Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

This study is a contribution to highlight the huge potential of the Qur'an and teach it to form the mind of students, and this is no doubt evidenced by the huge number of geniuses and innovators throughout history who have had the Koran victuals cognitively, Vachtml this research on areas that could be derived from the Koran in shaping the mind of the students, the statement means the Koran to the development of scientific skills, thinking skills, creativity skills, and what are the means to fine tune the mind

The present study aimed know the degree of internal speech with ages ( 6 , 7 , 9 and 11.12 years. And the significance of the statistical differences in the degree of internal speech depending on the variables of age, sex, and to achieve the goals of research, after reviewing the literature and previous studies have been prepared in the search tool according to the theory of Vygotsky and formed the search tool from a series of questions ( 14 ) Q & important task of the library and the task of the book and after each task asks the child a set of questions about thinking and internal speech has been provided some of the questions at the beginning of training on activities that can be performed by human activities that can not do and used the feedback with some of the questions , while questions about the internal speech was without feedback, the researchers extracted the psychometric properties of the instrument was extraction of validity and reliability has reached ( 80.0 ) , (88.0 ) on the sequence , results showed that the modern interior is composed at the age of 7 years. , and pointed out the results of analysis of variance duo to the presence of traces of life in the evolution of internal speech any that modern interior takes a path evolutionary . results indicated no differences in the internal speech variable according to sex and that the children's knowledge of internal speech evolve progress in age, the study came out a set of recommendations and proposals

We talking about the destructiveness. lasso dealt with the philosopher humanitarian and Psychologist Erich from through a Combination of Psychology and Philosophy of humanism and Purpose of this was to overcome the destructiveness through rationalization , either the main goal of all this was to reach the community in favor of humans can live in Peace and Safety of a just society healthy

The implementation of teaching the second major phase of the three phases of the teaching system in stages of teaching, and the importance lies in the fact that this stage requires the teacher to do many of the procedures and methods of complex skills.
The one who is the incentive configuration first display lesson and delivering on the learners 'skills, but this teacher and the learner has acquired a teaching trip, and requires the teacher to create the students before the start of a new lesson in order to develop their minds and stir their senses, and target incentive configuration to focus students' attention on the topic of the lesson and so righteous motivation they have, and to provide students with the information content of this lesson

The widows of the woman most exposed to stress and traumatic events, because the husband represents the force that is based upon the wife in the exercise of her life all this leads to psychological damage affect them a starting point for many mental disorders, so the goal of current research to know the level of social exclusion and building program and counseling know the effect of the counseling program in reducing social exclusion, so the researcher used the scale Alttiara 2011 extracted validity and reliability to him and extracted item discrimination and statistical methods used by the researcher is testing Mann Whitney and chi square test and T- test samples for one sample and the use of the bag statistical Spss well as the researcher has built a counseling program in a Modulation style extinguish negative for Beck consists of 10 sessions for 45 minutes session on women, widows, and the researcher found that the effect of extension of the program to reduce social exclusion among widows and reached a number of recommendations and proposal

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the cultural and behavioral problems for primary stage pupils is regarded as one of the most important themes which acquired the attention of the concerned in the field of education and the attention of these studies in the education process. The problems for primary stage pupils includes the phenomenon of dropping from school which happen to many students at this stage.
The research includes the following points:
1- An introduction that includes a summary of the educational process and childhood and its relation to child rearing.
2- The General framework which includes the problem, importance in addition to the objective.
3- The Cultural problems for Primary Stage Pupils
- The problem of cultural care of pupils in schools.
- The problem of inter pupils relationships.
- The problem of teacher - pupils relationships.
- The difficulties faced by pupils in school.
4- The behavioral problems includes:
- Intelligence and cultural environment.
- Shyness of pupils.
- The curricula which pupils tend to reject.
- Phenomenon of dropping from school
The results and recommendations which the researcher comes through.

