JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

The dyes Azo have a lengthy history and are a vital part of our daily lives. There are numerous potentials uses for these substances and their derivatives in various industries and environmental and biological research. In this study conversion of various azo compounds into other derivatives, complexes, and polymers was accomplished. This review included examining the chemistry reactions, synthesis, and applications of azo dye ligands and their complexes, mentioned spectral, analytical, thermal, and morphology methods of investigation, and confirmed by mass fragment mechanisms for some azo dyes and metal complexes. One of the aims of this review is to explain the role of these azo dye derivatives and the effect of metal complexes on leather which exhibits high light fastness, wash fastness, and rubbing fastness. The interaction of DNA has also been achieved. New metal complexes (Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II) azo ligands derived from 4-amino antipyrine and 4-aminoacetophenone are reported. The nature of the compounds has been studied followed by methods of continuous contrast, Beer's law, and molar ratio. Analytical methods and spectra revealed the octahedral geometry of the complexes. The azo dye ligand and its metal (II) complexes possess appreciable microbial activities. Novel heterocyclic compounds and its complexes have been investigated. The relationship between the HOMO-LUMO gap and antibacterial activity was investigated computationally. Improved understanding of binding mechanisms was shown by the comparative molecular docking investigations. This review demonstrated the utilization of the polycrystalline Zn (II) metal complex as a sensitizer in organic dye-sensitized solar cells. Quinolinyl-azo-naphthol (HL) is a selective turn-on chemosensor for Al3+ in the presence of other ions, exhibiting a 750-fold rise in emission at 612 nm following activation at visible light (537 nm). The reported limit of detection (LOD) for the 3σ technique is 0.69 nM. During this review it was proven that the effective production of palladium nanoparticles with guar gum as a stabilizer and their use as a catalyst in reduction processes and azo dye degradation. The investigation describing and assessing thiazolyl azo ligand complexes with specific metal ions has been presented.( Zn (II), Cu (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) ) complexes with azo ligands generated from metoclopramide hydrochloride were examined for their industrial and biological applications in cotton fabric dyeing, as well as for light and cleaner firmness. Additionally, the evaluation of the ligand and their complexes' antimicrobial and antifungal capabilities revealed that the ZnL molecule had the strongest antibacterial activity. The application characteristics of thiophene-derived dispersion dyes complexed with Zn, Cu, and Co metal on (polyester and Nylon 6.6), showed good to excellent light fastness, good to excellent wash fastness, excellent fastness to perspiration and sublimation, and good levelness on both materials with varying shades of brown and violet. The azo benzoic acid ligand derived from 2,4-dimethylphenol and 4-aminobenzoic acid has been identified by several spectroscopic methods and has been used as dispersion dyes on cotton textiles to test the antibacterial properties of the chemicals generated against a range of bacteria and fungus. Each primed complex has been proposed to have a tetrahedral geometrical structure for the obtained datum. There have been reports on the use of azo dyes in combination with nickel and its uses in dye-sensitized solar cells. Ten complexes of metals including Zn (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Ni (II), and Co (II) as well as Phloroglucinol and antipyrine were used to create two unique azo-colorants, which were isolated and examined using a variety of techniques, wool, polyamide, and poly acetate fibers exhibit coloristic activity toward H3L1 and H3L2 as well as their metal complexes, demonstrating their strong resistance to UV radiation. Both in static and dynamic settings, the H3L2 compound exhibited a good sorption activity towards heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions of trace concentrations. A particular combination of selected transition metal ions is complexed with the azo compound, which is obtained from the (2-hydroxy quinoline: synthesis, characterization, thermal analysis, and antioxidant activity). These compounds' reactive oxygen entity degradation was evaluated with the DPPH radical and subsequently compared to gallic acid, a standard naturally occurring antioxidant. Finally, this review explains the metal chelates of the azo dye derivative sulfafurazole through synthesis, structure confirmation, molecular docking simulation, antibacterial, anticancer, and application in bioinorganic chemistry.

