Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

This study approaches the Qur’an as a text distinguished by its supreme eloquence, in which linguistic structure is intricately integrated with intended semantic purpose. Verbal forms play a fundamental role in constructing Qur’anic meaning and conveying the divine message with the highest degree of psychological impact on the human recipient. The research focuses on the phenomenon of rhetorical deviation in verbs, namely the shift from one verbal form to another within the same verse, considering it one of the most significant expressive devices through which Qur’anic rhetorical inimitability is manifested. Past and present tense forms are not employed in a rigid, reportive manner; rather, they are deliberately selected in accordance with contextual and expressive requirements.
The study is grounded in the premise that shifts between verbal forms carry profound rhetorical and psychological dimensions that transcend their apparent temporal meanings. Such shifts do not merely serve linguistic purposes; they also perform psychological, educational, and behavioral functions, particularly in portraying the conduct of previous nations or disbelievers as emphasized in the Qur’an. The research opens broader horizons for a deeper understanding of the Qur’anic text, revealing the precision in selecting verbal forms and their complete harmony with the overall context, rhetorical intent, and the psychological effect intended to be produced in the recipient.

Our ancestors left us a precious legacy, one that ensured Arabic's preeminence over its sister languages, a remarkable testament to its richness. This research is one of those works that focused on Arabic and contemplated the Holy Qur'an. This book, "Fatihat Uyun al-Jahila bi-Araabi al-Basmala wa al-Hamdala," by Muhammad al-Ghamri, contains the author's explanation of the parsing of the Basmala and Hamdala, defined in the smooth expressions of a contemporary scholar. He followed a scientific approach; they considered it to be written by beginners. Therefore, it is no secret that it shares great importance and benefit for researchers and readers alike. This is what drew me to the book and its study. The research necessarily required two sections: the first, which I specialized in composing works and books, and my methodology in verifying and describing manuscripts, including illustrated examples.
The second section was devoted to the verified text, which he composed for the parsing of the Basmala and Hamdala. The research was completed with an introduction, supporting documents, and a conclusion

This study examines the aesthetics of poetic imagery in the poetry of Ahmed Al-Safi Al-Najafi, focusing on how the poet employs poetic imagery as a means to express his intellectual journey from certainty to doubt, and his philosophical inquiries about life, the universe, and the self. The significance of the study lies in its effort to fill a gap in the critical literature by concentrating on the artistic and aesthetic aspects of his poetry, which have not been sufficiently explored in previous studies that addressed other dimensions, such as religious intertextuality and alienation. The study aims to identify the most prominent aesthetic features of poetic imagery in Al-Najafi’s work and to elucidate how he utilized it to convey his profound ideas and existential struggles. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study uses the collection Al-Aghwar as an applied model. The findings reveal that the aesthetics of poetic imagery in his poetry rely on techniques such as antithesis, paradox, subversion of conventional concepts, and symbolism, which the poet employed to express his existential struggles, liberate himself from traditional ideas, and present an alternative vision of the universe and life.

This study aims to reveal the aesthetics of isotopy and opposition in Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Paris by Rifaʿa al-Tahtawi, through a semiotic approach to the text that exposes the semantic mechanisms by which al-Tahtawi established his Nahdawi discourse. The research begins from a central hypothesis which states that isotopy and opposition are not merely rhetorical embellishments, but rather constitute a deep textual structure through which the cultural vision of the text is organized.

It has often puzzled me how grammarians have judged certain texts as irregular (shadh), even though they were articulated by eloquent Arabs during the era of linguistic authority. Arabs spoke naturally, without adherence to grammatical rules. My curiosity was piqued when I came across a statement by Dr. Tammam, who said: "Contextual indicators work together to clarify the functional grammatical meaning, and one indicator may become unnecessary when another suffices. Understanding this truth explains much of what grammarians have deemed as unmeasurable, irregular, rare, or erroneous."
Thus, the idea of this research emerged, aiming to clarify poetic texts by studying contextual indicators and, as a result, removing them from the realm of irregularity to which they were confined due to the exclusive reliance on the grammatical inflectional marker. One of the most significant findings of this study is that employing the theory of the interplay of contextual indicators, both semantic and verbal, and allowing some indicators to compensate for others in clarifying meaning, proves the validity of many rejected narrations and accepts various syntactic structures that early grammarians deemed irregular due to their deviation from established rules. These structures were often analyzed almost exclusively through the lens of the agent and the inflectional marker, leading to interpretations that contradict the pedagogical standards for teaching Arabic. Such interpretations fall outside the framework of standardized models based on frequency, particularly in teaching non-native speakers who lack sufficient knowledge of linguistic flexibility rules and who may overly rely on indicators other than the inflectional marker, potentially distorting the meaning. This study also challenges the conditions set by grammarians for the application of certain grammatical tools, supports the Kufan school of thought in their broader acceptance of narrations, and validates their inclusivity. Furthermore, most so-called "poetic necessities" can be understood as instances of permissible flexibility in contextual indicators, as the meaning remains clear.

This research aims to study the semantic formations in the poetry of Kazem Al-Hajjaj, by analyzing the multiple symbols and meanings that the poet uses to express his visions and his personal and social experience. The research relies on the descriptive analytical approach in describing and analyzing the semantic formations, while highlighting the role that symbolism and metaphor play in His texts, The research addresses social and political issues reflected in Al-Hajjaj’s poems, highlighting how poetic meaning interacts with reality. The research contributes to enriching literary studies by exploring one of the important aspects of Al-Hajjaj’s poetry, which is the semantic formation.