The Present study aims at Finding out the (The effect Buxton Model
in acquiring Geographical Concepts and Retaining them for Second
intermediate class students ).
A partial control experimental design with post test experimental
control groups, The sample is deliberately selected from first AL-Rusafah
Directorate General of Education in Baghdad.
Intermediate school AL.khulfau AL.Rashedeen for boys is the
assigned school for the experimental work. Two sections are randomly
selected from the lst stage(B)is assigned as the experimental group where
while (C)is assigned at the control group,.
The total number of sample (67) male students distributed into (33)
students in the experimental group and(34) students in the control group .
The two groups are equalized in the following variables ; prior
knowledge ,age , IQ, ,students scores in Geography on the previous
academic year . Several external factors are controlled during the
experiment.
The teaching material is specified in three chapters selected from the
prescribed textbook for the Second intermediate stage which is entitled for
the academic year 2013 -2014 in Iraq Content analysis is done to identify
the major and miner concepts which totaled (97) concepts .In the light of
the concepts, behavioral objectives are formulated totaling(51) ones based
on Blooms taxonomy on the following levels ;identifying, recognizing ,
applying.(40)lesson plans are prepared ,20 per group. and prepared test for
acquiring geography concepts including (50) Test items, after three months
,at the end of the experimental work. T-test formula for two independent
samples is used to process data and find out results . show the following;
1. There are statistically significant difference on a level of significance of
(0,05) in acquiring geography concepts between the two groups in
favour of the experimental group.
2. There are statistically significant difference on a level of significance of
(0,05) in retaining geography concepts between the two groups in
favour of the experimental group.

Ideology and identification is one of the main and big subjects nowadays, especially after the ideology specified the ideology and main nationality identification existence by process which leads to Replacement and paddlefish of ideology existence rather than identification , while ideology makes so much efforts ( intellectual and beliefs efforts ) to solve century problems and presents mental and intellectual developments which characterized by realism in such disturbed and Dispersion world in political, social, economic factions and dominated by cases of conflict and chaos . Identification seeks to connect the individual similarities participating in the land, history and real affiliation, which tend to personal fulfillment of humanity in its social and cultural frame and confirms his affiliation root .But while that facing the impact of ideological conflict which aims to achieve an intellectual image and adopts cultures and ideas from another civilization might disagree with identification characteristics existence. Ideology trying to dismantling in all Civilization and national directions, as well as seeks to Skepticism of identification with its ideological features while the weakness of the Factors affiliation , the local organizations , National parties and Religious institutions and their branches in its special directions . Which lead to the disability of resists the ideological Invasion weather is was local, regional or global. But despites of the some ideologies presents humanitarian and reformative theses
In different political shapes and frames still mainly defending to the Elements of existence which resulting the ideological conflict – identificational despite of that both of them have weakness in its Staff fundamental parts thus the ideology Remain to protect the benefits of the interests of the political elite and leaders while facing Cases of rejection and acceptance in social circles . Whereas the main nationality identification went through a conflict with sub-identification ,Sectarianism and loyalty instead of main identification or the national identification and from that description we can conclude that the conflicts and its pathways are continuous in such a world full of existence and hegemony and superiority .