In this study gold nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemistry method. The source of gold is HAuCl4 and D- glucose sugar used as a reducing agent and tri sodium citrate used as masking agent. The prepared gold nanoparticles were used to remove the lead ion from the contaminated aqueous solutions. The prepared gold nanoparticles were identified through Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The TEM images showed that the average diameters of gold nanoparticles ranged from 50-90 nm and dynamic light scattering (DLS) represented by zeta potential and zeta sizer analyzer device used to examine the stability and size distribution of gold nanoparticles. The plasmon resonance band for gold nanoparticles was found in the wavelength 530 nm. Various conditions affecting the adsorption process were studied, such as equilibrium time, temperature, acidity function and initial concentration of lead ion. Adsorption increases with increasing temperature, meaning that the reaction is endothermic. The adsorption isotherms of Langmuir and Freundlich were also studied. The Langmuir equation was the most applicable to the studied system. The thermodynamic studies showed that the removal process was spontaneous, and positive values of ΔS indicate for increasing in randomness.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated condition that infects most adult women, causing various health problems in the reproductive system. So, the current research was performed to estimate and evaluate the oxidative stress caused by this syndrome by measuring the levels of enzymatic antioxidants and trace elements. The blood serum was gathered from 180 women in total (80 healthy and 100 women diagnosed with PCOS). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) recorded a significant decrease (P***< 0.0001) in patients following age and marital status factor whereas copper and zinc showed decreasing significance (P**< 0.0001) in patients for the same variable. Also, there was a clinical correlation between (CAT, SOD, and GPx) and (Cu and Zn).

Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. The infection can be classified as acute (severe and short-term) or chronic (long-term). Hepatitis B can cause chronic infection and promotes people's risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The present study aims to detect the levels of IL-10 and IL-28B in hepatitis B virus patients and their biochemical role in early detection of the disease.
During the period from August 2023 to March 2024, blood samples were collected from 153 individuals in the Public Health Laboratory in Najaf and Al-Hakeem General Hospital, aged between (5-70) years, and they were divided into two groups, the control group, which consisted of 40 samples (24 men and 16 women) that were collected from healthy people and the patient group, which consisted of 113 (68 men and 45 women) samples collected from people suspected of being infected with hepatitis B. HBsAg was immunologically detected in all samples using ELISA technology to verify infection with hepatitis B virus. The results have been indicated that the control group (40) were all negative, while in the patient group, 22 of them were negative and 91 were positive. The samples were distributed according to age, gender, and residence, and the results were compared with the control group. It has been found that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups (the patient group and the control group).
The levels of IL-10 and IL-28B in sera were evaluated immunologically using ELISA technology in the control and patient groups, and their relationship with HBV infection was determined. The Mean ± SE of IL-10 in the control group was (0.02318 ± 0.00086 ng/L) and the patient group was (0.1465 ± 0.00916 ng/L) with a high significant difference between the two groups (P-value <0.0001). Also, the current study has reported an increase in the level of IL-10 when infected with hepatitis B type, while the level of IL-28B decreases when infected with hepatitis B, the Mean ± SE was (0.1506 ± 0.0089 ng/L) in the patient group and (1.366 ± 0.111 ng/L) in the control group and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P-value <0.0001).

Aluminum oxide (Al_2 O_3) nanoparticles were synthesized using the pulse laser ablation method in liquid with a laser energy of 900 mJ . Aluminum (Al) plate was immersed in deionized water and then ablated by an Nd-Yag laser with wavelength 1064 nm. The size, shape, and structural properties of the Al_2 O_3 nanoparticles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to determine the optical properties of the prepared nanomaterails. SEM images revealed that the produced nanoparticles had a spherical shape, and the particle size was under 100 nm. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of the nanoparticles improved with time. UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements indicated a clear absorption peak at a wavelength of 211 nm, with an energy gap (Eg) value of 5.3 eV. These results suggest that the pulse laser ablation in water technique is a simple, cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing nanoparticles, particularly for applications in optoelectronics and photocatalysis.

The scientific community has given drug-derived Schiff bases metal complexes a great deal of attention due to their special qualities and range of uses in industries, biology, and medicine. These complexes reveal a variety of biological actions, such as antioxidant, antibacterial , cytostatic, antiviral, and anticancer effects. They also have remarkable catalytic properties for a variety of chemicals. With a focus on their biological and catalysis uses, this review offers a thorough analysis of the chemistry, synthesis, history, and uses of numerous drug-derived Schiff bases ligand-based metal complexes. Researchers and professionals working in the subject of inorganic chemistry will find the review to be a significant resource as it outlines the present state of the study and anticipated developments in the field of study.