This study aims to uncover the narrative and cultural patterns in Al-Niffari's Sufi writings, drawing on his two books, "Positions" and "Meetings." The research focuses on analyzing these patterns, whether religious or social, that form the structure of Al-Niffari's Sufi text, and how these patterns contribute to constructing and destructing meaning within the text. The problem arises from the complex nature of the Sufi text, which combines subjective spiritual experience with symbolic language. The research asks: How do the apparent and implicit cultural patterns operate in Al-Niffari's discourse? What is their role in shaping his Sufi vision and in constructing the text narratively and semantically? The study adopted a cultural approach that combines internal textual analysis tools—rhetoric, narrative, and semantics—with external analysis linked to the cultural and Sufi context that produced the text, while leveraging the potential of the structural compositional approach in linking the internal structure to the external. The text reveals two complementary systems: an apparent system based on Arab-Islamic culture and direct religious concepts, and an implicit system that forms the deep structure of the text and expresses the existential Sufi experience that transcends familiar language and is based on gesture, symbolism, and the continuous demolition of traditional concepts. The study concludes that al-Niffari's discourse, through this dual mechanism (formation/demolition), constitutes an alternative Sufi discourse that challenges traditional dualities and establishes a unique existential vision. The study also reveals how these systems operate in shaping an alternative Sufi vision.

Cultural references are a critical concept that has captured the attention of researchers given their ability to elevate texts and enrich each poet, through their literary output. When poetry is adorned with cultural references it reaches a stage of influence on the recipient. Cultural, references manifest a poetic value in revealing the creative poet who possesses a religious , social and historical culture, as well as a, harmonious rhetorical, rhythmic, and grammatical structure that captivates the recipient's heart and mind, drawing them into the depths of Islamic call poetry. References are like a hidden pulse that drives texts and gives them musical harmony. Hence, the choice of the topic was made to reveal how references are employed without losing the poetry's uniqueness, as well as to demonstrate how references have become an aesthetic element that lends a musical rhythm to texts. The details of this research are organized into three sections followed by Conclusion A blog, containing the most prominent findings of the research preceded by an, introduction explaining the concepts of cultural references and defining the poets of the Da'wa. The first section is titled "Social References." The second section includes "Historical References "and the third section, explains "Religious References." Cultural. Da'wa Poet,

This research focuses on Al-Ba'li's morphological analogy through his commentary on Ibn Malik's Alfiyya, demonstrating that analogy is one of the most important pieces of evidence scholars have relied upon in establishing grammatical and morphological rules. Al-Ba'li followed this approach, exploiting analogy to explain linguistic issues, and his reliance on it is evident in several areas. Scholars have divided analogy into four types: according to usage, according to meaning and expression, according to clarity and obscurity, and according to the common cause. Al-Ba'li's commentary demonstrates his great emphasis on analogy according to the common cause, given its precise reasoning and its consistency with the principles of Arabic speech. He also referred to anomalous analogy, demonstrating his awareness of the diversity of levels of analogy between the common and the anomalous, and his grasp of the methods of Arabic usage, He did not refer to the other sections of the analogy.

the broken plural from the Arabic language .The research traces the uncommon plurals that occeur in this pattern and highlights the significant role this phenomenon plays linguistic usage The studay is divided into an introduction and two sections.The introducation defines the notion of rarity both linguistically and terminologically along with its synonymous exepressions.The first section discusses the ) Fu´al( pattern and provides examples of its occurrences in the Qur´an and in Arabic poetry. The secondsecotion investigates the rare plurals of this pattern as documented in lexicons and linguisitic references.

The new literary phenomena adopted by this research are the result of the new cultural, political and social reality created by the system of Islamic thought brought about by the new religion in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula.This research dealt with the new phenomena that emerged in Arabic literature in the era of early Islam as a result of the intense conflict that took place between Muslims and polytheists at the beginning of the prophetic mission, analyzing them and following their subsequent horizons. The research stopped at the reasons for the emergence of these phenomena and the extent of their deep-rootedness as an expression of their authenticity, and the indication of everything that is an authentic change to distinguish it from what is urgent in response to a specific circumstance. The new literary phenomena adopted by this research are the result of the new cultural, political and social reality created by the system of Islamic thought brought about by the new religion in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula.

This study examines the phenomenon of deletion In Surah Saba', as one of the most prominent phenomena contributing to textual cohesion. Deletion is an effective element In building semantic relationships between textual components, relying on contextual evidence. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach, examining the types of deletion found in this noble surah and their Impact on the coherence and cohesion of the text. The study comprised two aspects: the theoretical aspect, defining deletion linguistically and technically, and explaining its most important types and conditions as they appear In books on rhetoric and grammar. Furthermore, it clarified Its position among the tools of textual cohesion in light of modern linguistic studies. As for the applied aspect, the study analyzed a number of verses In which deletion occurred, such as the deletion of the subject, the direct object, the noun and the complement, the conditional clause, and the vocative particle. The study identified the function performed by the deletion in each instance and the extent to whichh it contributed to the coherence of meaning and the cohesion of context, thus enhancing the Integrity and coherence of the text. The study demonstrated that the deletion did not result in the omission of a linguistic element, but rather served to convey a deeper meaning, manifesting conciseness and achieving coherence, reflecting the eloquence and precision of the Qur'anic text.

This study examines the concept of the semantic employment of prepositions in the collection "Layla's Tears" by the poet Abdul Hakim Al-Waili, highlighting the pivotal role of these prepositions in constructing meanings and shaping poetic expressions. The study addresses a significant problem related to how these prepositions influence textual interactions and embody human emotions such as sadness and longing. The motivation behind the research is to develop a deeper understanding of how the poet utilizes these linguistic tools to expand the horizons of meaning, thus enhancing the overall poetic experience. To achieve the objectives of the study, we adopted a descriptive and analytical approach to examine the texts and highlight the semantic and artistic dimensions of these prepositions. The importance of prepositions is evident from the results, which confirm that they enhance semantic connotations and give depth to the emotional expressions in the poet's poems. The study also demonstrated that prepositions contributed to the interweaving of meanings between sensory and emotional dimensions, adding a beautiful dimension to the texts. For example, prepositions such as "to" and "about" are used to indicate complex human relationships and the poet's desire for connection and compassion, engaging the reader deeply with the text. The study also presents findings that demonstrate the poet's ability to use prepositions as an artistic device that reflects his personal experiences and embodies psychological conflicts. These prepositions also lend a natural dimension, creating a poetic scene rich in detail. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that prepositions are not merely grammatical tools, but rather rich semantic elements that reflect human conflicts, making the collection "Layla's Tears" a true mirror of profound human experiences.