Our age is characterized by being in age of scientific and technological revolution and the opening which resulted in many challenged that is characterized by the demographic exploration mad the rapid change which has inflicted all the classes of society. This technology has become an instrument for the comprehensive development for any educational system in the world resulting in the preparation of the developed curricula.
Therefore, the thinking is regarded as one the development phenomena that is developed throughout age/ innovative thinking is regarded as one of the phenomena which the expert has affirmed in the educational and psychological Studies. The growing of the need for developing our mental abilities in the light of the tokens of the age rendered education having very big responsibilities for preparing students and enabling them to solve their problems in a logic manner.
Then, it is necessary for a blending of the student's needs and their thinking of the material they study in order to reveal their interests. That could be done only through the adoption of modern methods of teaching and also via educational programs to be their thinking a means for solving.
Through a survey study which the researcher has conducted in the Fine Art Institute for Girls \ morning classes, she found that some students are not familiar with the good thinking and the ability to solve their problem and they take decision that affect negatively their performance.
Upon the above, the research aimed at:
1- Building an instructional program the Printing Product by Using the Kufi Kairwan Calligraphy to develop innovative thinking.
2- Measuring the effectiveness of the instructional program through experimenting on a sample of students of Printing Design- the Fine Art Institute for Girls
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the research posed (6) hypotheses to measure the level of cognitive acquisition in the Fine Art Institute. The numbers of students were (90) female students of which (20) were chosen randomly. The grouped into two groups (control and experimental)

The present study aimed to
- Effect of the cognitive map in the collection of material teaching methods. To achieve the aim of the research was the formulation of the null hypothesis of the following :
1There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group students who are studying according to the cognitive map, and the average scores of the control group students who are studying under way in the collection of the usual methods of teaching material .
It reached the current research sample (80) students, the rate of (40) Talibautalbh the experimental group and (40) students of the control group .lam academic 2013-2014, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad
To achieve the aim of the research were carried out as follows :
- Building a test consists of a written dimensionally (20) paragraph probationary After confirming the veracity of the test and persistence and conducting statistical analysis needed .
Has been the use of a set of statistical means necessary, including Pearson correlation coefficient, and Chi-square, and the equation of the effectiveness of alternatives wrong, and samples t-test for two independent samples .
After processing the data showed a statistically significant result is as follows :
no statistically significant difference in achievement test posttest for the experimental group and at a level of significance (0.05 .)
In light of the findings of the researcher to develop a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The goal of current research into the construction and application of a measure of hope among a sample of students from the University of Baghdad and a volume of 200 students, including 106 students and 94 female students for the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, developed the researchers defined theoretically been drafting thirty paragraph to measure hope and verify the validity of paragraphs logically presented to a group of experts in educational and Psychological Sciences, and the percentage of agreement 85% for the purpose of analysis of the items of the scale and extraction characteristics Alsekoumtria have applied to the sample (200) students and extracted power discriminatory paragraphs style two extremes either ratified paragraph has been extracted through relationship paragraph college degree as well as has been verified psychometric properties of the scale through honesty two (virtual sincerity and genuineness construction) and consistency of the way through re-testing, and the ratio of stability (79%).
In order to complete the current interest of the scale came out current research findings and recommendations and proposals.

The method of modern life major source of psychological pressure as cause different forms of problems, psychological , physiological, social and job loss and other problems that affect the individual and therefore these problems affect the level of motivation of any be indirect loss resulting from the decline in motivation to work . Limited research on the principals of kindergartens in the city of Baghdad, for the academic year (2013-2014) sample consisted of (150 ) , director and confirmed the researcher of the existence of the problem through a questionnaire distributed to managers of kindergartens either research tools have the researcher to build two measures, measure of psychological pressure and a measure of motivation It is literature survey and previous studies and after subjecting them to the validity and reliability measures consisted A data Find finalized paragraph psychological pressure (f) of paragraph motivation and after analyzing the data statistically using the t- test and Pearson correlation coefficient was found:-
1- The directors of kindergartens have psychological pressure. 2- The directors of kindergartens have a high motivation toward their work. 3- There are no teams in years of service to managers of kindergartens for each of the psychological pressures. 4- There is a direct correlation between stress and motivation of managers kindergarten about their work.