Nanotechnology holds great potential for a variety of biological applications. The chemical methods often require harsh conditions, expensive equipment, and produce toxic byproducts. Green synthesis using plant extracts provides a more eco-friendly, low-cost, and sustainable alternative that can achieve high yields. Various plant materials, including leaves, roots, tubers, fruits, peels, seeds, and herbs, have been successfully used for the green synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs). The phytochemicals present in these extracts, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols, facilitate the reduction of selenium ions and stabilize the nanoparticles. The characteristics of the Se-NPs, such as size, shape, and stability, can be tuned by controlling the synthesis parameters and the choice of plant extract. The biogenic Se-NPs exhibit a range of beneficial properties that make them attractive for diverse biomedical applications. These include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The Se-NPs can also be used as drug carriers and for wound healing. Compared to chemically synthesized Se-NPs, the green-synthesized counterparts are more biocompatible and less toxic, making them safer for biomedical use. Overall, the green synthesis of Se-NPs using plant extracts combines the unique properties of selenium with the advantages of natural phytochemicals, offering a promising approach for developing safe and effective biomedical applications.

The current study aimed to determine the concentration of alpha-klotho protein and some biochemical variables in patients suffering from atherosclerosis. The study was conducted between October 1, 2023 and October 30, 2023. The study included collecting 90 samples for both sexes, aged between 45 and 65 years, 60 patients with atherosclerosis, and 30 healthy controls (the number of patients was 25 women and 35 men). The resuscitation unit at (Ibn Al-Bitar Teaching Hospital in Baghdad obtained samples from patients based on clinical assessments, including echocardiogram and electrocardiograms, conducted by specialists at the hospital, including laboratory tests. There was no significant difference between the patient group and the healthy group in terms of alpha- klotho protein or other variables.

Measurement of myonectin and some biochemical variables in patients, with type, 2 diabetes. 90 samples were collected, including 60 people with type, 2 diabetes and 30 healthy people who did not have any chronic disease, and their ages, ranged between (20-79) years.
The, study included measuring ,the level of myonectin, glucose level, HbA1C, cholesterol (Ch), triglycerides, (Tg), high-density- lipoproteins, (HDL), low-density lipoproteins- (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins- (VLDL).
The results, showed a significant decrease. (P<0.005) in the level of myonectin and no significant difference between genders, age groups and body mass when compared with healthy controls. There was a significant increase (P≤0.01) in the level, of glucose, cumulative sugar, low-density proteins, very low-density proteins and cholesterol. Comparing diabetes with healthy controls: It was found, that there was no significant, difference in the, levels of( triglycerides) and high-density lipoproteins when comparing diabetic patients with healthy controls.

A cloud point extraction (CPE) method was used as a pre-concentration strategy prior to the determination of trace levels of Cadmium, lead and copper in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) The pre-concentration is based on the clouding phenomena of non-ionic surfactant, triton X-114, with Cd (II) ,Pb(II),Cu(II)/ Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate (APDC) complexes in which the latter is soluble in a micellar phase composed by the former. When the temperature increases above its cloud point, the Cd (II) Pb (II), Cu (II)/ Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate (APDC) complexes are extracted into the surfactant-rich phase. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency including pH of the aqueous solution, concentration of the (APDC), amount of the surfactant, incubation temperature and time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the (CPE) method was successfully applied for the determination of trace levels of Cadmium, lead and copper in different types water samples in Basra city Province

Eight complexes of this group were created in this work by reacting the novel ligand that was produced from the reaction of dimedon with urea with the chlorides of trivalent elements (Iron and Chromium) and divalent transition elements (Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Platinum, and Cadmium). These complexes had unique hues, melting temperatures, and solubility's based on the diagnostic data, it was discovered that the ligand1,5,5-carbamoylimino-3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene urea (L1) It attaches to the metal ion by two amine groups and functions as a Bi-dentate ligand . IR, UV-visible, Molar electrical conductivity, and Magnetic susceptibility Spectra all suggested Paramagnetic characteristics for the complexes, with the exception of Zinc and Cadmium are Dimagnetic, and Molar conductivity revealed that all the complexes are non-Electrolytic, with the exception of Iron and Chromium. These data suggested that the complexes were Octahedral in shape. Elemental analysis was used to identify the molecular formula of the complexes that made up the group, and the elemental percentages agreed with the suggested molecular formula. The outcomes demonstrated that the complexes' biological activity against pathogenic bacteria exhibited a range of efficacy. When ethanol was used as a test substance for antioxidant efficacy, the results varied in terms of efficacy and were compared to gallic acid using DPPH as a free radical, yielding differing IC50 values.

