Hawlyat Al-Montada

This research, titled Tears of Love in pre-Islamic Poetry, undertakes a contemplative and meticulous examination of the phenomenon of weeping in pre-Islamic poetry, framing it as a sublime emotional state employed with profound humanity by the poet. While the presence of tears in poems of love (ghazal) and farewells is often acknowledged, scholarly analysis frequently fails to explore their function beyond simple sorrow. This study addresses this gap by arguing that, within the arid and arduous pre-Islamic setting, tears function metaphorically as an "oasis in a barren desert." Weeping is more than an emotional release; it is a complex symbolic act signifying the weeper's deep understanding of a transient life. The tear is a visible regret and an existential response to the loss of a fleeting moment, serving as a station of emotional replenishment before the poet departs into another form of desolation. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the significance of the tear within the poem's structure and its relationship to the overall text and the poetic image it inhabits.

This study examines the poetry of Dr. Abdul Hadi Al-Fartousi (may God have mercy on him) by examining political issues in their national and regional dimensions, as well as the social dimension, including the issues that plagued society. He attempts to shed light on these issues artistically, seeking to engage the reader in these issues.

This work deals with the study of the pragmatic linguistic approach, which aims to link the language system and the speaker's intention on the one hand, and the value of the speech achievement for the recipient on the other hand, by means of cognitive and cultural techniques in examining literary texts, especially poetry. It also aims to understand how the contemporary linguistic critic sees the clarification of cultural and cognitive differences that were the focus of interest of researchers in their beginnings. This aspect must have a prominent role in analyzing performative acts according to cultural and social contexts. Hence, the poetry of Sayyid al-Radi (may God have mercy on him) was chosen. Because of what the poet wrote and the linguistic energies and aesthetic artistic tools he possessed, he added to the features of the Abbasid poem a touch of aesthetic creativity and high artistic performance in terms of composition and style.

This study explores the interpretation of the preposition 'min' (مِن)—typically translated as 'from' within the Qur'anic context, revealing its role in constructing meaning from a cognitive semantic perspective. It employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, emphasizing that the meaning of this preposition cannot be understood in isolation from its linguistic and conceptual context. Rather, its meaning emerges through the speaker’s perspective and cognitive representation of concepts such as movement, separation, and departure. The research also reviews key theoretical concepts such as context, expression, and viewpoint, highlighting their impact on meaning formation within the cognitive structure of the text.
The study analyzes a range of traditional exegetical views that interpret "min" either through the notions of inclusion or alternation with other prepositions, and compares them with the cognitive perspective, which sees language as a reflection of mental and conceptual structures. It relies on selected Qur'anic examples to uncover the semantic depth and contextual diversity of this preposition. The research stresses the importance of maintaining the original structure of Qur'anic expression and avoiding interpretations that may compromise the precise use and intended meaning of the preposition. Ultimately, the study aims to offer a contemporary interpretive reading that integrates linguistic analysis with cognitive semantics, thereby deepening the understanding of the Qur'anic text and enriching the methodology of exegesis

The Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) is considered a scientific wealth. The scholars did not receive the attention of the scholars and the analysis in the depth it should be. Rather, the scholars focused on narrating the facts that the imam (peace be upon him) spent on wisdom and good advice.
Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is the oldest of his time, because he informed them of jurisprudence and assets, which are the conscience that gave him the ability to use his knowledge in the judiciary the most sincere use, and no doubt that meditation on his (peace) is a search for Islamic justice at its highest levels.
The right to appeal criminal sentences constitutes a fundamental procedural guarantee for the protection of the rights of the convicted defendant. There is no benefit to the guarantees that we have mentioned in advance if the defendant has no right to challenge the penal sentence against him.

