Bilad Alrafidain Journal for Engineering Science and Technology (BAJEST)

Sheet pile walls have been considered the hoariest anchoring techniques used in civil engineering projects.
In this study, experimental work was achieved on a laterally anchored sheet pile wall installed below a cycling
load in sandy soil with a ratio (CLR) of 40% for 100 cycles. Several parameters were considered, including
anchor rod length of (40 cm), pile length (30 cm), and angles between batter piles 100, 150, and 250). In
addition, a linear load of 5 kPa applied on ground surface near sheet pile wall and a spacing between anchors
of 10 cm was considered. The batter piles were installed at a distance of 40 cm from the sheet pile wall. The
test results showed that the increase of angles between batter piles from 10° to 15° and 25° leads to a reduction
of the lateral displacement of the sheet pile wall by 7.1% and 64.3%, respectively. Strip footing tilting and
total settlement near the sheet pile wall reduced as the angles between anchored batter piles increased from
10° to 15° and 25°. The wall system, which is made from anchored sheet pile, has been exposed to cyclic
load was effective and safer when the inclination angle between the batter piles is 25°.

In this paper, two samples of dry natural saline soil were studied and physical and chemical tests were conducted. The
first sample was from Diyala Governorate, Al-Khalis District, and was taken at a depth of 1 meter. This sample had a
sodium chloride salt concentration of 54%. The second sample was prepared in the soil laboratory at the College of
Engineering, University of Diyala, by mixing the first sample in known weight ratios with clean, salt-free sand to obtain
a second soil sample with a sodium chloride salt concentration of 32%. After that, the container in which the laboratory
tests were carried out was prepared and made locally with dimensions of 50 cm × 50 cm × 55 cm and was painted
yellow. The behavior of the two samples was studied under static and dynamic loading. Through the latter, we knew the
dynamic response parameters, represented by speed, acceleration, displacement amplitude, and settlement, all with
respect to time. It was found that the behavior of the soil with a sodium chloride salt concentration of 54% was much
weaker compared to the behavior of the soil with a sodium chloride salt concentration of 32%. The weakness is
represented by an approximate percentage of about 50%. In the static state, the bearing capacity decreased from (48 to
32) kilopascals for the two percentages of 32% and 54%, respectively. However, it was also found that increasing the
salt content in the soil leads to increased vibration amplitude, decreased damping, and faster sedimentation, especially
at frequencies of 15 Hz and 20 Hz. These effects are attributed to the weak internal structure of the salt bonds between
soil particles, which weaken rapidly under cyclic loading. At the end of the study, it was found that reducing the salt
content of the soil in the laboratory by mixing it with clean, dry sand in known weight ratios significantly improved the
soil properties and dynamic behavior. The results of this study have contributed to a better understanding of the behavior
of dry sabkha soils for the design of better and safer foundations in areas where saline soils predominate.

This study experimentally investigates the frequency-dependent dynamic soil-structure interaction response for a
retaining wall resting on sandy soil and a focus on identifying critical behavioral regimes under varying excitation
frequencies. Controlled vibration tests were conducted at 10 Hz, 15 Hz, and 20 Hz in order to study the characteristics
of vibration velocity, acceleration, displacement amplitude and settlement. The results show that when frequency
increases, the response of elastic stability for progressive failure tends to decrease. At 10 Hz, the base exhibited stable
elastic behavior and minor deformation. This meant it was operating safely. The places where the observations were
made suggest that at the frequency of 15 Hz, the lateral dislocation ratio is more than 1.0. So, we conclude that plastic
deformation happened. We also see the maximal dynamic response and vibration speed (1.23-4.61 mm/s) and
acceleration (1.1-3.8 m/s²). The system experienced extreme compounded damage and settled nearly -20mm. Cyclic
stress concentration and densification of soil also cause a large degree of lateral spreading. The results indicate a critical
resonance (15 Hz) beyond which the dynamic instability builds up and design measures should be taken into
consideration in terms of resonant amplification and long-term cyclic degradation to secure foundation safety and
serviceability on vibrations caused by machines.

The results of its detrimental effects on water quality and toxicity to aquatic life, as well as ammonia contamination in
wastewater, indicated that noticeable environmental risk. Moreover, there was another important factor in this field are conventional treatment techniques lead to pollution and operative budget. It is important to produce a balance betweenm the low-cost treatment and keeping the sustainability and efficiency in the environmentally friendly adsorbents. Here, in this current work, an efforts were conducted to investigate an eco-friendly bio sorbent for ammonia extraction, thatn is depends on Ceratophyllum and is modified with zinc oxide (ZnO). To do the creation of adsorbent, ZnO nanoparticlesm have been impregnated into dried Ceratophyllum powder. The evaluation of the results was conducted by utilisingm scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). To measure the influence of temperature, stirring speed, pH, and contact time on removal efficiency, batch adsorption tests were carried out. SEM, BET, FTIR, and XRD investigations verified the ZnO-modified Ceratophyllum's enlarged surface roughness, better porosity, and the emergence of Zn–O functional groups. The bio sorbent demonstrated a notable enhancement over the raw material, attaining an 82% removal efficiency for ammonia under optimal conditions (pH = 8, contact duration = 60 min, stirring speed = 200 rpm, and ambient temperature = 25 °C). The results showed that zinc oxide-modified Ceratophyllum is a cheap, environmentally friendly, and highly effective absorbent for large-scale wastewater treatment, providing a sustainable alternate to traditional technologies.