The study included the development of a spectrophotometric method for assessing methyldopa (MDP) in pharmaceutical and pure forms. Based on an oxidative coupling reaction, this process entails oxidizing the medication using sodium periodate (NaIO4) and combining it with a benzidine reagent in a diluted base medium. The outcome is a water-soluble, orange-colored compound with maximal absorption at 488 nm in wavelength. The concentration range of methyldopa that aligns with the beer law is 1.25–25 µg/mL , the molar absorption coefficient value is 5597.198 L. mol-1.cm-1,and the sandellʼs significance value, is 0.038 µg. cm-2 indicating the sensitivity of the method. The low relative standard deviation of 1.73% indicates that the approach exhibits good precision, the method's detection limit is found to be 0.26 µg/ml, indicating that it can accurately identify methyldopa at such low concentrations. The established technique has been effectively used to examine the presence of methyldopa in tablets. The method's accuracy in identifying the methyldopa content of real-world samples is demonstrated by the reported 100.33% recovery rate for methyldopa in these samples.

The research included the preparation of cyclic imide compounds (M1-M4) from the reaction of the amino compound 4,4-methylene diniline with various cyclic anhydrides (malic, succinic, Phthalic, and 1,8-naphthalic) in one step and by the microwave method. Azo dye compounds (M5-M9) were prepared in two steps. The first was preparing the diazonium salt of the amino compound with sodium nitrite and HCl. The second step was the reaction of the diazonium salt with the coupling materials (2-naphthol, vanillin, salicylic aldehyde, salicylic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline) . The prepared compounds were characterized by several spectroscopic methods, including FT-IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. The prepared compounds (M1-M9) were tested against two types of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, which is gram-positive and Escherichia Coli, which is gram-negative.
The results showed that some compounds have high effectiveness against E-Coli bacteria, such as compounds M3 and M6, and compounds M1, M2, M5, M8, and M9 showed high effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria compared to the standard antibiotic, gentamicin sulfate, at a concentration of 6.12 mg/ml.
The compounds (M3, M4, M6 and M9) also showed excellent effectiveness against the fungus Candida albicans compared to the standard antibiotic Nystatin.Compound M5 has shown to be a good azo dye in the dyeing process (cotton, wool, brocade and wood.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects female of procreation age, it is linked to an imbalance in ovulation and hyperandrogenism, and this imbalance is accompanied by various metabolic abnormalities such as IR and obesity. It thought there are no relationship between IR in women with PCOS and body mass index (BMI), but obesity promotes IR. PCOS estimated at over 200 million women worldwide, the prevalence of PCOS is reported to be 18%, with a specific range of 17.8% ± 2.4. It's worth noting that prevalence estimates can vary based on the population studied, geographic location, and other factors. Prevalence rates without imputation were computed at 11.9%±2.4. Additionally, it was observed that PCOS impacted 28% of obese women and 5% of lean women. Certainly, the latest research revealed that the occurrence rates of PCOS based on the NIH, Rotterdam, and Androgen Excess Society (AE-PCOS) criteria were 6.1%, 19.9%, and 15.3%, respectively. This study included samples of 90 women of reproductive age (20-45 years). They were distributed into two groups, the first group included 45 patients who were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through the simultaneous appearance of 3-4 symptoms that are essential for diagnosis. Their ages ranged between 20-33 years old. The second group (the control group) included 45 women who were completely free of symptoms of PCOS, based on clinical and ultrasound examinations. Interleukin-38, was measured in the serum samples of the study individuals. The results of the present study showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in the levels of interleukin-38 in the samples of patients with PCOS comparison to healthy individuals. The study illustrated the sensitivity of interleukin-38 was 96%, while the specificity of interleukin-38 was 100%. The most important conclusion reached by the study is that interleukin-38 is promising tool for differentiating PCOS patients from healthy individuals.

Advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels are elevated in patients with decreased renal function, which may contribute to the excess cardiovascular disease in this population. So, the present study assessed the advanced glycation end product level of patients with renal failure. 100 subjects (31 males and 69 females with ages: 15-75 years) reported chronic kidney disease disease who attended Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk Hospital, and Al-Watan Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq, from October 2023 to April 2024. The participants in this study were divided into two groups: 100 patients with chronic kidney disease and 40 subjects as control group. The results showed that nearly all of patients were across the age of 60 (39%). Patients had an average body mass index of 18.5-24.9 kg 52%. Eighty-three percent of patients were living in cities. The smoking status of patients was non-smoking 68%. The current outcomes demonstrated a reduction in the concentration of total protein that is significant (P<0.05), albumin, and globulin in patients compared to the control group. On the other hand, the results show a significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentrations of carbonyl and amino group, while a decrease in thiol levels in patients compared to the control group. Otherwise, the results showed that the AGE levels in the serum of patients (3.82±0.016 AU) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the control group (3.09±0.028 AU). It is concluded that chronic kidney disease leads to elevated glycation levels and changes in oxidative status.

