GIS with WaterGEMS can
improve the assessment of water distribution infrastructure issues.

Uncontrolled garbage disposal related to urban settings can be
extremely harmful to the health of individuals as well as the
environment. This paper proposes the construction of an
intelligent surveillance system based on the YOLOv5 object
detection model and an ultra-convolutional net (U-Net), which
we will call (YOLOv5-U-Net model), capable of monitoring
waste management facilities in real-time through image
processing and artificial intelligence. An illustration of an
intelligent surveillance system is provided in the following
statement. Besides identifying different categories of garbage
and possible risks to public health, the system can also identify
situations of unsuitable accumulation of waste. For that
purpose, to ensure that local authorities will act in due time,
the framework integrates several technologies, including
object detection algorithms, classification networks as well as
real-time warning systems. It is through the amalgamation of
these technologies. Testing of the prototype has elicited an
outcome; that accuracy related to waste categorization has
increased, while reaction times have decreased, all discovered
due to prototype examination. Implementation of this strategy
does not only increase the linkage between environmental
monitoring as well as protection of public health but also gives
some help in promoting a conscious urban development, right
through ensuring health.

Urban traffic congestion remains a pressing challenge in Erbil,
particularly at signalized intersections where delays contribute
to fuel consumption, emissions, and commuter frustration.
This study presents a calibrated microsimulation model using
PTV VISSIM to replicate field-measured control delays at a key
intersection in Erbil. Field data were collected through videobased
observations and analyzed to establish baseline
performance. The simulation was calibrated using manual
adjustments to driver behavior and signal timing parameters,
constrained by the student version of the software. The model’s
accuracy was evaluated through statistical comparison with
field data. Results showed a strong correlation (R = 0.938) and
a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.879), indicating that
nearly 88% of the variation in simulated delay could be
explained by observed conditions. Error metrics further
supported the model’s reliability, with a root mean square
error (RMSE) of 7.31 seconds per vehicle, a mean absolute
error (MAE) of 5.92 seconds, and GEH statistics consistently
below 2, well within accepted thresholds for traffic modeling.
While the study was limited to a single intersection due to
software constraints, the findings offer practical insights for
traffic engineers and policymakers. Recommendations include
adopting adaptive signal control systems and integrating
intelligent transportation technologies to improve intersection
performance. Future research should expand the model to
multiple intersections, incorporate real-time data, and explore
environmental impacts. This study provides a localized, datadriven
foundation for improving urban mobility in Erbil
through simulation-based planning.

Heat transfer through porous media has gained considerable
interest in recent years due to its ability to enhance the thermal
performance in various engineering applications. There are
two key advantages of using porous materials. First, the
effective heat dissipation surface area is larger than that of
traditional solid fins, which intensifies convective heat
transfer. Second, the irregular motion of fluid around the
internal porous structure improves mixing, promoting greater
thermal uniformity by breaking the boundary layer and
generating vortices, while in contrast, there is a drop in the
pressure of the working fluid. This review provides a
structured overview of the developments in heat transfer
within porous media, focusing on two categories of working
fluids: conventional fluids and nanofluids. Each category is
further classified according to the flow regime involved:
natural, forced and mixed convection. For conventional fluids,
porous structures demonstrate considerable improvements in
Nusselt number and thermal efficiency in compact heat
exchangers and flow channels. For nanofluids, enhanced
thermal conductivity and the possibility of coupling with
magnetic fields (MHD) show promising results, especially
under forced and mixed convection conditions. The findings
from this review reveal that while both conventional and
nanofluid systems benefit from the use of porous media,
nanofluids exhibit superior heat transfer capabilities when
properly optimized. Additionally, the effectiveness of porous
media strongly depends on geometric properties, porosity,
flow regime, and thermal boundary conditions. This paper
offers a comparative understanding of these systems and
identifies potential directions for future research in advanced
thermal system design.

In this study, turbulent flow and heat transfer in a twodimensional
channel equipped with adiabatic circular
turbulators were investigated both experimentally and
numerically for Reynolds numbers of 2000, 3000, 4000, and
5000. Three turbulator configurations were considered,
involving one, two, and three identical turbulators, each with a
diameter of D = 3 mm and a uniform spacing of SL = 30 mm,
positioned at the channel centerline. The governing continuity,
momentum, and energy equations were discretized using the
finite volume method and solved iteratively using the SIMPLE
algorithm. Turbulence effects were modeled using the low-
Reynolds-number k–ε turbulence model. The influence of
Reynolds number and turbulator count on the friction factor,
average Nusselt number, entropy generation, and
hydrothermal performance factor was analyzed. Results
revealed that increasing the number of turbulators
significantly enhances heat transfer and alters flow behavior.
Both the average Nusselt number, friction factor, and entropy
generation increased with turbulator number. The
configuration with three turbulators demonstrated the highest
hydrothermal performance, achieving a maximum
performance factor of approximately 1.58 at Re = 2000. The
numerical results showed good agreement with experimental
data, which also employed varying numbers of circular
turbulators.