The judiciary is a major task and a great message, and it is of importance to what does not reach the end in the procedural legislation, it is one of the means that lead to the realization of the right and the dissemination of justice along with the application thereof well. In order for the judiciary to achieve the goals of the legislator, its provisions must generate the conviction of those who see it, and feel reassured towards it. This can be only achieved via causation.
Causation is a clear, adequate and logical statement, for the real and legal arguments that prompted the court to pronounce judgments. The purpose of the legislator is to enforce the obligation to perform functions that are very important, including the function of causing the provisions through which the public interest can be maintained, as well as the preservation of the private interest and take it in a form characterized by real and legal safety, by urging judges to exert effort required and necessary attention, and fill the shortcomings in the issuance of criminal sentences.
In order for the causation to be a means to justify and convince the performance of the functions to be achieved by carrying out the process of imposing the commitment to it, it necessitates the actual and real presence in the folds of the criminal judgment, whether in the judgment paper or through the assignment to another document. In addition to the existence of causation, it must be fully adequate, the facts and other reasons should be presented in a manner that is not ambiguous and confusing, and should not depart from the mental and logical contexts, and lead to the result reached by the adequacy of the judge's reasoning in an acceptable and proper manner.

It is well known that a court ruling represents the truth, and its implementation means transforming it from theoretical reality to practical application. Since court rulings issued by the administrative judiciary are fundamentally based on the principle of legality, which the parties to the dispute must respect and ensure their implementation, the natural end of any court ruling is implementation. Implementation is the primary goal and original objective of filing a lawsuit.
The study concluded by stating the principle of mandatory implementation of administrative judiciary rulings, with a statement of the validity of the rulings issued by the judiciary, whether they are relative or absolute, and it showed the obstacles and impediments facing the implementation of those rulings, which reach the point of impossibility. The impossibility may be legal, represented by a legislative correction that gives the annulled administrative decision the characteristic of legitimacy, and the impossibility may be material, personal, or circumstantial.
Therefore, the study showed the modern trends adopted by comparative law, which are represented by compensation for the harm suffered by the injured party in whose favor the judgment was issued, with the legislator basing this on the theory of risks or equality in bearing burdens.
The researcher concluded with some proposals, the most important of which is expanding the powers of the administrative judge, by giving him the means that enable him to ensure the implementation of administrative judiciary rulings. The researcher also suggested to the legislator to specify a time period for implementing administrative rulings.

This research addresses the problem of the of means that protect the buyer in real estate sale contracts before the completion of the official registration process in the Iraqi real estate registry under the applicable laws (Iraqi Civil Law - and Resolution 1198), as the buyer is considered vulnerable to the seller’s refusal without the availability of effective legal tools that guarantee the stability of the transaction.
The research demonstrated the limitations of the existing judicial means, such as the suit for the difference between the two substitutes and the suit for ownership, in terms of their slowness and weak deterrent effect, in addition to the inability of the principle of compensation to achieve effective and prior protection .
The research sought to present two practical proposals within the Iraqi legal framework as preventative measures to protect property buyers. The first involves activating an irrevocable power of attorney when concluding an external contract to ensure that registration is completed despite the seller's withdrawal. The second involves granting the external contract an official certification by a notary public, with notification to the Real Estate Registration Department, as a temporary measure to protect buyers, inspired by the French and German systems. This is in addition to the legal rules and principles of Islamic Sharia in this regard .
The research relied on a comparative analytical approach to some extent, and addressed the laws in Egypt and some Arab countries, as well as the laws of France and Germany in documenting real estate sales contracts, and the rules and principles of Islamic law as presented above, in order to clarify ways to improve the means of protecting real estate buyers under Iraqi laws in a way that enhances the stability of transactions in the field of real estate sales.
Accordingly, the scientific research plan was divided into two sections, the first on: the reality of legal protection means for property buyers before official registration, and it included two requirements, the first on: the legal framework for property buyer protection means, and the second on: evaluating the effectiveness of legal protection means for property buyers, while the second section on: the possible preventive means to enhance the protection of property buyers and it included two requirements, the first on: the irrevocable agency, and the second on: documenting the external contract with a notary public.
The researcher used 45 sources, including: 7 legal and Sharia books, 13 academic scientific research, 1 master’s thesis, 13 Iraqi, Arab, French and German laws, 9 judicial decisions between Iraqi, Egyptian, French and German and 2 French sources.