In this study, derivatives of azo dyes (R1-R3) were prepared by preparing diazonium salt (prepared from the reaction of 4-aminoacetophenone or 3-aminopyridine with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite) and then coupling it with Salicylaldehyde dissolved in a basic solution, at a temperature of (0-5) ℃. Schiff base-azo derivatives (R4-R7) were synthesized by reacting equimolar amounts of the prepared azo dye compounds (R1, R2) with various substituted amines. Then, the accuracy of the structures of the prepared compounds were diagnosed and confirmed using physical and spectroscopic methods for the prepared compounds, such as infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H,13C-NMR). In addition to determining the melting points of the prepared compounds. The dyeing or color stability of azo dye derivatives (R1-R3) was studied in two steps. In the first step, the fibers are cleaned by removing impurities; dust stuck in them and shortening processes. Then, in the second step, the dyeing process is carried out by dissolving the dye. In the solvent 1.4-dioxane for dyeing pieces of cotton, wool, and wood. The biological activity of selected compounds was evaluated by studying their effects on the growth of two bacterial strains: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxicillin was used as a control antibiotic, and some of the prepared compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria. The effect of some prepared compounds on the growth of one type of fungus, which is Candida albicans, was studied. Antibiotics such as Fluconazole and Itraconazole were used as control samples, and some of the prepared compounds showed good inhibitory activity against the fungus used.

Determination of Acyclovir in both pure and pharmaceutical preparations is carried out using a simple, accurate, and controlled spectrophotometric method. This process is done by anticreative with 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline. Optimal conditions were determined by the following factors.
In this research the detector 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline was used in addition to a suitable oxidizing agent with a basal solution of sodium hydroxide. Several factors affecting the course of the reaction have been identified and studied, including the reaction time and optimal temperature for the formation of a colored product Azo applicable to the limits of the Bear Lambert Act (2.5 to 22.5 ~ g/mL) at 620 nm wavelength. the molar absorption, Sandell's sensitivity, detection limit and quantitative limit were1048.28L.mol-1.cm-1, 0.3204 μg.cm-2, 0.243 μg.ml-1 and 0.738 μg.ml-1 respectively.
The proposed method was successful for determining the pharmaceutical anti-drug Acyclovir in pharmaceuticals. Dynamic functions have been identified including thermal enthalpies, entropic, and caps free energy the absorption process of the drug is not automatic, the internal thermal process has made the system more regular.

A heterocyclic azo ligand was prepared from the conjugation of amino acid with Imidazole in alkaline media. The new compound was identified by C.H.N analysis , Mass spectrometry, Infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, 1HNMR spectroscopy and many other Physical properties. It is prepared a series of octahedral coordination complexes for the ions of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and mercury(II) ,The proposed geometrical of all complexes were octahedral . The prepared new

Within the present study, ascorbic acid was estimated based on a simple and fast reaction with a distinctive sensitivity based on an oxidation and reduction reaction in the presence of a mixture of iron(III) ions and 1,10-phenanthroline reagent in an acidic medium. The measurements were made at the wavelength of the greatest absorption of 510 nm, and the reaction included two basic stages: The first stage was the oxidation of ascorbic acid in an acidic medium in the presence of iron (III) ions. When the iron (III)ion reduces to an iron (II) ion, 1,10-phenanthroline reacts with the iron (II) ion in a second stage to form a red complex. In the study, the optimal conditions for the reaction were determined, including the acidity function, the type of buffer solution, the concentration of iron(III) ions, the concentration of 1,10-phenanthroline, citric solution as a buffer solution, 10-6 and 10-4 mol/L, respectively, and the volume of iron(III) ions, 1,10 reagent-phenanthroline, hydrochloric acid, and ascorbic acid was 4, 2.5, 1 and 0.5 ml, respectively. A calibration curve was prepared in the optimal conditions and had a linear range ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg/L and a correlation coefficient of 0.9969, and then a negative deviation occurred. The analytical method under study was applied to determine ascorbic acid in different models, including vegetables and fruits, and different pharmacological models to determine the method's accuracy by calculating the recovery ratio.