This review article discussed power amplifiers in modern wireless transmission systems, clarifying the determinants and restrictions of the create of power amplifiers in 5G and beyond transmission systems. The important topics of power amplifier design were discussed, which included solid-state techniques contributing to building the basic building block of the amplifier, furthermore to techniques for building the electronic circuit topology, while clarifying the importance of techniques for improving efficiency and linearity. This paper contributed to highlighting optimization and manufacturing techniques, focusing on the determinants and advantages of each technology. And clarifying the research space for researchers with the aim of developing a power amplifier that is optimal for use in modern wireless communications systems.

The nonstop scaling of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-
Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) is considered a driving force in
semiconductor technology, allowing higher integration
densities, enhanced performance, and reduced power
consumption. However, fundamental challenges arise as device
dimensions shrink to the nanoscale, such as short-channel
effects, threshold voltage variation, leakage currents, and gate
oxide tunneling. This study critically surveys these scaling
limitations and shows potential solutions, such as high-k gate
dielectrics, metal gate integration, and novel device
architectures. Other transistor designs, including FinFETs,
Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, and emerging beyond-
CMOS devices, are assessed for their potential to extend
Moore’s Law. This study also addresses advancements in
materials, including two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors
and carbon-based nanostructures, that offer promising
substitutes to conventional silicon technology. Regardless of
these innovations, significant obstacles remain in achieving
fabrication, reliability, and cost-effectiveness at sub-5nm
nodes. This review paper provides insights into current
progress and future guide for nanoscale MOSFET development,
comprehensively assessing the challenges and opportunities in
next-generation transistor technology. The findings aim to
guide researchers and industry professionals toward
sustainable semiconductor scaling approaches.

This review presents a comprehensive study on composites with
particular interest in various synthesis techniques, advanced
characterizations, and wide industrial applications. The survey
includes such time categories of composites as polymer matrix
(PMCs), metal matrix (MMCs), ceramic matrix carbides (CMCs), and
nanocomposites, and describes the mechanical behavior and the
advantages of their structural performance.
The paper focuses on the development of fundamental
manufacturing processes such as hand lay-up, filament winding, and
additive manufacturing. It also describes different techniques of
characterization of the thermal, mechanical, and electrical
properties of them.
Interest in the use of nanocomposites is also increasing due to their
high surface area and excellent performance, which could be
suitable for high-temperature and light engineering applications.
Moreover, this review highlights the industrial relevance of
composites, which have been extensively utilized in aerospace,
automobile, marine, and civil infrastructure applications. It also
solves key recyclability and environmental sustainability
challenges. Finally, the paper highlights transient progress in
composites as a fundamental material of new generation highperformance
technologies and identifies some research gaps, but
possible ways for progress towards sustainable innovation.

This paper deals with the behaviour of waste pozzolanic
materials, such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA) and burnt brick powder
(BBP)-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) under a repeated
freezing and thawing cycles. The study focuses on the impact
of curing regimes (24 h, 48 h, 7 d and 28 d) and exposure to 25
and 35 F–T cycles on the mechanical and durability
characteristics of GPC. In recent literature, analytical and
numerical work has shown that micro-crack evolution and
interconnected pores dictate the degradation of strength under
cyclic freezing but limited experimental data are available for
waste-based GPC systems. The concretes were mixed into
specimen and cured at 60 °C in an oven for 24 h and tested
according to standard F–T testing (ASTM C666). It was found
that the loss in strength up to 35 cycles did not go beyond 18
%, and residual compressive strength was higher than 80 % of
original one, passing durability criteria according to ASTM
C666 or EN 12390-9. The relationship between the strengths
in compression and tensile strength, both of F–T aged and
natural samples, were roughly linear (R² ≈ 0.85). Deeper
potassium hydroxide activation and the enrichment of RHA
and BBP in the AC enhanced the porosity while decreasing the
mass yields, as compared with previous results. These findings
demonstrate the potential uses of waste-based geopolymer
concretes as environmentally friendly and frost-resistant
substitutes for ordinary Portland cement in construction in
sub-arctic environment.

This paper investigates ultimate strength of lightweight concrete
specimens: cubes, cylinders, and prisms wrapped by different layers
CFRP respect to several curing periods. The specimens were prepared
and tested under compressive and flexural loading at the ages of 7 days
and 28 days with varying confinement levels (from unconfined; 0L to
double-layer of CFRP, i.e., 2L). The results showed that all three factors:
confinement level, specimen geometry and curing age had a significant
effect on both compressive strength as well as flexural strength.
Indigenous soft soil was wrapped with various CFRP wraps to study
the change in failure mode from brittle to ductile with an increase in
confinement and two-layer WR-CFRPs exhibited the maximum gains
in compressive and flexure—up to 48% compressive, 380% of
flexural strength when compared with unconfined specimens.
Cylindrical samples prove always more pronounced strengthening
effect than cubes, probably because of having a more even stress field
and less influence to the corner effects. Besides, the confinement effect
became more significant when specimens were left to cure for 28days,
highlighting initiation of concrete maturity requirement for best CFRP
development. The findings indicated that early-age confinement (7-
day, 2L) achieved strength equal or superior to shear-critical fully
cured unconfined specimens, and confirmed the potential of CFRP in
emergency repair and retrofitting. However, the ultimate strengths
were the best when using both multi-layer CFRP confinement and full
curing. These results highlight the synergistic relationship between
geometry optimization, curing regimen and advanced fiber
reinforcements in enhancing the structural response of lightweight
concrete structure.