Al-Buhuti is one of the most prominent scholars of the eleventh century AH in the field of jurisprudence and language. His grammatical efforts were distinguished by their combination of jurisprudential precision and linguistic control. He paid great attention to grammatical rules in his jurisprudential commentaries, relying on the sayings of grammarians such as Sibawayh, Al-Farra’, and Al-Zamakhshari, using the grammatical rule to strengthen the jurisprudential evidence.

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the image of the self ("I") and the image of the other in the poetry of Abu Ali Al-Basir, based on a collection of his poetic texts that reflect his human and social experience. The importance of this research lies in shedding light on the poet’s unique experience as one of the Abbasid era poets who suffered from visual impairment, and how this influenced the formation of his self-perception and his relationship with society. The study aims to understand how self-identity is constructed in the context of human challenges, and how the poet interacts with his surroundings in building this identity, through an objective analysis of the texts using a literary critical methodology.
The results show that the image of the "self" in Abu Ali Al-Basir’s poetry is characterized by complexity, oscillating between pride in inner insight and acceptance of the weakness resulting from his impairment, reflecting a deep psychological conflict. In contrast, the image of the "other" appears as a composite element ranging between appreciation and critique, where the poet uses the other sometimes as a means to reinforce his self, and at other times to criticize society. This study contributes to enriching the literary understanding of poets’ experiences who face special challenges, and opens new horizons for studying the dialectical relationship between the self and the other in Abbasid Arabic poetry.

The styles in the Arabic language are many and varied, such that they serve the purpose for which they were intended, and they are surprisingly integrated with graphic and artistic styles. To give an artistic and graphic image of great beauty, clarity and impact.
The Holy Qur’an has used a number of linguistic methods to highlight the artistic image in its most beautiful form, manifestation, and presentation. With the aim of warning, reminding, and giving good advice, in some of them, the absent person has the status of the present, the past has the status of the future, and the present tense has the status of the past. To increase the impact on people's souls, feelings and sentiments, and to cover and include all aspects of the image.
This research aims to highlight the artistic images of the linguistic styles used by the Holy Qur’an, and to explain their various and multiple meanings in highlighting the comprehensive image that the Holy Qur’an wanted to portray to people in the most beautiful and splendid form.

Metaphor is part of the linguistic heritage that humanity has inherited as a means of expressing things, situations, and emotions by attributing one thing to another, thereby conveying a simple meaning and concept to the event or occurrence. Rhetoricians and modern linguists offer various theories about metaphor, including the thematic metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. This study, from a descriptive-analytical perspective and primarily based on cognitive linguistics, seeks to clarify the metaphorical concepts of ontological metaphors introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their theory and to find practical applications of these concepts to the poetry of Nazik al-Mala'ika.
This study is unique in its content; The research attempts to simplify George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's theory of thematic metaphor by applying its principles to the poetry of Nazik al-Mala'ika, taking into account the poet's distinct social and environmental context. However, the study goes beyond this, delving into the psychological depths of al-Mala'ika's poetry to provide a clearer picture. The research findings indicate that al-Mala'ika focused her metaphors on conveying themes of sadness. Her inclination towards poetic innovation significantly contributed to a modernity in both her poetry and her metaphors, which, in turn, served to solidify the theory of thematic metaphor.

Arabic linguistic studies were founded upon a scientific methodology that sought to codify the Arabic language, relying on the principles of induction accompanied by accuracy of observation, experimental rigor, depth of analysis, reasoning, and analogy. The Arab linguist, much like the mathematician, appears to have moved from the particular to the general in formulating laws and theories, employing the tools of induction, and then articulating universal rules that admit no exception, whereby linguistic issues are judged by applying these rules to all cases that meet the conditions of universal judgment.
It can be said that mathematical referentiality was actively present in the works of Arab linguists, though not explicitly announced. Rather, it reveals itself through their outcomes. This referentiality is characterized by a clear sense of rigor and rests upon two well-known dimensions in scientific studies. The first dimension takes a theoretical course, grounded in the processes of sampling and statistical enumeration, both of which constitute the descriptive aspect of the phenomenon as represented by its reality. The second dimension is procedural, involving the analysis of induction and enumeration through mathematical tools and hypotheses—an endeavor that could not be realized without the foundation provided by the first dimension.
Among the mathematical frameworks that clearly influenced the understanding of Arabic grammatical rules is the application of probability theory to the classification of Arabic speech. This study is thus based on the idea of employing mathematical reasoning in addressing the tripartite division of speech, aiming to move from rote memorization to comprehension and interpretation, while clarifying the rationale behind such a division.

This research addresses the issue of Qunut in the first Rak'ah of Fajr from the perspective of the different narrations reported from Imam Malik. It seeks to establish the accepted opinion in the Maliki school of thought, by examining the evidence upon which the Imam based his position and analyzing the hadith and methodological context that led him to limit himself to the narration of Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), which denies Qunut in all prayers. The research addresses a central problem: Why did Imam Malik affirm Qunut in Fajr prayer, despite limiting his Muwatta' to one narration denying it? The research adopts an inductive analytical approach, and the discussion of the problem is divided into five sections, addressing concepts, Imam Malik's position, the reasons for his choice of narration, and the other narrations included in Muwatta'. The study concluded that Imam Malik considered Qunut in the Fajr prayer permissible and considered it a virtuous act. His choice of Ibn Umar's narration was based on scholarly reasons, including that he was considered one of the most reliable narrators, and that his narration did not contradict the Imam's jurisprudential opinion. Rather, it indicated another, uncommon meaning of Qunut, namely "prolonged standing." The study also demonstrated that Imam Malik did not ignore other narrations that indicate Qunut, as they were mentioned in multiple narrations from Al-Muwatta', demonstrating the cognitive and doctrinal diversity within his school of thought. This research contributes to clarifying the Maliki jurisprudential and hadith perspectives on the issue of Qunut in the Fajr prayer and reveals the precision of Imam Malik's method in selecting and employing narrations. The study recommended promoting a culture of jurisprudence of disagreement within Islamic studies by including extensive studies on the jurisprudence of disagreement in the curricula of Islamic colleges. This aims to highlight the breadth of ijtihad within Islamic schools of thought.

