Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences)

In this article, effective techniques are described to solve numerically the Fredholm integro-differential equations of multi-fractional order that lie in (0,1] in the Caputo sense (FIFDEs). The approach uses finite difference approximation to Caputo derivative utilizing collocation points and is based on the quadrature rule, Trapezoidal, and Simpson process. Our method simplifies the evaluation of treatments by transforming the FIFDEs into algebraic equations with operational matrices. After calculating the Caputo derivative at a specific point using the finite difference method, we use the quadrature method, which includes the trapezoidal and Simpson rules, to create a finite difference formula for our fractional equation. Additionally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and use of the approach as well as comparisons with earlier findings. The aforementioned procedure has been used to construct algorithms for treating FIFDEs. A MATLAB program is created to express these solutions. Furthermore, some numerical tests are provided to demonstrate the method's accuracy.

A series of cobalt (II) and ruthenium (III) complexes (1–9) incorporating benzoyl thiourea-based ligands was synthesized through the reaction of 4-ethylbenzoylthiourea derivatives with aqueous cobalt and ruthenium salts. In the presence of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) in methanol, thiourea molecules acted as bidentate chelating ligands, coordinating through sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) atoms with the metal ions. Cobalt and ruthenium complexes were successfully synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques, including infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductivity, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The biological activity of the synthesized complexes was assessed against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line to evaluate their cytotoxic effects. Among the tested complexes, complex 3 exhibited high percentage of cancer cell inhibition. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that the complex 3 showed the strongest binding affinity toward the selected 5KCV and 3ERT proteins, as evidenced by its lowest binding energy scores and minimal root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values, indicating stable and favorable interactions with the active sites of these proteins.

This work presents a fractional non-polynomial spline approach for solving a system of differential equations based on physics, engineering, and optimal control. The approach that produces a system of differential equations and more clearly illustrates the variety of the non-polynomial interpolation method demonstrates the diversity of methods within the Caputo derivative frame. The proposed methodology shows the possibility of obtaining numerical results for a system of differential equations in a variety of scientific fields.

Freshwater ecosystems support a diverse range of organisms and constitute vital centres of biodiversity on the Earth. However, these environments are subject to various environmental stresses that have impacted water quality. The Shatt al-Arab River, a main waterway in southern Iraq, is continuously influenced by multiple factors that alter its water characteristics. This study aimed to assess the water quality of the Shatt al-Arab at three stations over the period from August 2024 to January 2025. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Oiological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Hardness, Chlorides, Sulfates (SO₄²⁻), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity (expressed as CaCO₃), Total Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen (TN) were measured. The results revealed significant spatial variations in dissolved oxygen, was the highest in Al-Salal 13.307 ± 4.088 mg/L and lowest was in Al-Ashar 10.293 ± 4.437 mg/L. Similarly, the biological oxygen demand recorded the highest mean at Al-Sallal, 6.100 ± 3.846 mg/L, and the lowest mean value observed at Al-Ashar, 2.833 ± 2.697 mg/L. Chloride concentrations also had mostly the same trend, where the highest mean concentration was at the Al-Sallal station, 2457.383 ± 588.847 mg/L,and the lowest was in Abu Al-Khasib was1611.683 ± 407.397 mg/L. Conversely, the concentrations of total hardness, sulphate, alkalinity, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen did not differ significantly across the three sites. Monthly variations were significant for most chemical parameters DO (P ≤ 0.000), BOD (P ≤ 0.02), COD (P ≤ 0.001), TH (P ≤ 0.000), Cl⁻ (P ≤ 0.000), Alkalinity (P ≤ 0.013), TP (P ≤ 0.000), and TN (P ≤ 0.000) except for sulphate, which showed no significant monthly fluctuations in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab.

In this work, we proposed a novel method for solving one-dimensional space fractional diffusion equations (SFDE) based on combining the least-squares method with Petrov-Galerkin approach, utilizing orthogonal polynomials as basis functions, with the fractional derivative considered in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense. This method is to express the unknown function as a series of orthogonal polynomials that are linearly combined. By using this approach, we can turn the problem into a system of linear algebraic equations that can be solved using MATLAB R2023a for the unknown constants associated with the approximate solution. We provide two examples that illustrate the accuracy of our method and its ability to be applied effectively. The graphs and error tables support the proposed approach's effectiveness and efficiency. The results indicate that the proposed method yields more accurate solutions than others for solving similar problems.

This paper investigates the inverse problem of reconstructing time-dependent source terms in time-fractional diffusion equations with Caputo derivatives, which are widely used to model anomalous subdiffusive processes. The objective is to recover the temporal behaviour of unknown source functions from final-time boundary measurements. The methodology integrates both analytical and computational steps. First, a new Carleman estimate is established, ensuring uniqueness and conditional stability of the inverse problem. Next, this theoretical guarantee is used to design a numerical inversion framework. The forward problem is discretized using finite-difference and spectral schemes, and the source term is reconstructed through a regularized Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm. Numerical experiments are then performed on synthetic and perturbed datasets to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the method. Results demonstrate strong resilience to noise and precise recovery of source terms under various test conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to apply Carleman estimates to inverse problems in time-fractional diffusion equations, providing both theoretical validation and numerical implementation. The approach is applicable in diverse fields, including geophysics, biomedical imaging, and environmental monitoring.