The current research aims aims to identify comparison of strategic ideal to problem –solving and strategy for the course of meta cognitive learning in dimensional decision-making for the students of the educational open faculty –phase 11-sclence-dept-physics.
Branch whear the sample was tested in the research with purposive from and the number of 40 students were divided randomly in to tow groups and are as follows.
1-group –a-represent the first experimental group that studied according to ideal strategy to solve proplems.
2-group-b-represent the second experimental group that studied according meta cognitve learning cycle –mlc- building measure decision-making contains-20-paragrabh of the muliti-type test and was certified of its truthfulness and stead fasteness
The result showed the following
1-out weigh first experimental group students on the second experimental group students in the decision making

Secondary phonemes and their Roles in linguistic Analysis
The study deale with the phonology and the study of phonological systcfem by viewing the two subdivisions namely phonetics and phonology , phonetics deals with linguistic structure while phonology deal with the study of sounds inside the linguistic structure or in the context Logic adds some important aspects to the study of sounds and to the phonemic phenomen a which indicate human speech and communication . These phenomena involves intonation and aspiration and assimilation . such phonemes have their roles in the linquistic analysis . This helps in explaining texts in different languages one of which is Kurdish .

Khanay Qubadi\'s is one of the most prominent Kurdish poets in 18th century who wrote his poems in Goran dialect.
This study is entitled ( the art of simile in Khanay Qubadi\'s poems) two reasons force us to choose this topic, the first there are rare studies concerning this art , and the latter is the poets ability and attention to similes kinds in his poems .
In this study, Qubadi\'s works are concentrated specially those which are decorated with similes arts in which they give beautiful and outstanding impressions to our work.

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The current research paper is concerned with a contrastive study of structural ambiguity in English and Arabic. It refers to a very important aspect in sentence structure in English with their counterparts in Arabic.
By ambiguity we mean any sentence which cannot be understood meaningfully, or it may have more than one meaning. In this way the hearer or listener does not understand exactly what is meant.
In English language there are several factors that cause structural ambiguity. These are duality of parts of speech, absence of functional words, immediate constituent, surface and deep structure, compound and grammatical words, and the use of pronouns.
Arabic language as English has several factors that cause ambiguity which are the same as in English with few differences. These factors are duality in parts of speech, surface and deep structure, elision of some parts of speech, and the use of pronouns.
A contrastive analysis has been made at the end of the study with a conclusion which contains the points of similarities and differences between the factors of structural ambiguity in the two languages, that would be of a great benefit to the students of English language as a second language, and those who got interest in contrastive studies.

This study is an attempt to interpret the political speeches of the U.S president Barak Obama through his visits to Jordan within the frame of relevance theory. It tries to show how relevance theory used to work out in details how people communicate through expression and recognition of intentions. It is an attempt to show how hearers decode speakers‟ meanings depending on code model. It has been suggested that the viewers‟ access to background beliefs and assumptions in order to form a context against which new incoming information can be processed is also essential in order to decode meaning. In addition, it tries to unfold that the interpretation depends on the viewer‟s ideology, as “relevance is always relevance to an individual” (Sperber & Wilson 1986) ( as cited by Sanz).

The headline is critical, summarizing and drawing attention to the story; its telegraphic style is probably the best known feature of news reporting. The idea of summarizing an entire story into just a few words is extremely challenging. And what makes it even harder is the ability of the writer to make the headline powerful, unique and attractive.
Headlines, as parts of newspapers articles, should follow certain techniques and restrictions. It is true that most writers tend to avoid punctuating headlines unless necessary since they slow the process of reading and headlines are meant for speed reading; yet punctuation in headlines can perform many functions: visual, rhetorical, dramatic and syntactic.
This research deals with the uses of punctuation marks in newspapers` headlines. Headlines on news, technology, entertainment, economy and culture were taken from the websites of the CNN, New York Times and Los Angles Times. It highlights the matching between the rules of using punctuation in headlines and the headlines which catch our eyes everyday. Is it possible for the writer- even when surrounded with rules- to stamp his (or her) headline?
Theoretical backgrounds concerning writing headlines, the rules of punctuation and writing headlines online were given in the first two sections .The main marks of punctuation were listed followed by their applications in different examples.

