Adab AL Rafidayn

This paper examines the spatial attachment in Zadie Smith’s NW (2012), exposing how the northwest landscape of London shapes the characters’ lives. It analyzes how emotional ties to place influence self-perception and social mobility, which function as active forces in reforming identity. It further reveals how personal past experiences mediate the characters’ attachment to specific places. Drawing on John Bowlby’s theory of place attachment, which contemplates that people form deep emotional connections to physical locations that provide a sense of security, identity, and belonging, this paper argues that NW presents a fragmented portrait of contemporary urban life where emotional connections are tied to spatial attachment. It concludes that spatial attachment serves as a backdrop and a critical framework through which questions of belonging, memory, and identity are articulated.

Cultural interference is considered a vital subject that evolves every day. Since we talk about culture, we throw light on its continuous development and the social topics that are inseparable from it. When we mention society, we mean family, school, friends, etc. This study illustrates the main challenges that prevent the task of cultural interference from being realized in society. Thus, the characteristics of the individual make up his personality. On the other hand, these characteristics remain an obstacle to spreading cultural exchange and accepting others without making strict judgments. In addition, this research speaks of the role played by the interaction between cultures in reducing differences and bringing together similarities between nations and then between cultures..

This study investigates which type of learning style influences reading achievement among sophomore learners at the University Level: unimodal or multimodal learning. In other words, the study was designed to answer the question of who performed better in the reading comprehension subject: those who use a unimodal learning style or those who employ a multimodal learning style in their learning of reading. The sample consisted of one hundred forty-six sophomore male and female EFL learners enrolled in the Department of English at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul. The study employed a quantitative method with a comparative research design, collecting data through a survey and reading comprehension achievement scores from a reading test that was administered by the instructor. Multiple Independent Samples T-test were used: first to identify the type of learning style(s) among sophomore learners, and second, to compare who performs better in reading comprehension based on mean and standard deviation. The findings showed that the Auditory and Read/Write learning style was the dominant multimodal learning style used by sophomores EFL learners at the Mosul University level. In contrast, the Visual and Kinaesthetic learning styles were the unimodal learning style among the learners. Moreover, the study concluded that sophomore learners with the multimodal (Auditory and Read/Write) learning style performed better than their peers who relied on unimodal learning styles(visual and kinaesthetic) in their reading comprehension.

This study shows the life of the Turkman poet, Muhammad Saitoglu, his literary persona, his works, with focuses on his poetic experience in religious and Sufi themes, which consider essential core of his poetic creativity. It aims to analyze the factors that influenced the formation of his literary characteristics and examines the impact of the cultural and intellectual environment which he was raised. İn it also offers an in-depth analytical reading of his religious and Sufi poetry, revealing his profound intellectual vision regarding faith, piety, and doctrinal concepts, as well as his employment of Sufi notions such as divine love, annihilation (fanāʼ), and spiritual manifestations within texts. He distinguished his poems by a stylistic beauty that blends ambiguity with clarity, which enrich symbolic imagery reflecting his unique spiritual experience in a powerful and expressive manner. The study highlights his contributions to Turkmen literature and illustrates his role in preserving cultural identity and expressing spiritual values, thereby enhancing the understanding of his literary stature and prominent role in the poetic landscape.

This research aims to investigate the Afrofuturist resistance in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroads (2016). The novel is an interlinking collection for the history of slavery traces the protagonist’s journey to achieve freedom. The research unfolds the types of resistance that the Blacks utilized to obtain a reconstructed identity and an enhanced future as presented by Mark Dery, Ytasha Womac and Isiah Lavender. The novel reclaims the historical narratives to resist the Whites’ control over the past and shift this power to the Blacks through knowledge and Deblackness. It draws over the concepts such as the relation between technology and Michel Foucault’s power, racial discrimination and slaves’ experiences. It revolves around a group of slaves that decide to abandon their plantation to resist the chains of the Whites power to control the slave physically and mentally. Imagination presented as a tool of resistance used by Whitehead to enforce a place for Blacks through imagining an alternative reality where people of color can decide their destiny. In addition, the research reflects the double consciousness of the Blacks and the different procedures followed by the protagonist Cora to stand against it. Resistance proves that Blacks have a distinctive identity and unforgettable legacy that bridges the gap between the Black generations and finds them a place in the future among other races.