It is well known to every Muslim that the Holy Qur'an is the path to salvation from misguidance in this world and torment in the Hereafter. It is the rope of Allah stretched out, and understanding its meanings leads to worldly deeds and rewards in the Hereafter. Therefore, it is necessary to strive to acquire the correct understanding and its tools from the sciences of language and Sharia, which are the correct methodology for understanding the Holy Quran. Whenever these tools are weak in the reader, confusion and ambiguity arise in understanding the meanings of the texts of the Holy Quran. The first thing a researcher should refer to for an accurate understanding of the meanings of the texts of the Holy Qur'an are language books, such as encyclopaedic dictionaries, foremost among which is the book Tahdhib al-Lugha by Imam al-Azhari, who died in 370 Hijri. In his dictionary, he quoted Quranic verses that he stated contained linguistic, grammatical, and rhetorical ambiguities, and explained his approach to dealing with the ambiguities contained therein. Therefore, this research was conducted to collect the issues that he stated were problematic and to study them, drawing the attention of researchers to the importance of studying linguistic dictionaries in Quranic studies and other Islamic sciences, as they contain important aspects of our Islamic culture that are inseparable from the Arabic language. Language is a condition for Sharia texts, so whenever there is a weakening of the correct understanding of linguistic and grammatical meaning, there is a deviation in the understanding of the meaning of the doctrinal, legislative, and ethical text. Therefore, scholars have made efforts to address this issue in their writings on the Qur'an in order to preserve the correct methodology left to us by the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. For this reason, I wanted to serve the Holy Qur'an with this research, and praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.

This research examines the ruling on insulting the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the Islamic schools of law, a subject of profound importance due to the esteemed place of the Prophet in the hearts of Muslims. The study reviews the various positions held by Islamic jurisprudential schools on this issue, clarifying the related legal rulings and possible consequences.
The research aims to analyze the diverse juristic opinions, strengthen religious understanding regarding the necessity of honoring the Prophet (peace be upon him), and highlight the role of scholars in correcting misconceptions. It also discusses the challenges posed by the tension between freedom of expression and the sanctity of the Prophet’s persona, raising questions about Islamic unity in facing such issues.
The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting societal awareness about these matters and the need for rational dialogue to confront insults and transgressions against sacred figures.

The Al-Bahr al-Madid exegesis by Ahmad ibn Ajibah (d. 1224 AH) is among the commentaries that combine linguistic analysis with legal interpretation, distinguished by its clear methodology in addressing the verses of rulings and linking meanings to the higher objectives of Islamic law. This study focuses on Ibn Ajibah’s views on the legal verses in Surat al-Baqarah, particularly concerning the issues of al-Quru and al-Iddah, due to their significant impact on family jurisprudence and the rulings related to divorce and widowhood.

The research investigates the implicit meaning that arises in the semantic order after the linguistic and contextual meaning, specifically in the style of prohibition (Nahy) in the greatest Surah of the Holy Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah). The goal is to reveal the content and intentions of the Quranic discourse by exploring the magnificent interpretations and insights of commentators. This research follows the pragmatic theoretical approach, specifically under the auspices of conversational implicatures, which are divided into two parts: presupposition and implicit statements (implicature). The research focuses on the second part, concluding with its findings and sources at the end of the study.

This research focuses on the study of reward and punishment in light of the Quran, with an applied approach. The study is structured into an introduction, a preface, two chapters, and a conclusion. The preface defines the concepts of reward and punishment, explores their significance for the servant, and highlights the Quran’s emphasis on mentioning both. Chapter one discusses the types and categories of reward and punishment within Islamic law, providing a comprehensive understanding of the concept in Islam. Chapter two presents the applied study, examining the impact of reward and punishment on the soul, on moral conduct, on the actions of the servants, and on their fate in the afterlife. The conclusion highlights the key findings, including that reward and punishment serve as reminders for the heedless and encouragement for the obedient, and that the mention of reward and punishment has a profound effect on hearts and souls, influencing moral behavior. Additionally, the study indicates that the world is a place where reward and punishment occur, not only the afterlife. Finally, the topic of reward and punishment in light of the Quran requires further interpretive studies, as it has not yet been independently explored in a detailed manner.

Readers of the Qur’an may sometimes face questions or ambiguities in understanding its meanings, which can hinder proper reflection and contemplation. This study seeks to examine Sheikh al-Khalwati’s methodology in presenting exegetical questions in his tafsīr and providing answers to them. It also clarifies the concept of exegetical questions and illustrates his approach to addressing them, including selected applied examples from his tafsīr.

The science of Qur’anic exegesis (Tafsir) is among the greatest and most honorable of sciences due to its direct connection with the words of Allah Almighty. For this reason, the Companions, the Successors, and those scholars who followed them were devoted to understanding its meanings and reflecting upon its verses, competing in serving it and striving to clarify its purposes. Among these scholars was the eminent scholar Muhammad Siddiq al-Qanuji (d. 1307 AH), the author of Fath al-Bayan fi Maqasid al-Qur’an, who excelled in formulating and deriving interpretive questions (tasā’ulāt tafsīriyyah), reflecting the depth of his insight and his distinguished scholarly status.
Accordingly, this study was entitled: Interpretive Questions in al-Qanuji’s Tafsir Fath al-Bayan in Surah al-Tawbah: Collection and Study.”

