Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

This study aims to analyze Indonesian institutional digital repositories in terms of their establishment, the types of software employed, and the subject areas and content available in these repositories. A survey and comparative methodology were adopted. A purposive (intentional) sample of (40) repositories was selected from a total population of (195) repositories. The study produced several findings, the most prominent of which are as follows:
1. EPrints are among the most widely used software packages in Indonesian repositories, ranking first at 88%, followed by DSpace at 0.07%, while other platforms account for 0.05%.
2. The year 2019 ranked first in terms of repository establishment, with 18 repositories (45%), followed by 2011 with 5 repositories (12%).
3. Law ranked first among the subject areas represented in Indonesian repositories, at 85%. It is followed by health and medicine, humanities, social sciences, and technology, each at an equal rate of 80%.

Since 2003, the change that occurred in Iraq has enabled the emergence of early signs of modernization in political institutions and structures, in accordance with standards and trends aimed at developing the mechanisms and practices of political work within a configuration established on the ruins of the previously prevailing order. This was accompanied by a conscious response and initial forms of cooperation and international coordination by states, bodies, and global institutions in pursuit of that objective. Indeed, procedures were initiated that made it possible to begin a process of political development directed toward enhancing the foundations of political practice, modernizing its mechanisms, and opening horizons for a modern society characterized by a value system capable of transcending the crises and problems of society—an aspiration long envisioned by peoples—despite the fact that its beginnings were at the institutional level. However, this experience soon faced a set of societal challenges alongside external challenges, which exposed it to setbacks despite the availability of certain elements of success. Therefore, this study will address the most significant challenges that impeded the realization of genuine political development at the internal level, since the foundations of development appear clearly within internal challenges across several levels, notwithstanding the presence of indicators suggesting that its prerequisites had been prepared—without attributing the absence or regression of political development solely to the external factor, which may be no less dangerous or influential. Nevertheless, political development remains constrained by internal awareness, will, and their various interactions.

The state plays a pivotal role in protecting and promoting human rights through its various institutions. However, civil society organizations share this responsibility with no less importance, as they are voluntary formations established by the free will of their members, are non-profit in nature, and operate across diverse social, economic, cultural, and political fields. The study of the role of these organizations in the sphere of human rights has emerged in response to a set of factors that have compelled researchers to re-examine their position and impact, particularly in light of their increasing numbers and the expansion of their activities in a manner consistent with the objectives for which they were established. With this expanding role, it has become necessary for these organizations to comply with legal frameworks to ensure that they do not infringe upon the rights affirmed by international instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1966 International Covenants, and other international and regional agreements, in addition to national legislation that guarantees the protection of human rights.

This research examines the phenomenon of Franco-German competition to arm the armies of the Balkan states in the decades preceding the outbreak of World War I. It argues that this rivalry was not merely a commercial or diplomatic conflict, but a decisive strategic factor that reconfigured the military balance of power in the region and directly contributed to creating the conditions that led to the eruption of conflict in 1914. The study traces the roots of this rivalry back to the Congress of Berlin in 1878 and deconstructs the mechanisms of military penetration, embodied by military missions (such as the German mission of von der Goltz in the Ottoman Empire) and arms contracts tied to financial loans (Germany's Krupp artillery versus France's Schneider). It illustrates how the Balkan states became divided into two rival blocs: a German-oriented axis (the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and Romania) and a French-oriented axis (Serbia, Greece). The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) served as the field test that revealed the effectiveness of the competing weapons and doctrines, resulting in the rise of Serbia as a regional power and the defeat of Germany's allies. The study concludes that the new balance of power that emerged in the Balkans on the eve of the Sarajevo crisis played a pivotal role in the calculations of the Great Powers; it emboldened Russia and France while pushing Austria-Hungary and Germany towards the option of a preventive war, thereby turning a regional arms race into the fuse that ignited a world war.