Arabic linguistics is one of the three sciences that formed the science of (the principles of jurisprudence) and appeared in the linguistic discussions of the fundamentalists. The beginning was narrow in scope, then it expanded and appeared in the field of formulating concepts, formulating rules of work, and codifying meaning. The fundamentalists and linguists agreed on the concepts and tools, but the fundamentalists added new discussions of meaning that were not taken care of by linguists. The follower of the fundamentalist discussions finds that linguists and the fundamentalists started in close times, and perhaps the beginnings of the science of language were earlier by a short time. The science of fundamentals benefited from grammar, semantics, and rhetoric in the discussions of words and discussions of metaphor, and they participated in controlling definitions and concepts, and in tools such as generality, absoluteness, appearance, commonality, metaphor, truth, etc. The science of Usul al-Fiqh, through induction and scientific follow-up, added to the linguistic meaning and the data of benefiting from the context or the generality of the text and codified that data. We will follow this assumption in choosing a sample of the topics of Usul al-Fiqh and show the role of linguistic research and the addition to it from Usul al-Fiqh. The science of Usul al-Fiqh has gained a research advantage forward if it expands the scope of meaning and organizes what results from linguistic methods such as the condition and the question, and the literal meaning, and the comprehensiveness of meanings.

We find that the interpretation of the Quran among the common people preceded the interpretation of the Imamis, despite the fact that the Imami Imams lived among their companions. The reason for this is due to the political hardship that the Imams (peace be upon them) and their followers were subjected to. However, the dispute between the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates planted the seed for the emergence of the schools of scholarship surrounding Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). After the Buyid dynasty (334 AH) seized control of the Abbasid dynasty, the scholarly movement of the Twelver Shiites began, and this work continued for a period of (100 years). Twelver Shiite works appeared in all sciences, and we specifically focus on interpretation, as it is our field of work.
Among the Twelver Shiite exegetical works from the fifth century AH are: "Takhlis al-Bayan" by al-Sharif al-Radi (406 AH), "Nafa'is al-Ta'wil" by al-Sharif al-Murtada (436 AH), and "al-Tibyan" by al-Tusi (460 AH). In addition, there are the interpretive opinions of Sheikh al-Mufid (413 AH) and al-Sharif al-Murtada (436 AH), which are scattered throughout their works. As for the interpretive output of rational sciences among the general Muslims, it includes (philosophy, logic, and theology), and these sciences [with the exception of theology, which arose among Islamic circles] were introduced into the Arabic language as a result of the translation that took place in the first Abbasid era in (154 AH) and after approximately, after it had depended on the transmitted sciences (the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and language) in understanding the Qur’anic texts.

The research deals with the study in book “Jāmi‘ Aḥādīth al-Shī‘a fī Aḥkām al-Sharī‘a” (Collection of Shia Hadiths on the Rulings of Sharia), as well as aspects of the life of Agha Hussein Tabatabai al-Boroujerdi, who called for the composition of the book and supervised its collection, correction, arrangement, and organization.
The research explores brief aspects of the life of Sayyid Hussein al-Boroujerdi, one of the great Shia scholars and a prominent marja‘ (authority in religious emulation). He became the leader of the Shia seminary after the death of Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani in 1365 AH, and remained so until his own death in 1380 AH (may God sanctify his soul). He also supervised the composition of the book.
Al-Boroujerdi’s leadership of the seminary contributed significantly to its flourishing during his era. Hundreds of students attended his advanced studies, including Sayyid Khomeini, Abdul Jawad Isfahani, and other prominent figures.
He also worked to establish Dar al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyya (The Center for Rapprochement Between Islamic Schools of Thought) and encouraged dialogue between scholars of different sects. Additionally, he sent envoys on his behalf to spread Islamic awareness in the West, America, and Africa, and to counter Christian missionary efforts aimed at distorting the teachings and image of Islam.
Al-Boroujerdi was distinguished by his scholarly innovations. Among them was his call to compile a comprehensive collection of Shia hadiths. In doing so, he relied mainly on Wasa’il al-Shi‘a, Mustadrak al-Wasa’il, and the Four Major Shia Books, in addition to dozens of other Shia jurisprudential hadith sources.
The research adopts a descriptive approach to highlight aspects of Sayyid al-Boroujerdi’s life and to introduce the book Jāmi‘ Aḥādīth al-Shī‘a.