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the grammatical views of the distinguished scholar Badr al-Dīn al-Damāmīnī, focusing specifically on his treatment of the topic of definiteness and indefiniteness (maʿrifa wa-nakira). The study also aims to identify the distinctive features of his perspective on the nature of definiteness and indefiniteness, as well as his classification of the various types of definite nouns.
The primary objective of this research is to elucidate al-Damāmīnī’s stance on the grammatical rules concerning definiteness and indefiniteness. It further seeks to uncover his approach to organizing the categories of definite nouns and to analyze his points of divergence from earlier grammarians. Special attention is given to the arguments and evidentiary basis al-Damāmīnī used to support his views. Additionally, the study offers a comparative examination of al-Damāmīnī’s methodologies in his two major works: Tuhfat al-Gharīb fī al-Kalām ʿalā Mughni al-Labīb and Taʿlīq al-Farāʾid ʿalā Tashīl al-Fawāʾid.
To achieve its aims, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, which allows for a precise tracing of al-Damāmīnī’s views and the extraction of the core features of his unique approach to grammatical issues. The findings reveal that al-Damāmīnī rejected rigid and formulaic grammatical definitions, favoring instead a focus on meaning and semantic clarity when classifying nouns. He is shown to have offered a nuanced ranking of definite nouns based on the degree of clarity and specificity they convey. Furthermore, the study confirms al-Damāmīnī’s role as a meticulous and perceptive critic, capable of analyzing earlier opinions and articulating insightful interpretations backed by solid linguistic and grammatical evidence. The comparative analysis between his two works demonstrates that his overall methodology remained consistent in its analytical rigor, while also adapting specific stylistic and thematic elements to suit the nature of the primary text under discussion in each book.

Abstract

This study aims to explore the influence of ideological thought in Badr Shakir al-Sayyab’s poem “The Book of Job (Sifr Ayyub)”, by analyzing its symbolic and intellectual structure and tracing the reflection of leftist and nationalist ideas within the poet’s vision. The research adopts an analytical textual approach to reveal the interconnection between thought and politics within the poetic structure. In this poem, al-Sayyab portrays the image of the suffering Iraqi individual, using the figure of Prophet Job as a symbol of endurance, rebirth, and resistance. The poem demonstrates the interaction between the human and ideological dimensions through a rich symbolic language that transcends the personal to express collective experience. The study concludes that al-Sayyab succeeded, through profound symbolism, in transforming his personal suffering into a universal human discourse that unites pain with hope, and faith with homeland.

Between 1898 and 1911, German foreign policy underwent a profound transformation with the adoption of Weltpolitik (“world policy”), whose contours were outlined by Foreign Minister Bernhard von Bülow in the Reichstag when he demanded for Germany a “place in the sun.” Berlin pursued expansion beyond Europe, seizing opportunities in Africa and the Far East, which provoked British concerns. Domestically, Weltpolitik was tied to Sammlungspolitik “politics of consolidation”, which aligned the throne with the industrial nobility in order to counter the Social Democratic advance, while imperial projects were employed as a tool to ease social tensions in what became known as “misleading social imperialism.” Weltpolitik also led to the mishandling of sensitive issues, such as Germany’s involvement in the Boer War in South Africa, which further deepened British resentment.
This study also examines the failure of British attempts to conclude an alliance with Germany between 1898 and 1902, by tracing the diplomatic initiatives proposed by London and the German responses to them. The research highlights that Berlin adhered firmly to the principles of Weltpolitik “world policy”. Conversely, London did not show any willingness to accept the conditions for joining the Triple Alliance. With the failure of these negotiations, Britain turned to an alternative course, culminating in the Anglo– Japanese Alliance on 30 January 1902, which effectively ended the traditional policy of Splendid Isolation. Accordingly, the study demonstrates that the absence of understanding between Britain and Germany contributed to reshaping the trajectory of international relations at the turn of the twentieth century and deepened the divergence between the two powers in subsequent years.
The most important aspect addressed by this study is the development of the German naval power within the framework of Weltpolitik “world policy” and its direct impact on the intensification of Anglo–German hostility on the eve of World War I. Britain perceived the German naval expansion, associated with Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and his programs known as Flottenpolitik, as a direct threat to its traditional naval supremacy, which had constituted the cornerstone of its security and global standing since the nineteenth century. This concern was reflected in the press and public opinion through slogans such as “Wake up, England.” It also increased domestic pressure on the British government to allocate substantial financial appropriations to maintain the principle of the “two-power standard” and ensure both numerical and qualitative superiority over the German navy.

This research examines the establishment of the League of Arab States and the development of its role during the period from 1945 to 1970. This stage represents a significant era in the history of the Arab world, marked by major political transformations beginning with the end of World War II (1939–1945), the evolution of the Palestinian issue, and the various attempts at Arab unity. It also witnessed the emergence of regional and international challenges that influenced joint Arab action. The study presents the foundation of the League and traces the development of its role within the historical context, highlighting its organizational structure, main bodies, and institutions. It further discusses its political role and the extent of its ability to represent unified Arab positions.
The research concludes that the League represented a progressive step toward Arab cooperation; however, it faced structural and functional challenges that hindered its effective performance, such as the absence of binding mechanisms to implement resolutions and the divergence of national policies among member states. Despite these constraints, the League constituted an important Arab political and media platform that contributed to unifying the Arab political discourse, even though it did not fully meet the aspirations of the masses for Arab unity and integration.

The activities of the Zionist movement in Iraq are a crucial topic in the study of the region's political and social history during the first half of the 20th century. They reflect the complex interplay between internal factors within Iraqi society and the external influences of the global Zionist project. The outlines of this activity began to emerge in the late Ottoman period and became more clearly defined during the British Mandate, when Zionist organizations sought to establish a foothold within Iraqi Jewish circles through cultural, missionary, and organizational means. These efforts aimed to strengthen ties with the global Zionist movement and encourage emigration to Palestine. As opposition to the idea of ​​establishing a Jewish national home in Palestine intensified, the Zionist movement's activities in Iraq entered a phase characterized by secrecy and organized emigration, culminating in the exodus of most Iraqi Jews. This activity constituted a significant chapter in modern Iraqi history, reflecting the interplay of local and international factors in shaping the social and political landscape of that historical era.