The two opposites, abandonment and union, had a prominent presence in the poetry of the victim of the seductress. In his relationship with his beloved, he sought union, and complained about the abandonment of his beloved, his friends, and his youth, using gentle meanings and selected, charming words. Therefore, this research deals with the study of abandonment and union in the poet’s erotic poems or in the erotic openings that preceded his eulogizing poems, and explaining its effect on him, and mentioning his suffering in it, as women were associated with separation and departure, so he expressed the abandonment of the beloved using synonyms for this word and what is equivalent to it, and the opposite side of it, which is connection and meeting with the beloved and exchanging love with him, so he hesitated between them so that his feelings oscillated between joy, sadness, regret, waiting, and so on.
I divided this study into three sections: the first: abandonment and its synonyms and parallels, and the second: connection and its parallels. As for the third section: I mentioned the two opposites together, abandonment and connection, as mentioned in his poetry, relying on the analytical method in analyzing poetic texts, with a conclusion based on what the study reached.

This study highlights the media status of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib in the modern era, emphasizing its profound significance beyond superficial perspectives and general ideas. The importance of this research lies in the depth and impact of his historical personality. Clearly, this study can significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of his diverse media and cultural influences on both Islamic and global societies, making it a subject of strong cultural and social foundation.
Exploring these profound aspects from multiple angles may lead to new approaches that reflect a true understanding of his pioneering and historical role, which has been admired and respected throughout the ages and continues to be so today. This study also examines the media dimension as a rhetorical and persuasive tool in the biographical discourse of Caliph Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), based on various rhetorical frameworks that support all aspects of media values and their impact on the audience’s response. These values serve as key factors in influencing and persuading the recipient.
The central focus of this study is to stimulate social, aesthetic, and psychological dimensions within the speech, forming a pragmatic approach that appeals to both emotion and reason. Through this research, it becomes evident that he left a clear and lasting imprint on Islamic media and culture—an imprint that does not fade over time but rather deepens within different cultures. His respect and appreciation remain strong to this day, reflected in various contemporary literary and intellectual forms that draw inspiration from his intellectual and religious legacy. This legacy can be considered a rich cultural treasure worthy of continuous exploration and study, reaffirming the importance of his thought in shaping the intellectual foundation for future generations.

The nominal sentence is one of the two types of sentence, which is the pole opposite the actual sentence, and for this reason its research remained when the ancient grammarians revolves in the orbit of the sentence in general, and did not receive an independent study by them.
Due to the importance of the nominal sentence in the grammar lesson, this research deals with the study of the foundations laid by Arab grammarians to study and analyze the nominal sentence, as one of the two parts of the sentence in the Arabic language. He added to this the grammatical efforts of (Dr. Ibrahim Barakat) in his book (Arabic Grammar). The study begins by addressing the concept of the nominal sentence and the concepts of the subject and the predicates, which are two pillars The nominal sentence, then identify the grammatical elements that occupy the function of the subject , including the explicit noun, the source, the pronoun and the conditions determined by others, then the study deals with the predicates of different types, between the singular and the sentence from (nominal sentence, actual sentence, conditional structure, order sentence, division sentence) and semi-sentence, and the different images of each type that were received from the Arabs and analyzed grammatically. The study focuses on the study of the singular predicates as the basis in the nominal syntax, and is interested in determining the factors of validity of the syntax consisting of a subject and a single predicates, and there are two types of nominal sentence: First. The nominal sentence copied with the transcriber (if and her sisters), and secondly the actual sentence converted with the transcribed verbs (Kan and her sisters), and each part of this research ends with the opinions of (Dr. Ibrahim Barakat).

Place has a prominent importance in existential space, as it has a close relationship with man. It has occupied a vast and pervasive space within human existence, forming the first refuge and incubator of his existential nature.
The use of ugliness within a work of art is one of the propositions of post modernity, aiming to invest in ugly elements in works of art.
It is described as a type of special beauty at the level of the function it provides in enriching texts with psychological and cognitive variables. From the perspective of \"the aesthetics of conquest,\" place is viewed as an element with a variable nature, specifically when it takes an ugly form. Therefore, we find that the poet/artist has employed the ugly and distorted place in his artwork, using linguistic and rhetorical tools to bestow an aesthetic quality on the ugly and unfamiliar place, which allows the reader to reproduce the place in an aesthetic form .