This paper describes an agent-oriented requirements engineering approach. Agent-oriented techniques represent an exciting new means of analyzing, designing and building complex software systems. They have the potential to significantly improve current practice in software engineering and to extend the range of applications that can feasibly be tackled. i * can be used to model social dependencies between agents and how process design choices affect the agents’ goals. Agent-oriented approaches are becoming popular in software engineering, both as architectural frameworks, and as modeling frameworks for requirements engineering and design. i* is an informal diagram-based language for early-phase requirements engineering that supports the modeling of social dependencies between agents and how process design choices affect the agents’ goals both functional and non-functional. ConGolog is an expressive logic-based formalism for specifying processes that involves multiple agents. The two formalisms complement each other well, and in this work, we used the combination of the two frameworks in requirements engineering. The i* SR-diagram language is extended with process specification annotations, which allow the SR model of a system to be refined and then mapped into a ConGolog model. The mapping must satisfy a set of mapping rules, which ensure that it specifies which elements in the two models are related and that the models are consistent.

Reading comprehension is an important skill in teaching and learning English as a foreign language in Iraq. The level of students' proficiency in it decides to a great extent their progress in the academic fields and in general knowledge. Teaching and learning reading comprehension is graded from simple words and statements to extents with different sizes and complexity levels. It targets enabling students to understand the meaning of new texts with suitable levels of speed and efforts.
Critical reading on the other hand is something higher than reading comprehension process. In critical reading the student is not only required to comprehend the meaning of a text,eg.vocabulary.He is also required to judge what he reads and identify the main ideas and restate them in his own words.
The aim of critical reading is to assess the strength of the evidence and the argument. It is just as useful to conclude that a study, or an article, presents very strong evidence and a well-reasoned argument, as it is to identify the studies or articles that are week.
Critical readers usually examine the evidence or arguments presented,chek out any influences on the evidence or arguments, examine the interpretations made; and decide to what extent they are prepared to accept the authors' arguments,opinions,or conclusions. on-critical readers ,on the other hand, usually accept what they read as facts.
Group work is an effective technique for teaching English to students learning a foreign language. Even those students who have no prior experience with this type of technique in the classroom can quickly learn to use it. This technique presents learning as an effective technique to involve EFL students in using English and to make learning more enjoyable.
The present study aims at investigating the impact of using group work technique on Iraqi University EFL students achievement in critical reading.
To achieve the aim of the present study, two groups from the 2nd grade students at the department of English AL-Yarmouk Private University College were randomly chosen. Each group consisted of 34 students. One of them was selected to be the experimental group which will be taught critical reading by using group work technique while the second group ( the control group ) was taught critical reading by using the traditional method.
At the end of the experiment, students of both groups subjected to an achievement test.
Findings proved that using group work technique in teaching critical reading has a positive effect on the achievement of Iraqi University EFL students.
At the end of the present study it was concluded that group work technique helps the students increase communicative skills. It has a number of psychological and social benefits, such as being exposed to other points-of-view and learning how to exchange opinions. It also trains the students to use the foreign language independently of the teacher.

The present study aims at finding out whether the syntactic aspects of the subject cause difficulty to the undergraduate students of English at Anbar University for the Academic year 2013 -2014 . It is hypothesized that there is no significant difference between the mean score of the students\' achievement and the theoretical mean score of the test . Also it is hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the achievement between male and female according to the variable of sex . The researchers used a test as the main instrument to collect the necessary data . The sample of this study includes ( 40 ) students ( 20 male and 20 female ) . These students are chosen randomly from the fourth stage , Department of English , College of Education for Humanities to be representative of University of Anbar. The test has been applied on the sample . The collected data has been analyzed by using T – test formula . The findings arrived at revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean score of the students\' achievement and the theoretical mean score of the test . Also the results revealed that there is no significant difference in the achievement between males and females according to the variable of sex . On the basis of findings , the study arrives at certain conclusions .