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems threatening environmental and food security in Iraq, particularly in Diyala Governorate, which has been among the most affected areas during the period (2015–2022). The study aims to analyze the human factors contributing to the worsening of desertification in the governorate, focusing on unsustainable activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, urban expansion, improper agricultural practices, and excessive use of water resources. It also examines the quantitative changes in the extent of desertified lands. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach supported by quantitative analysis of statistical data across the study years, linking them spatially and temporally to diagnose the development of the phenomenon and measure the impact of human factors. The results showed that the percentage of desertified land in Diyala increased from 18.2% of the total area (17,685 km²) in 2015 to 42.5% in 2022 — more than doubling within eight years. Irrigated land area decreased by 29.2% due to reliance on traditional irrigation methods, while uncontrolled deforestation led to a 57.6% increase in dust storm frequency and a 37.9% decline in biodiversity. The study demonstrates that the main driver of desertification in Diyala Governorate is unsustainable human activity, including population pressure, poor land-use management, overgrazing, and unregulated urban expansion, alongside accompanying climatic changes. The study concludes that desertification in Diyala is not merely a natural phenomenon but a direct result of the interaction between environmental and human factors. The study recommends adopting sustainable development policies such as: implementing modern irrigation systems, regulating grazing, reforesting degraded areas, enforcing strict urban expansion controls, and raising public environmental awareness to mitigate desertification and achieve balance between human development and the conservation of natural resources in Diyala Governorate..

This study aims to develop a spatial model for measuring the Rural Development Index (RDI) in the Shekhan District by utilizing spatial analysis tools and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in conjunction with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Multisource data covering the natural, human, and economic aspects were collected, normalized, and analyzed using advanced tools within the ArcGIS Pro environment, including Model Builder and Zonal Statistics.
The study relied on 18 variables grouped into three main dimensions, whose relative weights were determined through expert evaluations and pairwise comparisons using the AHP methodology. After integrating the variables into a composite model, the results were classified into five standardized categories reflecting spatial disparities in rural development levels. The findings revealed that higher development levels are concentrated in the central parts of the district, particularly around the Shekhan center, while northern areas suffer from severe developmental deficiencies due to rugged terrain and weak infrastructure.
The study concluded with the development of a quantitative and visual analytical tool that enables decision-makers to direct resources toward priority areas, enhances spatial equity in service distribution, and contributes to achieving the Rural Development Index (RDI) based on accurate and reliable spatial data.

Geography studies the spatial patterns present on the surface of the Earth. In its study, it describes the patterns, analyzes the processes that created them, and interprets and determines the relationship between them and other phenomena surrounding them. In this research, changes in land cover and land use of the study area were revealed and monitored, due to the region’s distinctive features. Of particular importance
Being the capital of Iraq and where most human activities are concentrated, satellite outputs had a major role in addressing many soil degradation indicators, such as the Vegetation Index Index (NDVI), where the highest value in the values ​​of this index was in the year 2023, and its area reached (9.97 km2), and it extended spatially in In the west of the study area, there is also an indicator of the biological crust index (Cl), which represents the highest value in the values ​​of this indicator in the year 2023, with an area of ​​(48.76 km2), and it extended spatially in the west of the study area.
A set of techniques were used to find spatial variation in the study variables and to find spatial relationships, namely the correlation technique and Chi-square using the SPSS and GIS programs to produce research maps and reach a set of conclusions and recommendations.

This study a aims to identify the main professional challenges facing working women at the
University of Kufa through a field survey distributed to a sample of (323) female employees. The
research adopted the descriptive-analytical method to statistically analyze and interpret the data.
The findings revealed that a significant proportion of women face difficulties in balancing work
and family life (45.8% sometimes and 26% to a great extent). The study also indicated that
promotion opportunities between genders are not fully equal: 40.9% of respondents believed
they are “somewhat equal,” while 9.9% confirmed clear discrimination. Additional challenges
included work overload, long working hours, lack of supportive work environment, and
transportation problems.
The study concluded that the most effective solutions to reduce these challenges are: providing
childcare centers within the university campus (33.7%), adopting flexible working hours
(32.2%), and increasing training and development opportunities (21.1%).
This research sheds light on the reality of working women at the University of Kufa and
recommends the adoption of institutional policies that support work–life balance and promote
gender equality in career advancement.

The research focused on analyzing the factors influencing the emergence of the industrial sector in Kirkuk Governorate, which include natural, economic, and human factors. It also reviewed the industrial structure in Kirkuk Governorate for the year (2023), including an analysis of the size of industrial establishments in the governorate and their geographical distribution among the types of large industries in the governorate.
The study concluded that the geographical location of Kirkuk Governorate is a valuable resource for the growth of various industries, especially food industries, due to the availability of raw materials for industry, its geological structure, its surface, and its climate. The governorate is also characterized by the prevalence of agricultural nature, and is linked by a network of main and secondary roads that connect the governorate center with the centers of other districts.
The governorate boasts markets that are of great importance for the sale of industrial products. Its large population provides the labor required by various industries, and it also plays a significant role in stimulating the markets these industries require to sell their products.
The research found that small industrial establishments in the governorate ranked first in terms of the number of industrial establishments, amounting to (2006) establishments, and in terms of the number of workers, amounting to (5321) workers, moreover, Kirkuk District leads the province in terms of the number of large industrial establishments and the number of workers compared to other districts. The geographical distribution of large industries in Kirkuk Governorate is directly proportional to its population size and population density.

Observing societal trends clearly demonstrates a deterioration in women’s consumer taste, particularly reflected in the rise of ostentatious consumption of unnecessary goods and services to satisfy status-driven needs promoted by the virtual world and social media. These platforms subtly shape social stratification by creating a direct link between a product’s popularity and an individual’s social status, often disregarding the product itself and its actual necessity.Today, the virtual world profoundly influences all aspects of life, especially for women. It serves as a tool in shaping daily behaviors, projecting an idealized image of life, and promoting specific consumption patterns, including essential and luxury products. Consequently, women increasingly adopt a uniform consumer taste rather than a distinct personal preference. This study seeks to answer key questions such as: To what extent does the virtual world influence consumption patterns and values? Its significance lies in understanding how the virtual world shapes women’s consumer identity. The study aims to examine the impact of the virtual world on women’s consumer culture, employing a social survey methodology. The research was conducted in the city of Baghdad, with a purposive sample of 300 women. The findings indicate that a significant proportion of participants spend extended periods browsing virtual platforms, reflecting a shift in lifestyles and an increased reliance on the internet as a primary source for shopping, entertainment, and communication. Key recommendations include enhancing consumer awareness through awareness campaigns on television and social media, highlighting the risks of impulsive purchases and unplanned spending.