With a wide range of applications in digital image processing, including multimedia editing, medical imaging, and cultural heritage preservation, image restoration is a fundamental task. In this work, we present a hybrid image restoration framework that combines a diffusion model based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation with a single-level wavelet transform to decompose an image into distinct frequency components. To maintain structural continuity, this hybrid method leverages the benefits of wavelets in the frequency domain for texture reconstruction and their propagation capabilities in the spatial domain. To achieve smooth information propagation and maintain edge sharpness, the finite implicit finite difference approach is used to solve the problem numerically. The effect of several types of wavelets was analyzed, including Haar, db1, sym1, bior1.1, db4, sym4, coif3, and others. The results indicate that the performance of wavelets varies depending on the length of the support and the smoothness of the fundamental functions, and provide practical guidance for selecting the most suitable wavelet for image restoration in modern image processing applications.

Integral transforms provide powerful tools for engineers, physicists, and mathematicians. Many issues that arise in different areas of science and engineering, can be solved with ease and effectiveness using these methods. for solution using these integral Therefore, that exact solution has been obtained using very less computational work and spending very little time as well.
The main objective of this paper is to focus on studying and classifying integro-differential equations and integral equations, how to solve the integral equations using these yang transforms by taking some practical examples such as the renewal equation, to illustrate how to use these yang integral transforms accurately and effectively.Integral transformation methods provide simple and efficient techniques for solving many problems arising in various fields of science and engineering, particularly in solving integral equations. Therefore, exact solutions are achieved using minimal computational effort and a very short time.
It also explores practical examples, such as the renewal and integral equation, to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of using these integral transformations.

The health issue of male infertility affects about 15% of couples throughout the world and male factors drive approximately half of these cases. Sperm quality stands as a fundamental target in male infertility treatment since Ooxidative stress acts as a primary factor that impacts sperm quality. The natural compound Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) functions as a powerful antioxidant while serving important roles in mitochondrial bioenergetics because of its presence in semen. Measurable concentrations of CoQ10 exist in human semen with a direct relationship to enhanced sperm parameters regarded as motility as well as concentration alongside morphology. This study examines the potential of CoQ10 supplementation to enhance male fertility by improving semen quality and moderate Oxidative Stress. Clinical evidence demonstrates that CoQ10 improves sperm motility and reduces oxidative damage, thereby decreasing sperm DNA fragmentation. Research supports the use of CoQ10 supplements to enhance pregnancy achievements in assisted reproductive technology programs like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Despite these advancements, further research is necessary to establish standardized dosages and supplementation protocols for specific infertility cases. This study not only highlights the therapeutic potential of CoQ10, but also highlights the need for additional research to fully understand its role in treating male infertility.

The goal of this article is to create and implement novel approaches for utilizing shifted Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials to solve multi-fractional order Fredholm integro-differential equations (FIDEs). The Tau and Galerkin methods will be used in conjunction with the discrete weighted residual approach. The Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature formula will be employed computationally to evaluate the integral terms. In order to identify orthogonal coefficients for approximate solutions, this study uses an operational matrix to transform FIDEs of the fractional orders into a system of linear algebraic equations. In order to obtain approximate solutions for the equation, this procedure enables the development of algorithms for each method. Additionally, the technique's validity, applicability, and similarities with previous results are illustrated and contrasted using numerical examples. Most applications are run on a computer with MATLAB V.9.7 installed.

This paper introduces a generalized sequence of linear positive operators, denoted the (r,α)-Baskakov-Kantorovich sequence, which extends the classical Baskakov-Kantorovich sequence by introducing two nonnegative parameters, r and α. These parameters enhance the flexibility of this sequence, enabling finer control over the approximation process. Convergence of the sequence to any continuous function on nonnegative real numbers is established using Korovkin’s theorem. Furthermore, a Voronovsky-type asymptotic formula is derived, providing insight into the order of convergence as η tends to infinity. To support the theoretical results, a numerical example is presented in which the sequence is applied to approximate a test function. The numerical findings indicate that the proposed operators not only improve approximation accuracy but also reveal flexibility in handling different types of parameterized test functions, underscoring their potential as a more versatile and effective tool in approximation theory. This study contributes to the development of parametric generalizations of classical operators with enhanced approximation properties.

Diagnosing diseases and making the right decision is one of the most controversial topics. Especially the development stage of diseases that affect humanity and the spread of many intractable types that have made it difficult for the doctor to make a decision, as in detecting cancerous diseases and brain tumors. This survey explores recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques applied to medical imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, and X-ray. Automated diagnosis can facilitate the process by utilizing all variables and evidence to reach a sound conclusion. In particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their variants have become the cornerstone of modern medical image analysis, enabling effective segmentation, classification, and detection of regions of interest. Most of these networks are capable of dissecting images and capturing sites of interest when analyzing images. This study presents several types of networks capable of analyzing different types of medical images, such as U-Net and Res-Net. This paper highlights current challenges—such as data imbalance, model interpretability, and generalization—and identifies promising future research directions in the field of AI-driven medical image analysis. We presented a comparison of these works in terms of the level of accuracy, speed, training, and dataset types.