The rights of Iraqi workers are among the rights assured by the Permanent Iraqi Constitution of 2005, as well as by the Iraqi Labour Law No. (37) of 2015. In practice, however, the increasing influx of foreign labor into Iraq has had a substantial impact on the rights of Iraqi workers. One of the most prominent effects is the rise in unemployment among Iraqis, as some companies prefer foreign workers over Iraqi workers because foreign workers accept lower wages compared to Iraqi workers. It is worth noting that workers’ rights in general have received attention from the international community through the issuance of international and regional declarations and treaties aimed at protecting workers’ rights, foremost among which is the International Labour Organization (ILO), established in 1919. Among the most important manifestations of legal protection for workers’ rights are the regulation of working hours, granting weekly rest days, prohibiting child labour, and enacting laws to protect workers from occupational diseases and exposure to accidents during work. Accordingly, it is necessary today to clarify the extent of the Iraqi government’s concern for the rights of the Iraqi worker and the solutions it has adopted to protect these rights, particularly in light of the increased numbers of foreign workers in Iraq after 2003. With the growing entry of foreign labor into Iraq, Iraqi workers have experienced a decline in their living standards due to low wages, or they may be dismissed and replaced by foreign workers who accept lower pay. This, in turn, also constitutes a violation of the rights of foreign workers, as they may be exploited through low wages. This phenomenon has also contributed to the spread of unemployment among Iraqi youth, in addition to the security and social repercussions that result from it. After 2003, Iraq witnessed economic and social openness to the outside world, which led to an increase in the arrival of foreign labor; some of this labor may be irregular, contributing to broader security instability. Therefore, this study seeks to shed light on the impact of foreign labor inflows into Iraq on the rights of the Iraqi worker. The importance of this topic arises from the economic and social transformations Iraq has experienced in recent years. The significance of the subject under study can be understood through examining and analysing the effects—whether positive or negative—of foreign workers on the labour market. Studying this topic will enable us to determine the extent to which foreign labor contributes to rising unemployment rates among Iraqis. This, in turn, will provide the Iraqi government with sufficient information to develop its policies regarding the recruitment and regulation of foreign workers in a manner consistent with market needs. Moreover, such measures can establish standards and controls to limit irregular labor, namely, workers operating without official permits. This topic also contributes to strengthening the legal protection of foreign workers’ rights and ensuring that they are not exploited, while simultaneously protecting the rights of Iraqi workers in a way that prevents harm to them and creates fair employment opportunities for all. Among the findings of this study are the loss of employment opportunities for Iraqi workers—either through job displacement due to the increase in foreign labor or through reduced chances of obtaining work—as well as higher unemployment rates among Iraqi youth and increased poverty levels within Iraqi society.

Despite the significant opportunities offered by digital transformation, Iraq’s financial sector faces numerous challenges. The most prominent of these include weak digital infrastructure, low awareness of digital transformation, and a shortage of legislation regulating this field. In addition, a lack of trust in digital transactions constitutes one of the main obstacles limiting the growth of this sector. The study’s objectives comprise the following pathways:
1. Defining the concept of the digital economy and its importance in the era of modern technology.
2. Examining the opportunities available to Iraq through the transition to a digital economy, with a focus on sectors that can benefit from such transformations, such as e-commerce, digital financial services, and e-learning.
3. Analyzing the challenges Iraq may encounter in implementing the digital economy—such as infrastructure limitations, a lack of digital skills, and security issues—and exploring the role of government and the private sector in supporting digital transformation and providing an enabling environment for digital growth.
With regard to research methodology, the comparative approach will be employed by conducting a comparison between Iraq and several countries that have undergone successful transitions toward the digital economy. The study concludes that digital transformation represents a strategic opportunity to advance the Iraqi economy, as it contributes to enhancing productivity, improving service quality, and reducing operating costs. The recommendations focus on improving digital infrastructure through investment in high-speed internet networks and modern technologies; strengthening legislation and laws regulating e-commerce and ensuring consumer protection; and increasing digital awareness through education and training to encourage individuals and firms to adopt digital solutions.