This study aims to analyze the interplay between media professionalism and risk in the work of war correspondents within conflict environments in Arab media. It investigates the impact of security, political, and institutional factors on the performance of correspondents in the field. The study focuses on understanding how field threats, inadequate training, the absence of protection systems, and editorial interference affect the quality and impartiality of coverage. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection tools from a sample of 90 correspondents and editorial supervisors. The results demonstrate a direct impact of security risks on professionalism and impartiality, and indicate that insufficient training and equipment weaken the correspondent's ability to make professional decisions in conflict environments. The study also reveals that the lack of institutional support increases correspondents' exposure to danger and limits the effectiveness of their coverage. Furthermore, the results confirm that the political orientations of media organizations affect the correspondent's independence, which in turn impacts the credibility of media messages. The study concludes with the necessity of establishing an integrated system for training, protection, and professional support to ensure the quality and safety of media coverage in armed conflicts.

The current research focused on studying the nature of religious forms in contemporary ceramics, from the artistic, aesthetic, and philosophical perspectives of religious definitions. Through this cognitive framework, the researcher presented the research problem in the introduction, which asked: What is the nature of religious forms that present their ritual and aesthetic specificity in contemporary ceramics? The importance of the research then emerged in shedding light on understanding the nature of religious forms and the extent of their acceptance and interaction with the recipient, as aesthetic forms separate from their religious function. The research then aimed to define and reveal the prevailing discourse of religious forms in contemporary ceramics, and then the objective, temporal, and spatial boundaries for the integration of the research methodology. The theoretical framework was represented by two chapters: the first, the concept of religion in thought and art, and the second, religious forms and their mechanisms of operation in art. The third chapter, then, deals with aesthetic religious formal texts in contemporary ceramics. The results and conclusions summarize the entire subject of the research, followed by sources and references. Some of the keywords mentioned are (heritage, religion, symbol, contemporaneity, metaphor, ritual, environment).

Abstract

Note that the current research aims to identify the following:
1.Inflated Responsibility Among high school students.
In order to achieve the goals of the research, the researcher has adapted (Salkovskis et al,2000) scale to Inflated Responsibility, which consists in its original version of (26) items. After verifying the psychometric properties, the this scales was applied to a sample of (400) male and female high school students in Baghdad (Karkh). The results showed the following:
1.High school students have inflated responsibilities.

This study aimed to explore the human rights concepts contained in the content of the third-grade middle school social studies textbook. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach based on content analysis, using the idea as the unit of recording and repetition as the unit of enumeration. The validity of the analysis was verified by presenting examples to a group of experts specializing in teaching methods, measurement, and evaluation. The validity of the analysis tool was also verified by presenting the analysis form to another group of experts in the same field to ensure the comprehensiveness of the human rights concepts contained in the textbook. The reliability of the analysis was confirmed by reapplying it and
Calculating the coefficient of agreement using the Holsti equation.
The results of the study showed the presence of human rights concepts in middle school social
studies textbooks with a total of 268 repetitions. The concept of freedom ranked first, with a repetition of 38 times, followed by the concepts of social and political rights, both with a repetition of 31 times. The concept of social rights ranked third, with a repetition of 29 times, while the concepts of political rights and people's rights also ranked third, both with a repetition of 31 times. These results indicate a clear interest by the book's authors in including basic human rights concepts. However, some concepts were weakly represented or completely absent, such as development rights, prisoners' rights, children's rights, and minority rights.
In light of these findings, the researcher recommended that the Ministry of Education reconsider its policies and plans for writing textbooks, utilizing the results of educational studies and research when developing curricula, particularly social studies textbooks. The researcher also suggested conducting subsequent experimental studies to measure the extent to which intermediate-level students have acquired the human rights concepts contained in these curricula.

Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the English writing skills and linguistics aspects of Iraqi students through the use of TikTok and ChatGPT to address the gap in the literature on English writing mastery as a key issue in the modernized learning practices in Iraq. The study had 100 learners from Aliraqia University, 50 following traditional learning methods (books, classroom teaching) and 50 integrating TikTok and ChatGPT. A mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses, was employed, with the data being collected from three sources: (1) interviews, (2) questionnaires, and (3) pre- and post-test design. The results showed that students who integrated TikTok and ChatGPT demonstrated significant growth in their writing skills through their affinity to these innovative learning tools, implying that there is a need to adopt a new paradigm using digital tools that can be interactive and participatory in the learning experience and to encourage instructors to utilize these tools to inspire creativity, motivation, and engagement in learners. The findings also indicated that incorporating TikTok and ChatGPT into the instruction in a balanced manner and using the interactive and dynamic content of TikTok and the generative content of ChatGPT could help in enhancing creative and informal writing and formal writing and grammatical accuracy, respectively.