This study assessed the microbial and molecular aspects of aerobic vaginitis (AV) in women of reproductive age who visited Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Basrah, Iraq, in 2024. Symptomatic women contributed 100 vaginal swab samples, in addition to 50 control samples. For bacterial characterization, traditional culture and PCR assays for the 16S rRNA gene were applied. Among patients, 93% had positive bacterial infections, which included E. faecalis (36.9%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (19.8%), E. coli (8.5%), and K. pneumoniae (3.4%). Furthermore, the bacterial profile indicated the presence of aerobic vaginitis, which suggested the presence of classic bacterial vaginosis, since it was devoid of anaerobic BV-associated organisms. E. faecalis and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most predominant bacterial isolates in culture. Most at-risk socio-demographic groups were 16-35 years of age. The results indicate that frequent vaginal douching, past infections, and wrong use of antibiotics are some of the main causes. More educated people seem to be less likely to get sick. The findings recommend a focus on public health education to deter detrimental vaginal hygiene practices and encourage appropriate reproductive care, consequently diminishing the prevalence of vaginal dysbiosis and its related reproductive complications

Adversarial attack is an approach that primarily compromise the integrity of deep learning system in medical imaging by adding subtle changes to the model inputs that humans don't notice, it leads the model to make an incorrect decision, so the attacker can corrupt both the input data and the prediction system. In this paper A hybrid detection method based on diffusion purification, deep feature extraction, and ensemble learning has been proposed to address this issue using chest x-ray images.
Two phases make it up. First, cleansing the adversarial samples. This is accomplished by a diffusion model. The samples are regenerated to remove the small perturbations fully. In the second phase, the images are categorized into two groups. Clean and purified images are collected in a safe category, while harmful images are unsafe category. In the second stage, we utilize a pre-trained ResNet18 feature extractor to retrieve salient from chest X-rays. Furthermore, a Random Forest model classifies the features obtained from the ResNet18 model into harmful and non-harmful image. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can detect more than 99% of adversarial samples. The satisfactory detection rate of the proposed purification and ensemble-based feature detection for making AI-assisted disease detection more reliable and safer.

The Anderson-Newns model is used to study the chemisorption process of lithium and sodium atoms on bilayer graphene. The density of states of bilayer graphene is employed, along with the effects of quantum coupling represented by broadening and quantum shift to calculate the electronic properties, magnetization and chemisorption energy. The self-consistent solutions of the atomic occupation numbers revealed that the solution is magnetic at relatively large distances from bilayer graphene, and turn into non-magnetic one at certain close distance. The relationship between the magnetization of atoms and their distance from bilayer plane can be exploited in spintronics applications. Moreover, the ionic contribution to the chemisorption energy dominates at closest approach distances, providing a clear description of the bonding nature with bilayer graphene. These results can take advantage for experimental applications in storage of null magnetization atoms on two dimensional materials.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less wireless networks in which mobile nodes communicate through multi-hop links. Supporting real-time video transmission in such networks is challenging due to node mobility, dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, and frequent route changes. Among proactive routing protocols, the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is widely used because of its low route acquisition delay, which makes it suitable for delay-sensitive multimedia applications.
In this study, a complete experimental evaluation of real-time video transmission over an OLSR-based MANET is presented using the ns-3.41 network simulator under Ubuntu Linux. A pre-encoded H.264 video stream was transmitted over progressively larger network scenarios, starting from small topologies and extending to a dynamic 25-node MANET using the Random Waypoint mobility model. Video quality assessment was performed directly on the received video files using FFmpeg-based tools, without relying on the Evalvid framework.
Both Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics were analyzed. The results show that OLSR is capable of delivering real-time video with acceptable visual quality in moderately dense MANET scenarios, achieving average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) PSNR( values of approximately 29.6 dB, Structural Similarity Index)SSIM( values between 0.93 and 0.95, and Mean Opinion Score)MOS( scores ranging from 3.5 to 3.9. This work provides a validated experimental baseline for future research on QoE-aware optimization and adaptive video transmission in MANET environments.

Since wheat is an important consumer commodity for humans, it was necessary to measure radiation, monitor the extent of its contamination, and ensure its suitability for consumption. This study aimed to determine the concentration of radon and uranium in (11) wheat crop samples grown in different locations in Iraq. The CR-39 tracer detector was used in this study. The highest concentration of radon and uranium (72.563(Bq/m³) ,11.258(ppb)) was found in a wheat sample from Basra Governorate, while the lowest values (38.126(Bq/m³), 5.915(ppb)) were found in Anbar Governorate. The study showed that the highest radiation concentration was in the southern governorates and the lowest in the central governorates. This is because crops have an impact on the ecosystem due to pollution from the outside world. In particular, all measured values were within the safety limits set by the World Health Organization and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).