The superplasticity of magnesium alloys (Mg) exhibits excellent behavior at high elongations while maintaining
mechanical properties and a deformation mechanism that depends on intergranular sliding. These alloys can be achieved at lower stress levels with relatively high temperatures. Furthermore, the microstructure is fine-grained and
homogeneous, which gives the alloy a very high potential for forming then, obtaining complex components of various
weights. The microstructure and mechanical properties make magnesium alloys a successful choice for many industrial
applications, including the automotive, aviation, and medical device industries, which require lightweight materials with
high strength. The superplastic behavior of magnesium alloys treated by various manufacturing operations, such as
differential speed rolling (DSR), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), and friction stir processing (FSP) was studied.
These operations contribute to reducing grain size and enhancing intergranular sliding, which is the basic mechanism
responsible for superplasticity.

A suction electrode is often used as a precordial electrode in clinical electrocardiograms. It can be used frequently
and has no need for adhesive or a strap. Higher source impedance since the contact area is small. The present study aims to 1) design and implement biomedical suction electrodes with different types of materials (Copper and Aluminum) and determine the dimensions of each electrode, 2) apply these constructed electrodes on subjects in hospitals and
laboratories to extract their electrocardiogram waveform, and 3) finally, make a comparison between these constructed
electrodes (Copper and Aluminum) with the standard electrode made from Ag/AgCl. The results obtained indicate that
the best material for a construction electrode after the Ag/AgCl material is the Copper material, which gives the same
electrocardiogram signal with high efficiency and accuracy. In addition, Copper material is less expensive than silver,
so it is desired to use it in the reading of electrocardiogram signals. While Aluminum material was never used in the
electrode construction, this was obtained from the reading of its electrocardiogram signal.

Due to the abundance of sunflower by-products and the difficulty of digesting them, they constitute a large percentage
of agricultural waste. Our goal here is to transform this waste into sustainable materials that can be used in many
industrial applications. The multiple uses of sunflower have been discussed in our lives as a concrete stabilizer and
corrosion inhibitor, in addition to its environmental benefits and mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties. Advanced
studies have proven that sunflower husks are more than just waste, due to their promising future benefits when combined with other materials to become useful and environmentally friendly compounds It has chemical components that make it a material with a future in the composite materials industry, as the peel consists of hemicellulose, lignin, phenolic compounds and fatty acids, which enhances its mechanical properties when combined with polymers. Studies have also shown that combining peels with polymers such as polypropylene or epoxy will improve tensile and compressive resistance, in addition to having good thermal stability. From the above, it is clear that sunflower peels represent a vitalm resource for use in various industries. In this study, the uses of sunflower seed shells in various industrial applicationsm will be highlighted, through which these applications will be developed.

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

Aluminum composite products have become a significant component in advanced engineering applications, due to their
lightweight nature and excellent mechanical properties. In this article, pure aluminum grade 1050 with a content 93%,
boron carbide of 2%, and fly ash of 5% were mixed using the stir casting process to fabricate Al1050/B4C/FA composite
rods. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was adopted to enhance the
mechanical properties and to assess the porosity state. The two-channel angles 120° and 135° with multi-cycles of ECAP
(1,2,3,4,5, and 6) under room temperature were used to determine the mechanical properties and porosity state of the
Al1050/B4C/FA composite. The results revealed that the number of ECAP cycles (passes) can improve both the yield
tensile stress, ultimate tensile stress, and hardness due to strain hardening and microstructural changes. The sixth cycle of ECAP and a channel die angle of 120° have the greatest impact on enhancing the mechanical properties compared to the others. Additionally, the porosity magnitudes recorded discrepancies with multiple ECAP cycles and channel die angles. The increase in ECAP passes showed a slight rise in porosity; moreover, the die angle of 120° gave a greaterm effect than 135°.

Geopolymer materials have gained significant attention as sustainable alternatives to traditional concrete, as they reduce carbon dioxide emissions associated with the cement production industry. This environmentally friendly material consists of industry waste materials that have been chemically activated by an activation solution. This study attempts to evaluate the effects of replacing metakaolin (MK) in fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer mortars with sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% with an emphasis on early strength within the first few hours. Na2SiO3 (2:1) and 12 M NaOH were combined to create an alkaline activator. After being formed into 50 x 50 x 50 mm cubes, the samples were first heat-cured at 90°C for initial durations. At two, five, and twenty-four hours, the bulk density and compressive strength were measured. The results showed that density gradually decreased over time, and that replacing some of the sand with MK significantly increased both early and later compressive strengths while initially reducing density. The increased active aluminosilicate content and quicker N-A-S-H gel formation are responsible for this improvement. MK20 showed the best workability, microcompactness, and reactivity. On the other hand, because of its higher viscosity and potential for microporosity, MK30 was marginally weaker than MK20 but showed greater strength in comparison to the reference. The results support the use of medium replacement proportions of MK in applications that require both structural stability and quick strength growth