The advent of 3D bioprinting has ushered in a new era in biomedical research by providing previously unattainable chances to replicate complex tissue models that replicate natural physiological circumstances. An overview of the effects of sophisticated 3D bioprinted tissue models on toxicology, research, and drug development is given in this study. With 3D bioprinted tissue models, researchers can study tissue behavior in controlled environments to better understand human physiology. These models greatly enhance drug development by providing more physiologically appropriate platforms for evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of medicines by mimicking the microarchitecture of tissues. Additionally, the technique may lessen the need for conventional animal models. 3D bioprinted tissues contribute substantially to toxicity research by providing a scalable and realistic platform for assessing the adverse effects of different chemicals. Translational potential is increased by including patient-specific cells, which promotes personalized treatment and closes the gap between preclinical and clinical research. 3D bioprinting processes are briefly covered in this overview, with a focus on bioink formulation, scaffold design, and cellular inclusion. Standardization and scalability are recognized as challenges, and integration with high-throughput screening is one of the potential opportunities examined. In conclusion, the application of 3D bioprinting in toxicology, research, and drug development has the potential to influence biomedical research in the future by encouraging the creation of safer and more efficient treatment procedures.

In this work, extract from Laurus nobilis leaves was used as a capping and reducing agent during the manufacture of silver nanoparticles. The green-prepared silver nanoparticles were examined using UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). At 80 °C, the colour of the original solution changes to brown, signifying the creation of silver nanoparticles. The results indicate that the unique surface plasmon resonance peak of the silver nanoparticles is located at 435 nm. SEM data shows that the silver nanoparticles are spherical and have a particle size of less than 61.36 nm. 90% of the sample's surface was determined to contain silver, according to EDX approval. 55% of the methylene blue was degraded using synthesized silver nanoparticles.

The formation of a Schiff-Base ligand 2-((2- hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)hydrazine/1-carboxamide (L) with its complexes are set. This ligand has obtained from the condensation of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde by semicarbazide. A series of metal complexes were produced by the ligand's interaction with the metal chlorides of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) in addition to Cd(II) . So the analyses showed that the general formula of complexes gave [M(L)Cl]2 where M= Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II). According to these investigations, the tetrahedral arrangement for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) was disturbed. Then biological activity for the synthesised compounds was measured and checked against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aurius, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. The results were compared with Ampicillin that is used as a main standard antibiotic. Consequently, set of these compounds gave an identical antibacterial activity to the Ampicillin.

Background: This study investigates the soil composition and agricultural suitability of various locations in Mosul, Iraq, utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and portable X-ray fluorescence (MED-XRF).
Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from multiple sites, revealing a diverse range of textures, including silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The XRD analysis identified key clay minerals such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite, which play a crucial role in determining soil fertility and water retention capabilities.
Result: The results indicated that loam soils, particularly in area A4, exhibited optimal conditions for agriculture due to their superior nutrient-holding capacity and water retention properties. In contrast, sandy soils in areas A2 and A3 demonstrated good drainage but lower nutrient retention, highlighting the variability in agricultural potential across the region. The MED-XRF technique was employed to assess elemental concentrations, showing that most elements fell within regulatory limits, thus indicating minimal contamination risks. However, the analysis revealed variability in precision for certain heavy metals, necessitating further calibration for enhanced accuracy. Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling was utilized to synthesize spatial data, facilitating the creation of agricultural land suitability maps.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of regular soil assessments and advanced analytical methodologies in optimizing agricultural practices and promoting sustainable land management in Mosul.

One of the most complicated chemical environments, when two metallic paramagnetic centers are magnetically interacted via in between magnetic ligand, and such a four di-cobalt coordination compounds, synthesized and published systems was chosen in this work to deduce problematic magnetic properties, and according to HOMO-LUMO gaps being investigated theoretically our second tetrazine ligand di-cobalt was the most chemically reactive and has most magnetic interactions among its sites, also Magnetic Coupling Constant (J) Analysis have been conducted via Noodleman, Bencini, and Yamaguchi Approaches for all our studied systems, and Noodleman’s method was the most successful predominantly with exception to Albold system, finally Spin Density Analysis performed between Mulliken, and Loewdin methodologies for all systems, and Mulliken population densities have more accuracy, and relevance.

A multi-dental amide ligand of the NNSS type consisting of nitrogen and sulfur donor atoms was prepared through one step, which is the reaction between one equivalent of hydrazine and another of sulfuric acetic acid. Coordination complexes were prepared by reacting the resulting ligand with a number of aqueous solutions of appropriate amounts of elemental chlorides. Transitivity of cobalt, nickel, and divalent copper in ethanol as a reaction medium, with a ratio (ligand: metal) equal to (1:1), The prepared compounds were characterized by the infrared spectrum technology , the visible ultraviolet spectrum and C.H.N analysis, in addition to the 1H-NMR for ligand only and magnetic susceptibility , molar conductivity of the prepared complexes were shown to form octahedral for these complexes. Finally, a biological (bacterial) study was conducted for ligand and its complexes through Using two types of positive and negative bacteria concentrations of 250 ppm and 500 ppm, solutions of the complexes sensitivity to the two types of bacteria, while Ligand solutions are did not effective at both concentrations.