This hadith collection is preferred over all other Shia hadith compilations due to its excellent classification, organization, and structure — a view supported by prominent scholars such as Mirza al-Istarabadi, Ja‘far Subḥani, Muhammad Asif, and Muhammad Reza al-Musawi al-Golpaygani.
The book Jāmi‘ Aḥādīth al-Shī‘a is considered the jewel of Shia hadith collections for its organization and rich content. It is sufficient for jurists, making other jurisprudential hadith compilations largely unnecessary

Since the Ussr Collapsed in 1989-1990, The USA faces many Challenges due to the economic struggle in the internal duties, and what the world looking forward to the victorious leader state. The problems can be expressed in three major categories: First؛financial crisis= inflation, GDP, jobless, medical care, Education…. Second؛ World Government Role= EU under the USA policy as the Nato or a new economic and military role, Russia and The Nato expansions in old Soviet orbit and the Russian red lines. Third؛ Creating the New Justified enemy for the military budgets and the propaganda and marketing of the aggressive threat the Green enemy (Islamic) instead of the Red enemy (communist). these pages will detect the steps that the USA holding and solving these three categories, especially in Clinton presidential Period. What’s the measure he took to reviving the economy, to dominate the EU foreign policy as a USA proxy under the Nato, and the way he creates the green enemy after a year of using them in combating the communist.

Palestine was under Ottoman rule when Jews began migrating there at the end of the nineteenth century. Ashkenazi Jews coming from Eastern and Western Europe played a prominent role in these migrations, not only in terms of numbers but also in shaping the economic and political structure of the Zionist movement.
This research aims to provide a historical and analytical study of the economic role left by Ashkenazi Jews in Palestine during the late Ottoman era and throughout the British Mandate up to the end of 1939, against the backdrop of the global economic crisis and the rise of Nazism. The study raises several questions: Why did Ashkenazi Jews emigrate from Eastern Europe? Why was Palestine chosen over other destinations? Did European countries and Britain play a role in strengthening the economic position of Ashkenazi Jews? What was the economic impact of Ashkenazi Jews on Palestine and the Zionist movement? These and other questions are addressed through three main chapters: the first outlines the theoretical and historical framework of Ashkenazi Jewish migration to Palestine; the second examines European and British support for Ashkenazi Jewish economic projects in Palestine; and the third analyzes the economic policies of Ashkenazi Jews in Palestine, followed by a conclusion that presents the main findings, and a bibliography of key Arabic and foreign sources, as well as contemporary articles and newspapers relevant to the period of study.
It appears from the foregoing that the Ashkenazi Jews played a fundamental economic and political role in the immigration to Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. What distinguished them was their expertise in trade, industry, agriculture, and financial services. The financial support provided by Zionist organizations such as the Jewish National Fund and the Jewish Agency to Ashkenazi Jews in Europe and North America—whether through donations or investment in settlement projects—contributed to the establishment of banks such as Bank Leumi and Keren Hayesod, which were responsible for organizing immigration, distributing land, and coordinating economic activity, in addition to developing modern agriculture, labor organization, and education.
The Ashkenazim established an integrated financial system to support their economic projects and to build a semi-closed Jewish economy that was separate from the surrounding Arab economy through the policy of “Hebrew labor.” This came alongside the weakening of the Palestinian Arab economy, supported by European and British backing of the economic projects run by Zionist institutions established by the Ashkenazim in Palestine since the First Aliyah..