The basic correlation that determines the mechanical and hydraulic
characteristics of unsaturated soils is the Soil Water Characteristic
Curve (SWCC). Critical synthesis the present review brings forth the
latest developments in SWCC modeling, measurement and
application, with a more specific interest in determining the factors
that question the financial forecasting properties of current simple
models, especially with dynamic environmental circumstances. In
our analysis, we have found that current empirical models are
frequently ineffective because they lack the explicit ability to
integrate the complex/coupled nature of microstructural properties
(e.g., fractal geometry and nano-porosity) and compositional
differences (e.g., organic matter). More so, the synthesis shows that
there is a fundamental conflict in modeling, whereas the more
intricate a conventional empirical model gets, the less accurate it
becomes, whereas sophisticated data-driven methods such as Deep
Learning are much more effective at making predictions. As a
consequence, this review confirms that one of the main future
research needs should be the creation of coherent constitutive
models that will combine mechanistic controls (fractal theory) and
advanced AI prediction. Most importantly, the implications in
practice reveal that the neglect of such coupled considerations
directly compromises the validity of long-term geotechnical
performance forecasts, that is, in relation to slope stability and
foundation resilience to moisture changes caused by climate change.
The review gives the conclusion by recommending that laboratory
results should be immediately validated at a field scale to bring
together the gap between theory and engineering design.

Aluminum alloys are widely used in various industrial
applications due to their low weight and favorable mechanical
properties. Consequently, extensive research has been
conducted to further enhance these properties. In this study,
the Al-11%Si alloy was modified by adding varying amounts of
antimony (Sb) metal powder: (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 wt %),
to enhance the mechanical characteristics including the
tribological and tensile behavior. The mechanical properties of
the modified alloys were thoroughly evaluated. The optimal
mechanical performance was achieved with the addition of
0.3% and 0.4% Sb. The casting process involved melting a
measured amount of the Al-11%Si alloy at 720 °C in an electric
furnace. Antimony powder was then introduced into the melt,
which was stirred at 250 r.p.m. for 5 minutes at three stages to
form a vortex and ensure uniform dispersion of the modifier.
The melt temperature was carefully monitored and controlled
using a thermocouple before being poured into a carbon steel
mold. Several tests were conducted on the modified alloys,
including microstructural analysis, hardness, tensile strength,
surface roughness, and wear resistance assessments. The
addition of the antimony element (Sb) was found to
significantly refine the microstructure and transform the
morphology of silicon particles from a flake-like or lamellar
form to a more fibrous structure. Furthermore, Sb additions of
0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% wt improved micro hardness (Hv),
yield strength (YS), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), while
simultaneously reducing surface roughness (Ra) and wear-rate
(Wr).

5G networks aim to improve capacity, reliability, and energy
efficiency while reducing latency and increasing connection
density. A vital goal is enabling real time communication, which
demands extremely low latency, particularly within Dynamic
Cloud Radio Access Network (DC-RAN) architectures designed
for high coverage density. The FrontHaul (FH) link is a critical
component for achieving this, as different FH technologies
directly impact performance, latency and coverage in dense
areas. This paper focuses on latency budgeting within a DC—
RAN, analysing how FH technologies – millimetre wave
(mmWave), optical fiber; and Free Space Optics (FSO) – affect
overall End-to-End delay (E2E) and Round-Trip Time (RTT).
By calculating the propagation and processing delays for
various cell types, the analysis provides a comparative
performance evaluation. The key finding is that, while
processing delay dominates the total latency, the choice of FH
link significantly influences performance and practicality.
mmWave and FSO are suitable for short-range, dense
deployments, whereas optical fiber offers stable, low latency
over longer distances. Thus, the optimal FH selection depends
on specific network objectives, including coverage, density,
and weather conditions; toward meeting Ultra-Reliable Low-
Latency Communication (URLLC) targets

The paper concentrates on the latest developments in the
field of deep-learning-based image deblurring and
specifically, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and how
they are able to be used to deblur images. It discusses the
different forms of blur such as motion blur, out-of-focus blur,
and mixed blur and compares these methods under the basis
of blind and non-blind methods. The article sheds light on the
various architecture and model design, loss functions, and
performance indicators applied in image deblurring.
Moreover, it draws attention to the issues that are presently
observed in the sphere and gives possible path directions of
the future research. The review has condensed and
synthesized existing literature to provide a clear overview of
the current solutions in image deblurring and offers guidance
to the researchers on how to come up with the more precise,
efficient, and adaptive methods of deblurring. The
developments are meant to enhance the use of image
restoration techniques in practical applications and this will
lead to the quality and reliability of deblurring processes.