The current study aims to analyze and interpret the relationship between leaders’ mindfulness and the dimensions of psychological resilience, and to examine the extent to which the cognitive and behavioral perspective—articulated through the study’s theoretical and applied frameworks—can be utilized. In light of this, the core research problem can be identified as follows: Is there a statistically significant correlation and effect between the effectiveness of leaders’ mindfulness and the achievement of psychological resilience dimensions? To outline the research problem and reach the best solutions to the study’s issues, a hypothetical model was developed to reflect the correlational and causal relationships among the study variables, namely leaders’ mindfulness and psychological resilience capacities, thereby enabling the most accurate and beneficial results for addressing the research problem. To achieve this objective, the most suitable research setting was selected: the General Company for Plastics in Baqubah. A purposive sample of 71 decision-makers from the company was identified. To interpret the theoretical and applied axes of the study, the analytical approach was adopted to ensure sound and precise results. The primary research instrument was a questionnaire, alongside a set of statistical techniques, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, significance testing, path regression, and others. The study reached several conclusions reflecting the nature of the relationship between leaders’ mindfulness and the dimensions of psychological resilience among decision-makers at the Plastics Company in Baqubah. Most notably, the findings confirmed a significant positive correlation between the levels of mindfulness among company leaders and their ability to enhance employees’ psychological resilience. This indicates that mindful leadership practices effectively contribute to improving psychological and professional adjustment within the work environment. Based on these findings, the researchers proposed a number of recommendations that may contribute to improving organizational performance and strengthening psychological resilience within the company. Chief among these is the design of periodic training programs for leaders and employees on mindfulness skills, including attention management, development of self-awareness, mindful thinking, and decision-making away from pressure and momentary emotional reactions.

The comparative states—such as Egypt and the United Arab Emirates—have sought to keep pace with digital transformation and rapid technological development. Accordingly, these states introduced a digital identity that enables its holder to access digital services provided by the government and to complete official transactions without resorting to traditional methods of dealing and processing. However, this transformation was neither easy nor smooth; rather, it brought with it many problems and difficulties, foremost among them forgery. This has placed these states before substantial challenges in terms of protection and confrontation, and in avoiding the resulting effects that affect individuals in their lives and property, in addition to harming the state and its reputation domestically or internationally as a result of using forged cards to commit numerous crimes—most notably the financing of terrorism, which has exhausted many states. In Iraq, despite the enormous sums spent in an effort to keep up with this development, a digital identity has not been created; instead, it was replaced with a unified national card that was deemed “digital.” In reality, however, the situation indicates otherwise, given the absence of many of the features characteristic of digital identity, foremost among them the electronic signature and the authentication key. Although the Iraqi legislator did not adopt this card (as a true digital identity), it did not leave forgery without deterrence; rather, it surrounded it with severe penalties for anyone who dares to commit this act. Nevertheless, such severity is not found in the Unified Card Law No. (3) of 2016, as no aggravation of punishment—or proportionality between the act committed and the protected interest—can be observed.

This study aims to establish the doctrinal status of industrial custom (al-ʿurf al-ṣināʿī) within Hanafi jurisprudence and to analyze its role in regulating modern financial transactions, while offering a contemporary juristic perspective on employing it in a manner consistent with Islamic law (Sharia). The study proceeds from a central problem concerning the extent to which industrial custom influences contemporary economic dealings—particularly in light of rapid industrial and economic changes—and the degree of its compatibility with Sharia principles and the methodological controls of the Hanafi school. The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology, drawing on classical sources such as al-Mabsūṭ, Badāʾiʿ al-Ṣanāʾiʿ, al-Hidāyah, al-Baḥr al-Rāʾiq, and al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyyah, in addition to contemporary references and official resolutions of Islamic fiqh academies, in order to examine applications of industrial custom in modern financial transactions. The study’s findings show that Hanafi jurists regard custom as a legally recognized basis for formulating financial and industrial rulings, provided that it is widespread and stable and does not contradict the scriptural texts. It further demonstrates that industrial custom is distinguished by its direct connection to modern productive and economic activities, and that its function is complemented by istiḥsān (juristic preference) and maṣlaḥah (public interest) in addressing gaps where explicit texts are absent and in realizing the objectives of Sharia. The study also confirms that contemporary industrial customs—such as manufacturing contracts, contracting (construction/service) agreements, corporate arrangements, and banking practices—may be deemed valid when they adhere to Sharia constraints, making them an effective instrument for regulating contemporary financial transactions.