The modern poem has substantive diversities, poetic visions, and creative and aesthetic components, which effectively dominate the drama of texts and its technical formations that allow creative interaction between the self and the surrounding world, according to realistic data that involve chunky connotations with its constructive ability and human contents, and these contents are a subjective product that reveals an aesthetic and cognitive awareness, starting from an event moment and a dialectical vision, to be reshaped with a unique poetic vision according to substantive contexts that reveal a moment of feeling full of intellectual and emotional contents that possess the feature of dominance over the plastic structure of the texts. Hence, our research will study the concept of dominants in linguistic and terminological studies to find out the significance of the dominant and the origins of its formation in literary works. With an indication of the effects of its reflection on the orientation of the rest of the elements of the text, according to its dominance over it.
The research plan was based on an entrance in which he summarized the importance of substantive dominants in the structure of the modern poem, on the conclusion, as well as two sections, the first was interested in providing the linguistic and terminological concept of dominant, while the second section specialized in studying the content and its development in contemporary poetic studies. The approach adopted by the research is the historical inductive method.

The novel \"Sharaf\" by the Egyptian writer Sanallah Ibrahim is one of the most important works of Arab prison literature, as it reflects a profound human and political experience. Ibrahim was born in Cairo in 1937, and his literary experience was mixed with the political and social reality he lived, which made his novels an expression of the issues of freedom and justice in Egyptian society. The novel presents a prominent model in prison literature, as it reviews the suffering of the character of Sharaf inside the prison, and highlights how this closed space turns into a mirror that reflects the restrictions of society itself.The novel carries the issue of freedom as a main theme, as it highlights its importance as an essential human value that goes beyond the individual to touch society as a whole. Through its realistic and symbolic style, the novel expresses the ongoing struggle against injustice and oppression, and re-poses the question: How can freedom be achieved in a world overflowing with restrictions?At the heart of the novel, the character of \"Sharaf\" embodies the human struggle with societal restrictions. Sharaf, the simple young man who finds himself involved in a murder, represents the image of the individual struggling with the injustice of the social and judicial system. The prison in the novel reflects a stage of transformation for Sharaf, as Forced to confront himself and think about the meaning of true freedom, individual freedom plays a fundamental role in building a person’s character, as the novel highlights how depriving an individual of freedom of thought and expression leads to self-destruction. However, Sharaf shows his psychological resistance to the oppression he is subjected to, whether from his fellow prisoners or from the prison system itself.The manifestations of the conflict between the individual and the oppressive system are evident in Sharaf’s questions about justice and injustice, which make the novel go beyond the story of an individual to become a cry against social oppression.And Sharaf’s prison is not just a physical space, but a powerful symbol of the political and social oppression practiced on the entire society. The novel highlights the relationship between collective freedom and social change, as it depicts prisoners as a diverse group suffering from the corruption of the judicial and political system. Ibrahim shows how the absence of justice hinders the achievement of collective freedom, as individual freedom is linked to the common struggle against corruption. The novel represents a profound critique of the systems that deprive people of their dignity and exercise tyranny over them, emphasizing that freedom is not only an individual demand, but a necessity for achieving a more just and humane society.One of the most prominent features of the novel \"Sharaf\" is its reliance on the documentary style, as Sanallah Ibrahim uses realistic documents and reports to support the narrative; this style gives the novel a dimension of credibility and enhances its realism, making the issue of freedom more approachable and influential to the reader. Ibrahim uses this style to show the contradiction between the official claims of the government and the reality experienced by prisoners. The documents and reports highlight the rampant corruption, and show how justice is distorted and individual and collective freedom is deprived. Symbolism is one of the main artistic tools that Sanallah Ibrahim relied on to depict freedom and oppression. Prison represents a symbol of oppression, while the physical and psychological restrictions imposed on Sharaf reflect the limits of freedom within which an individual can move. The novel uses symbols such as darkness, locks, and closed walls to highlight the prisoners\' feelings of helplessness and oppression. However, these negative symbols are contrasted with images of liberation, such as soaring birds that indicate hope, or the open sky that hints at the existence of a space of freedom beyond the limits of restriction. The novel also highlights the prison environment as a fictional character that expresses oppression, as the prison turns into a living being that exerts psychological pressure on its heroes. But in the midst of this oppression, freedom appears as an indelible human dream, embodied in the dreams of prisoners and their conversations about a better life, making freedom a symbol of hope that resists extinction.The novel \"Honor\" is not just a literary work about the prison experience, but rather a testimony to the human struggle for freedom. The novel embodies freedom as an essential value that resides deep within the human being, and connects the individual and society in their struggle against oppression and injustice. Through its characters, events, and symbols, the novel shows that freedom is not just an individual or collective demand, but rather a human right that restores human dignity and gives him the ability to change.