This study is based on the treatment of Al-Muqtataf magazine, one of the most prominent scientific, intellectual and cultural magazines in the Arab world, on the subject of the dialectic of East and West. The study sought to track and monitor the journalistic representations formed by the magazine on the relationship between East and West, as the former is a field of identity, heritage and authenticity, and the latter is a measure of progress, modernization and creativity, especially since the magazine witnessed the end of the Ottoman Empire and followed the details of World War I (1914-1918 AD) and maintained the level of follow-up in World War II (1939-1945 AD) and worked hard to draw the structural transformations in modern Arab thought. The study relies on two methods: the first is the historical method, which is capable of tracking historical contexts and publishing them at specific times, and the descriptive analytical method through which the mechanisms of discourse presented by the magazine in its confrontation with the subject of the dialectic of East and West were monitored and dismantled. The study revealed that Al-Muqtataf magazine, from its inception until its disappearance, sought to provide a balanced journalistic treatment. It sees that Western civilization has negatives and positives, while at the same time calling for Reforming the eastern interior at all levels, and from its discourse we can see that the magazine succeeded in following a policy of moderation and selecting what is good and appropriate to the Arab soil from customs, traditions and modernization methods while emphasizing the (local identity) and (the globality of knowledge).

This study aims to identify the life of the political life Abdullah Abdul Majeed and its political evaluations in Yemen 1934-1979, to highlight this important historical period, from the history of contemporary Yemen, and the study has been used to use the historical research approach and an analysis To the content and objectives of their results and objectives, the study and the study on an introduction, conclusion and four axes, dealt with the problem of the study, its importance and objectives, and ensured the first axis first phase of the life of Abdullah al-Assam, and allocated the second axis for its political role in The struggle against colonialism in southern Yemen either the third axis owed his political efforts in northern Yemen, while eating the fourth and

The research aims to: study the relationship between moral thinking and the Big Five personality factors, a field study on a sample of teenage girls in the city of Mosul.
The research belongs to the descriptive research, in which the researcher relied on the descriptive approach and the psychological survey method. The study sample represented secondary school students in the city of Mosul. The research sample amounted to (407) female students, who were chosen randomly from the research community, with (4) secondary schools on the right side of the city of Mosul.
The researcher constructed the moral reasoning scale based on theoretical frameworks and previous studies that addressed the research topic, in addition to using the Big Five Personality Factors Scale prepared by (Costa and McCrae, 1992), which was translated into Arabic by "Badr Mohammed Al-Ansari". After verifying the apparent validity of the scale by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators specialized in psychology, in addition to verifying the factorial, discriminant and construct validity, in addition to discrimination indicators, reviewing the relative reliability of the scale and extracting its reliability using the retest method and Cronbach's alpha method. After that, the researcher applied the two scales to the basic research sample, and the data were processed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program. The study concluded that:
There is a significant correlation between moral reasoning styles and each of the following Big Five personality factors (extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) at the 0.01 level, compared to no significant correlation between the components of the moral reasoning scale and neuroticism.
There is a negative correlation between neuroticism and (emotional balance and unconditional self-acceptance), compared to no significant correlation between moral reasoning styles (optimism, acceptance of others, personal responsibility, and self-satisfaction) and neuroticism as a component of the Big Five personality factors.
There is a statistically significant correlation between extroversion and the dimensions of moral reasoning (optimism, emotional balance, acceptance of others, personal responsibility, unconditional self-acceptance, and self-satisfaction) at the 0.01 level.
There is a statistically significant correlation between openness to experience and the dimensions of moral reasoning (emotional balance, acceptance of others, personal responsibility, unconditional self-acceptance, and self-satisfaction) at the 0.01 level.
There is astatistically significant relationship between acceptability and the dimensions of ethical thinking (acceptance of others, personal responsibility, self-satisfaction, unconditional self-acceptance, optimism, and emotional balance) at a significance level of 0.01.
There is a statistically significant relationship between conscientiousness, as a component of the Big Five personality factors, and the dimensions of ethical thinking (emotional balance, unconditional self-acceptance, personal responsibility, self-satisfaction, and optimism) at a significance level of 0.01, with the exception of the dimension (acceptance of others).

