AL ARBA'IN

The presence and attendance of foreign visitors in the Arba’een
visitation plays a significant and clearly important role, especially since
the Arba’een visitation is considered one of the largest and most important
global peaceful gatherings. In this visitation, it is essential to display
human solidarity in its most beautiful form, particularly with foreign
visitors of other nationalities. The values of martyrdom and sacrifice of
Imam Hussain (AS) transcend sectarian and denominational boundaries.
The presence of foreign visitors has many advantages, the most important
of which is encouraging global media to focus on this peaceful gathering as
a global event, not merely a local one. The participation of foreign visitors
and official delegations, as well as unofficial delegations, serves as a form
of diplomatic communication. Therefore, identifying the most important
variables that lead to an increase in the number of foreign visitors is a
critical topic. This can be achieved through the use of statistical models by
employing mechanisms for selecting important variables and excluding
insignificant ones, thereby focusing interpretive efforts on these key
variables. To build a specialized mathematical model for the data of our
current study, the use of quantile regression modeling—which is robust
against standard problems and outliers—can be employed. This model
also provides comprehensive coverage of the entire data domain to ensure
results that fulfill the properties of a good estimator.

In this research, the data of the numbers of arrivals from Asian countries
for the fortieth visit in Karbala during the years 2023 and 2024 were
analyzed, using the data of the annual statistical bulletin issued by the
Karbala Center for research and studies, as a set of non-parametric tests
were applied for the purpose of comparing visitors from Asian countries
for the years(2024, 2023), namely (Mann-Whitney test, median test and
Brunner-Munzel test) a statistically significant difference between the
two years, despite a numerical decrease in the value of the broker, and
the results of the analysis showed a significant difference in the patterns
of participation among Asian countries, where recorded Some countries,
such as Iran, have exceptional numbers of visitors (up to millions of
arrivals), while the participation of most other countries remained limited,
as the study showed the influence of geographical and logistical factors in
shaping the patterns of arrivals, the study recommends treating abnormal
(extreme) values separately, adopting the median as the main indicator
instead of the average, and studying the factors affecting the patterns of
arrivals.

The city of Karbala is one of the most prominent religious cities in
the world, attracting millions of visitors annually—particularly during
major religious occasions such as the Arbaeen pilgrimage. These mass
gatherings pose a significant urban challenge to the city’s transportation
system and mobility management, due to the resulting congestion and
traffic bottlenecks. This calls for an integrated vision for sustainable urban
design that addresses these issues.Urban transport systems are fundamental
components of city planning and design. Each transport system is composed
of several subsystems that must operate in an integrated manner within
their own networks and in harmony with other systems, contributing to
the advancement of urban development and sustainability. This research
examines the potential of multimodal transportation systems, aiming to
identify opportunities within Karbala—one of the cities still facing the
consequences of centralized planning, dispersed development, and autocentric urban expansion.The problem addressed stems from the lack
of effective integration between the components of the transportation
system, which leads to congestion and reduced mobility efficiency. The
study proposes a theoretical vision for integrating urban transport systems
in Karbala by developing a comprehensive plan for a sustainable transport
system that considers the city’s religious function and unique spatial
characteristics. The proposal includes corridors, routes, and traffic design
interventions that promote public transport and pedestrian mobility while
reducing reliance on private vehicles, based on the principles of sustainable urban design.The research introduces a feasible implementation strategy,
highlighting the need for innovative urban design approaches to support
a resilient and livable urban fabric. This approach emphasizes increased
use of public transportation and improved system integration through
adopting a flexible and sustainable urban design framework, which
includes multimodal transport, activity redistribution, and smart mobility
systems. The study recommends developing a comprehensive multimodal
transport plan that takes into account the seasonal pilgrimage inflows and
the distinct character of the city.The research is guided by the hypothesis
that integrating transport systems can improve mobility efficiency,
reduce travel time, and enhance flow during peak seasons. The adopted
methodology includes spatial analysis of crowd movement using traffic
flow data, infrastructure assessments, and a review of global literature
on crowd mobility. GIS tools, radial and circular transport diagrams
were employed to identify existing system gaps and propose shuttle
and pedestrian routes.Key findings emphasize the need to strengthen
integration between city gateways and primary axes leading to the holy
shrines, allocate efficient routes for mass transport, and adopt smart
management models for traffic distribution. The recommendations call
for a strategic plan for the development of urban transport in Karbala that
accounts for both the spatial and functional dimensions of the city.

The holy city of Karbala witnesses a massive influx of million-person
crowds during the Arba’een visitation period, creating significant challenges in wireless communications due to congestion and frequency interference. This paper aims to study the current state of Iraqi spectrum management during this event, analyze the accompanying technical and logistical challenges, and propose technical and regulatory solutions to ensure the efficiency and reliability of communication services in this limited geographic area.

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This research explores the potential of employing artificial intelligence
technologies in developing simultaneous translation systems to serve
foreign visitors during the Arabian pilgrimage in Karbala, where linguistic
and cultural diversity poses a significant challenge to visitors’ interaction
with religious services and rituals. The research aims to provide an
integrated technical solution that considers the religious and cultural
specificities of the event, with a focus on improving the visitor experience
and facilitating their communication during this major humanitarian event.
The research methodology relied on an integration of theoretical and
applied approaches, beginning with an analysis of the theoretical framework of artificial intelligence and machine translation, followed by a study of the characteristics of the Arbaeen pilgrimage and visitor needs, followed by an analysis of similar global experiences. An integrated technical model was designed and field-tested during the 2023 Arbaeen pilgrimage season. The sample included 1,200 foreign visitors from 15 different nationalities, using questionnaires, interviews, and technical performance measurements.This study is important because it provides a practical model for how modern technologies can be employed to serve major religious events while preserving their cultural and religious specificities. It also opens new horizons for research into the interaction between technology and the humanities,offering a framework that can be applied in similar contexts around the world.

This study aims to explore and analyze the roles of women in the
Arbaeen pilgrimage through a systematic scientific approach, highlighting
their contributions across religious, service-oriented, organizational, and
cultural dimensions. Women’s participation in this major religious event has
become a significant focus, reflecting the diversity of societal roles and the
growing religious and humanitarian awareness among female participants.
The research adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing
a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a sample of
157 respondents. Factor analysis was conducted using SPSS (version23),
employing the Varimax rotation method to extract the main factors
representing the dimensions of women’s roles.
The results revealed four primary factors representing women’s
participation in the Arbaeen pilgrimage:
Service Dimension: Including food provision, healthcare, and
management of rest areas.
Religious and Guidance Dimension: Encompassing lecture delivery,
recitation of Arbaeen visitation texts, and responding to visitors’ inquiries.“Administrative and Organizational Dimension: Reflecting women’s
involvement in coordinating events and managing the movement of visitors”
Awareness and Social Dimension: Pertaining to health and religious
education, and the promotion of values such as tolerance and cooperation.
The findings demonstrated that all extracted factors exhibited good
internal consistency, indicating that women play multifaceted and
integrated roles that contribute effectively to the success of the Arbaeen
rituals. The study also revealed a high level of commitment and awareness
among women regarding the importance of their participation from both
religious and social perspectives.
The research recommends providing greater institutional support
for women’s involvement, developing specialized training programs to
enhance their roles, and establishing a structured database For organizing
women’s contributions during the Arbaeen visitation.