After the end of World War II, the Regent of Iraq delivered a speech on December 27th 1945, calling for the revival of democratic life through the restoration of the freedom to establish political parties. In this context, he stressed the importance of supporting the democratic freedoms as a fundamental pillar for building a stable and balanced political system. So, this period, specifically during the second term of Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi\'s cabinet, witnessed the government endorsement to establish five political parties, namely:
The Independence Party, the National Democratic Party, the Free Men\'s Party, the National Union Party and the People\'s Party.A number of parliament members played a vital role in supporting this step and demanding the strengthening of partisan life, as they believed that the parties represent the voice of the people and they enhance political contribution. Nevertheless, the freedom parties enjoyed did not last for long, as the government, soon, imposed stringent restrictions, particularly, after the declaration of martial law in 1948, which resulted in the parties’ headquarters were closed along with the newspapers in addition to that the political leaders were arrested.Attitudes within political circles varied regarding the role of parties; while some saw them as a necessity for strengthening democracy, others considered them as a potential threat against the political stability or as a tool that can be exploited to consolidate government authority. This divergence was further evidenced by the resignations and withdrawals of party members, who confronted unconcealed governmental interference and electoral fraud during the election procedures.

Cultural interference is considered a vital subject that evolves every day. Since we talk about culture, we throw light on its continuous development and the social topics that are inseparable from it. When we mention society, we mean family, school, friends, etc. This study illustrates the main challenges that prevent the task of cultural interference from being realized in society. Thus, the characteristics of the individual make up his personality. On the other hand, these characteristics remain an obstacle to spreading cultural exchange and accepting others without making strict judgments. In addition, this research speaks of the role played by the interaction between cultures in reducing differences and bringing together similarities between nations and then between cultures..
The study examined agriculture in the Arabian Peninsula and the social classes involved in it from the Prophetic mission until the end of the Rashidun era (1–40 AH / 622–661 AD). This aspect holds significant importance in all civilizational dimensions, as it sheds light on the agricultural role and the classes responsible for it, as well as the distribution of agricultural regions and the development of farming using primitive methods in the Arabian Peninsula during one of the most pivotal periods in human history—from the Prophetic mission to the end of the Rashidun era.
The researcher divided the study into several sections. The first section addressed the distribution of agriculture and land preparation methods in the Arabian Peninsula before and after the Prophetic mission until the end of the Rashidun era. The second section focused on land preparation and agricultural practices across all stages, starting from selecting suitable crops to harvesting, alongside the difficulties faced by farmers and how they overcame them. The study also examined key methods used for preparing land for cultivation, planting techniques, and irrigation methods employed during that era.

This research discusses the news of the notables in the early9th century AH , who were translated by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in the book “Dhail al-Durar al-Kaminah”. He was close to sixty years old and had reached the stage of scientific maturity, far from the impulsiveness of the enthusiastic young man. He may have met most of those he translated and had dialogues with them, in addition to being the chief judge of the Shafi’i sects in Egypt and close to the decision-making circles in the state, fully informed about the sects and groups, in addition to being one of the most prominent hadith scholars and scholars who explored knowledge, groups and sects. He did not issue judgments rashly in his recording of the news of others, including the Sufis of that era. Ibn Hajar’s position on the Sufis in the book “Dhayl al-Durar” was divided between praise and commendation for some scholars who were known for their asceticism and distancing themselves from the adornments of life and its material and moral temptations. He was harsh on the Sufis who followed the school of Ibn Arabi, praising everyone who stood against them. He also showed in his biographies the inclination of some of the people of power towards Sufism, whether in bringing some of the attracted ones closer or in Spending on the bond and charity to the poor among them.

This study aims to analyze the historical and urban environmental transformations that the city of Mosul has undergone in the contemporary period, from a descriptive-analytical perspective, in order to understand the nature of the changes that the city’s spatial and architectural structure has experienced throughout different historical periods, starting from ancient times, through the Islamic era and the Ottoman period, up to the contemporary era.
The study focuses on the city’s The urban environment of the city, which refers to the cultural and social framework that characterizes life in cities, and includes individuals’ behavior, identities, and patterns of their relationships within the urban context, by examining its main elements such as geographical location, urban design, And the main components of urban design in the city of Mosul, including public spaces, land uses, transportation networks, and traditional housing patterns.
The research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on previous theoretical studies alongside the researcher’s observations of the city’s urban reality, in an attempt to understand the relationship between history and urban transformation.
The study aims to provide a comprehensive reading of the changes that have influenced the city’s form and function, thereby enhancing the potential to utilize this understanding in preserving Mosul’s urban identity and supporting reconstruction efforts in a manner that respects its historical authenticity and urban diversity.