This paper investigates the complicated interaction among utopian aims and dismal facts through the context of Iraqi immigration, as shown in Samuel Shimon's An Iraqi in Paris (2005) and Sinan Antoon's The Novel of Collateral Damage (2016). Its analysis endeavors to examine and claim new life of immigration concerning negotiating cultures. It uses theoretical frameworks from postcolonial studies, diaspora concept, and trauma studies (e.g., Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Lauren Berlant) to explore how those narratives deal with displacement, identity, reminiscence, and belonging. Each book displays that, at the same time as migration is initially conceived as a path closer to an idealistic values as utopia but the illuminated issues exhibit completely diverse. It often culminates fragmented and burdened "dystopia." This investigation offers light on the complexities of immigrant experiences and their depiction in modern literature. The methodology using around this study is a close reading critical textual analysis and comparative approach.

The study aims to investigate the types of metonymies encountered in Iraqi Arabic in accordance with the cognitive theory of linguistics. Besides, it also seeks to explore the functions of those types as well, drawing on the data at hand. Ideally, all informants were involved in natural conversations, but individually. The conversations were being recorded and then decontextualized into written forms. Yet, the selected utterances are randomly taken from various lengthy conversations and are analyzed according to an eclectic model. The study has shown that the types of conceptual metonymy are alike in English as well as in Iraqi Arabic and that they have exhibited multifunctional purposes.

This study included to evaluate the quality of main river water for irrigation uses. Water samples were collected from six different locations along the river, namely Al-Kafel, Al-Abasia, Al-Kufa, Al-Manadra, Al-Meshkhab and Al-Qadesia on 12/10/2024. Samples were collected from the sites on the same day, placed in plastic bottles, sealed tightly and brought directly to the laboratory to test total hardness, turbidity , temperature, potential of hydrogen , Electrical conductivity , Dissolved oxygen (O2), total suspended solids , sulfur , iron Sodium and potassium ions . The dissolved O2 values ranged from 8.5 to 8.7 mg /l . Turbidity results showed that its values in all locations of the main river were higher than the critical limit allowed for all determinants, whether Iraqi or international (Table 1 and 2).

Table 1 Ghliem (1997) guide for irrigation water in Iraq based on EC , SAR ratio, boron B concentration and chloride ion activity Cl.

This study explores the utilization of educational games and their effects on the development of learning skills among primary school students aged 6 to 8 years in both public and private schools in Basra. In an era where traditional teaching methods struggle to engage a generation accustomed to the fast-paced interaction of digital media, this research addresses the challenges educators face in maintaining student motivation and attention. The study is rooted in the context of the primary education sector in Basra, which is characterized by limited resources in governmental schools and a socio-economic landscape that often prioritizes immediate economic needs over long-term educational goals.
Drawing on the Engagement Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this research emphasizes the importance of integrating play-based learning strategies into early childhood education. Through a stratified sampling technique, a sample of approximately 200 students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds were selected to examine how educational games can bridge the engagement gap and support cognitive development in a digital age.
This study examined the challenges faced by pupils in Basra's government and private schools, particularly regarding engagement and technological integration. It revealed a strong link between teachers' experiences, and obstacles such as overcrowded classrooms, inadequate infrastructure, and socio-economic disparities, which hinder the use of educational games. To address these issues, a multifaceted approach is needed to enhance teachers’ capabilities as well as to improve resources. By leveraging technology and fostering collaboration, educators can create a dynamic learning environment that supports children's development in Basra.