Using density functional theory (DFT), the geometry optimized has been studied at ground state, B3LYP, and 6-311G basis sets. The identification of donor sites is aided by theoretical features such as shape and the HOMO-LUMO gap detected by DFT simulations. Mefenamic acid's global reactivity properties at the B3LYP/6-311G level have been calculated in Global softness (S), global hardness (η), global affinity (A), ionization potential (I), electro negativity (χ), chemical potential (μ), global electrophilicity index (ω), and global softness (S) are some of the descriptors of global reactivity.

Hypertension is a serious public health issue not just in Iraq but throughout the world. This work sought to assess the effect of oxidative stress by assessing levels of protein carbonyl and antioxidant enzymes in hypertension patients compared to a healthy control group in Basra, Iraq. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in oxidative stress. The study included 100 hypertensive patients (44 males and 56 females) and 50 healthy individuals (25 males and 25 females) aged between 35 and 70 years. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants. Known by another name, the silent killer, hypertension is a serious public health issue not just in Iraq but throughout the world. This work sought to assess the effect of oxidative stress by assessing levels of protein carbonyl and antioxidant enzymes in hypertension patients compared to a healthy control group in Basra, Iraq. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in oxidative stress. All studied antioxidant enzymes showed high discriminatory ability between hypertensive patients and healthy individuals through ROC analysis. The study shows that oxidative stress is a major factor in the development of high blood pressure in people in Basra, Iraq. It also shows the connection between lower antioxidant enzyme activity and higher oxidative stress. The study suggests the use of antioxidants as a successful tool for disease detection and considers them key chemical indicators of hypertension.

Cancer is defined as a group of abnormal cells that grow and spread unusually, and sometimes their proliferation cannot be controlled. These tumours are usually called cancer. Cancer may affect damaged parts of the body, including the brain. This study focused on the activity of transglutaminase 1 in the blood serum of brain cancer patients and then compared it with the control group. The study also included the effect of age, gender, body mass index, and glucose on the transglutaminase 1 in the blood serum of patients with brain cancer. The study sample consisted of 45 samples of brain cancer patients, (45) samples as a control group. The results showed a significant decrease in the activity of transglutaminase 1 in brain cancer patients (902.66 ± 14.27 ng/L) compared to the control group (1594.66 ± 32.95 ng/L). Gender and age also impact the enzyme; in the control group only, males had lower enzyme activity than females, and the enzyme's activity decreased with age in both groups (brain cancer patients and controls). The findings also demonstrate that there was a discernible difference in the serum glucose concentration of brain cancer patients when compared to the control group, although it was still within normal allowable limits, and that there was a decrease in the enzyme's activity with an increase in body mass index values in both the patient and control groups. The investigation of transglutaminase 1 is a useful marker for identifying brain cancer and can be utilized in early diagnosis.

Nano Graft Co-polymer-Drug composite pharmaceutical were created by two-step reaction process; step one: 1.0 mole of glycerol and 3.0 moles of phthalic anhydride were reacted to create synthesis graft nano co-polymer, which was then characterized using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, AFM, and XRD techniques. Other step: To create a unique nano graft composite drug, this graft nano co-polymer was combined with distinct of medication, Amoxicillin. The resulting drug was then characterized using FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. Using the software (PyRx and Biovia), the study of molecular docking was conducted to determine the binding position of the ligand of a protein with amino acids. The study examined the effects of the above-prepared composite drug on the HEp-2 liver cancer cell line. The results indicated that compound was highly effective in preventing the spread of hepatic cancer cells, as evidenced by the significant decrease in the percentage of these cells. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of a novel nano graft composite drug with amoxicillin hep-2 cells (IC50=36.932 µg/ml)

The past several years have seen an increase in awareness of the pervasiveness of medications as pollutants in the aquatic environment. The main reason for concern regarding the release of pharmaceuticals into the environment is the possibility that biological agents may become opposing to them. The development of precise and reliable analytical techniques for pharmaceutical determination in a range of samples is necessary for their safe use in the pharmaceutical industry and medical treatments. This review offers a summary of chromatographic techniques for identifying and quantifying the examination of pharmaceuticals in a range of environmental samples. Both the general public and the scientific community are currently very interested in the topic of pharmaceutical-related environmental contamination. The current review also provides an overview of the more chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry that have been created and applied for the determination of pharmaceuticals in the environment such as GC-MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS.