Abstract
Comment clauses are those clauses which express the opinion of the speaker regarding the way of speaking of others or transfer the opinion of the speaker on the main clause content.
The study aims to analyze and describe comment clauses syntactically and pragmatically in the British TV talk show "The Jonathan Ross Show" and the American TV talk show "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". Also, it aims to show the syntactic and pragmatic similarities and differences between these two TV talk shows in using comment causes and which of these shows has a tendency to use comment clauses more. The study is limited to analyze five episodes of the British TV talk show and five episodes of the American TV talk show. The episodes of these two TV talk shows are from the 21st century. This study is a descriptive qualitative and quantitative one.
It is hypothesized that the first syntactic type of the comment clauses ‘like the matrix clause of a main clause’ is the most frequent type in both British and American TV talk shows. Also, It is hypothesized that ‘you-oriented’ type in the orientation criteria is more frequent in the British TV talk show than the American TV talk show. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher has analyzed the episodes of both TV talk shows according to four criteria of comment clauses, and these are syntactic type (Quirk et al. s' model, 1985), pragmatic functions (Povolná's model, 2010 and Stenström's model,1994), position of a turn, and orientation (Povolná's model, 2010).
In conclusion, Comment clauses have been used more in the American TV talk show than the British TV talk show. The most common comment clauses are 'you know' and 'I mean' in both British and American TV talk shows. According to the syntactic type, the first syntactic type ‘like the matrix clause of a main clause’ is the most common type in both British and American TV talk shows. Concerning the pragmatic functions, there are differences in the pragmatic functions between the British and American TV talk shows. Regarding the position of a turn and the orientation, the medial position and 'you-oriented' are the most common types, respectively, in both British and American TV talk shows. The aforementioned results have showed that there are syntactic and pragmatic similarities and differences between the British TV Show and the American TV talk show in using comment clauses. In addition, the differences between the British and the American TV talk shows in using the comment clauses are due to the cultural and social distinctions between these two cultures.

The present research explores how J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series integrates features of modernity with magical realism. Although the series is mostly considered a fantasy novel, it quietly combines key components of magical realism, especially when it comes to the way it blends magical elements with a contemporary, realistic world. The study investigates many problems like media deceit, centralised authority, and class division while also functioning as a tool for storytelling and a means for sociopolitical opinions. This allows readers to utilise fantasy as an enchanted mirror that is constructed to support their universe by bridging the gap between the imaginary and the actual. Since magical realism combines two opposites magic and reality, it is used to dissolve boundaries and delve into the unexplained. The main object of this paper is to shed light on the melting of lines between magic and reality. Magical tools which are used as a figment of the imagination have become everyday objects in our modern world through the use of modern and advanced technology. Intellectual telepathy has also been achieved through the use of modern engineering algorithms and their applications in various social media and modern communication devices.

This study examines how training in note-taking strategies influences the ability of Iraqi EFL learners to comprehend and retain information from written texts, while taking gender into account as a potential moderator. A total of 78 intermediate-level college EFL participants were at random allocated to either an experimental group or a control group, with no specialized instruction provided to the control group, whereas the experimental group was trained in Notetaking techniques utilizing graphic organizers as a framework.
Data were collected through a multiple-choice reading comprehension test, two written recall tasks (immediate and delayed), and an analysis of students’ notes. The outcomes of the two-way ANOVA technique indicated that the experimental group showed significantly higher performance than the control one in terms of both comprehending and recalling measures. Gender, however, has no statistically significant influence on participants’ comprehension or retention outcomes. Further analysis of written recall demonstrated that compared to the control group, the experimental group showed greater success in both identifying relationships between ideas and retaining a larger number of key concepts.

In the context of war, leaders’ political speeches are characterized by certain identity charged concepts in the form of discourse. Collective identity is one of the most distinguished concepts in leaders’ speech as it reflects set of shared values ​​and traditions. Despite extensive research on war rhetoric and ideology, little attention has been given to how political leaders discursively construct collective identity during wartime. This study fills that gap by applying Critical Discourse Analysis to examine Zelenskyy’s discursive strategies in the context of the Ukraine war. This study aims to shed light on the analysis of the political discursive strategies employed by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to frame collective identity in attempt to gain international support during the war. In the anlignment with aims of the study, Van Dijk’s (2006) Socio-Cognitive Approach (SCA) and Reisigl & Wodak (2009) Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) are adopted as they deal with discoursive strategies and historical events. This study is conducted to answer the following questions: What linguistic and discoursive strategies did Volodymyr Zelenskyy use in his political speeches during the Russian-Ukrainian war? How do Zelenskyy’s speeches manage to construct international collective identity during the war? To what extend does Zelenskyy utilize language to gain international support, solidarity and resilience? The results show that Zelenskyy effectively employed certain strategies represented in nomination, argumentation, emotional intensification, and historical analogy. These results support the aims of the study, as they highlight how language helped shape collective identity, strengthen solidarity, and promote resilience during the war.

Abstract

Directive illocutionary acts (e.g., commanding and requesting) play a key role in the communicative event in the social, cognitive and discourse component of the pragma-critical discourse analysis studies. Directive illocutionary acts and literary texts has been the focus of much investigation in the search for the relation between the study of language and literature. This research is conducted to fill the gap this current method bridge by applying pragmatic and discourse theories to be a crucial link between linguistics and literary genres (e.g., prose and poetry). This research aims to explore literary works for directed illocutionary actions that convey larger social and ideological issues via a pragmatist-discourse analyst perspective. Previous studies of speech acts and literature have not dealt with directive illocutionary force from a pragma-critical linguistic perspective. The research is based on analyzing three novels; Great expectations, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice. A mixed method research paradigm has been utilized, i.e., qualitative and quantitative measures. The Framework of this research consists of Searl’s (1969) speech act theory, Fairclough’s (1995) socio-cultural framework, Wodak’s (2015) discourse historical approach, and Van Dijk’s (2000) socio-cognitive model. Findings have shown that Searl’s speech act is used much among the other models with higher percentage and frequencies of data visual representation of the selected literary texts.

Language is a system of communication made up of a collection of written symbols and sounds, that the people of a certain nation or area use for writing and speaking. Communicating one's thoughts, feelings, and opinions to others is a genuinely amazing skill. The figurative language in Wulid al-Huda Poem select randomly. This research aims to investigate and clarify the basic types of figurative language in Shawqi's poetry, as well as to identify its spiritual and creative connotations. This is achieved by using a qualitative descriptive approach based on Deignan’s (2009) model for analyzing poetic texts. This study found 6 types of figurative language in poem. The results showed that 170 figurative used in data, with conceptual metaphor being the most frequent category, occurring 72 times (42.35%). Proverb expressions were the least frequent, occurring only 3 times (1.76%).