Background: Worldwide, lung cancer is still the biggest killer when it comes to cancer, arising from uncontrolled cell division in lung tissues. A homeostatic chemokine with a high degree of conservation, SARS-CoV-2, the culprit responsible for the 2019 new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has posed a serious threat to worldwide public health. Additionally, COVID-19 infection may predispose persons to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia, when combined with other risk factors, may modify immunological and inflammatory responses, predisposing patients to severe COVID-19 infection.
Methods: The materials and methods are a case-control study conducted on 180 participants (aged 45–77): There were 90 patients of lung cancer, and 90 were healthy controls. IL-35 levels were measured using ELISA, along with CBC, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP).
Results: The average age of all lung cancer patients with COVID-19 was 45-77 years. The patients with lung cancer and Coronavirus had a significantly lower lymphocyte count and platelet count compared with the healthy, but the neutrophil was significantly higher when compared with the same groups. In the severe disease group, the leucocyte count and neutrophil count were significantly higher when compared with moderate disease. D-dimer, ferritin, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher, but platelet and albumin were significantly lower when compared with the same groups.
Conclusions: Our results support the idea that COVID-19 should be considered a risk factor for COVID-19 disease progression and prognosis. covid should receive increased care in the event of rapid deterioration. To identify information gaps that necessitate additional research on COVID-19 in lung cancer

This review explains types of metal oxide nanoparticles which are used with solar cell application such as Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle (Al2O3 NPs), Titanium dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs), Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The researchers could create above metal oxide nanoparticles of nanoscience via nanotechnology so we would mention that types of metal oxide nanoparticles with solar cell application. The physical properties of the metal oxide would change after fragmentation from metal plate by using laser ablation, Sol-Gel technology or electrochemical. On the other way, the metal salt could oxidize by using chemical reaction methods such as microwave, sonication bath, thermal methods or mechanical methods. Other properties of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Chemical, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermal give the scientists big area to use them with solar cell application to make different things in our life. The solar cell is clean technology to convert the sun energy to electric energy without any side effect such as toxic gas, waste product…etc. The researchers develop this application via adding many different types of dyes to the cell to get high efficiency.

In this study, the adsorption of an anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Dc) by modified chestnut peels. Chestnut peels (CP), acid chestnut peels carbonized (ACSPC), and chestnut peels carbonized impregnation by ferric and nickel (II) oxide (NiFe2O4-CPC) nanocomposite, investigated to remove Dc from an aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted for adsorption capacity for Dc from an aqueous solution using the modified chestnut peels. The modified chestnut peels and morphological changes after adsorption were characterization by the following techniques: FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX respectively. The kinetic model; pseudo-second-order and isothermal model; Langmuir demonstrated the adsorption processes on adsorbents. The K2, qe, and R2 values were in the range (0.303 to 1.20) gµg-1min-1, (0.039 to 0.160) mgg-1, and (0.712-0.972) respectively, at three different temperatures 298, 308, and 318 K. While for Langmuir isotherm the value of KL, Cm, and R2 in the range (0.014–0.024) L mg−1, (14.286-16.667) mg g−1, and (0.737-0.982) respectively for Dc on the adsorbents. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the spontaneous and exothermic Dc adsorption process on the modified chestnut peels and the nanocomposite, also having good adsorption efficiency for removing pharmaceutical pollution from aqueous solutions could be used for water treatments.

A modern extraction method for separating, enriching and estimating Pb+2 by using the CPE extraction technique and coupled with the spectrophotometry. For the purpose of determination Pb+2, it was prepared in the laboratory of 2-[4-carboxymethylphenylazo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole 4-CMePADPI as an organic reagent to formation complex with lead, which is extracted to the non-ionic surface TX-100 by the volume of 0.8 mL at 80oC degree of the critical temperature needed to form a cloud point. Where the rich phase by lead complex is separated and dissolved in ethanol and is determined by spectrophotometric method at λmax = 437 nm. The optimum pH = 9 and 30 μg / 5 mL of Pb+2. The values of the thermodynamic functions for extracting the ion association complex of Pb+2ΔHex = – 0.005214 kJ, ΔSex = + 188.036 J, and ΔGex = – 66.382 kJ, as the study of the molar composition of the ion association complex obtained by following the slope analysis is (1:1). The method gave an enrichment factor 13.428 and a reconcentration’s 6.25.