This study aims to analyze the role of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in promoting economic integration and African integration through an examination of the theoretical and historical frameworks of African economic integration, an analysis of the stages in the development of the AfCFTA, and an assessment of its expected economic impacts and the operational challenges it faces. The AfCFTA represents a qualitative shift in the trajectory of African economic integration, as it seeks to establish a unified continental market serving more than 1.3 billion people and to increase intra-African trade by 52.3% by 2035, thereby contributing to an annual rise of 1–3% in the continent’s gross domestic product (GDP). The success of the AfCFTA depends on its capacity to address structural and institutional challenges, alongside the availability of genuine political will to foster effective partnerships among all relevant stakeholders. The study offers a set of recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the AfCFTA, most notably strengthening integration in regional value chains, developing supportive infrastructure, building institutional capacities, implementing support programs for least developed countries, and devising innovative financing mechanisms for regional projects.

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The issue of the Jewish minority in Turkey and the position of successive governments toward it during the period 1923–1980 represents an important topic, given that the Jews constituted one of the minorities that played a major role during the Ottoman era. Their migration from Europe to the Ottoman state increased steadily, eventually leading to efforts to establish a national homeland for them in Palestine, despite Herzl’s failed attempts with Sultan Abdul Hamid. The Zionist lobby continued its activities until the advent of the ominous Balfour Declaration, which further intensified Jewish immigration to Palestine. The Turkish position toward the Jews was characterized by fluctuation between a desire for Turkification and the implementation of legal and economic measures. Accordingly, we observe an expansion of their activities during the establishment of the Turkish Republic, particularly in the industrial and commercial sectors. Indeed, the Jews were among the most influential groups in economic activity, which developed significantly and contributed to the growth of the Turkish economy. In addition, they played a serious role in both domestic and foreign politics and occupied high-ranking positions within the state. However, this did not halt Jewish migration to Palestine. After the establishment of their alleged state in Palestine, the Republic of Turkey recognized Israel out of a desire to draw closer to the Western bloc.

This study aimed to identify the effect of the decision-making strategy on the multiple intelligences of fourth-grade literary stream students. The researcher employed an experimental design consisting of two groups, an experimental group and a control group, with partial control and pre- and post-testing. The research sample consisted of 60 students: 30 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. The equivalence of the two research groups was verified across several variables. As for the research instrument, the researcher developed a multiple intelligences scale consisting of 72 items, with six response alternatives for each item. The validity and reliability of the instrument were also established. Statistically, the study used the t-test for two independent samples equal in number and the t-test for two paired samples. The results of the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in the post-application of the multiple intelligences scale. This indicates the growth achieved in their multiple intelligences. The researcher recommended that history teachers adopt the decision-making strategy, as it has proven effective in developing multiple intelligences. As a continuation of this research, the researcher suggests conducting a study on the effect of the decision-making strategy on the achievement variable or on the development of certain habits of mind.

The present study aims to scrutinize and interpret the relationship between ethical leadership and the dimensions of workplace deviance, as well as to explore the extent to which the cognitive and behavioral perspectives explained in the study’s theoretical and applied frameworks can be utilized. In light of this, the central research problem can be identified as whether there is a statistically significant correlation and effect between the effectiveness of ethical leadership and the reduction of the dimensions of workplace deviance. Through defining the research problem and seeking the most appropriate solutions to its issues, a hypothetical model was developed to reflect the correlational and causal relationship between the study variables, represented by ethical leadership and workplace deviance dimensions. This was intended to reach the most accurate and useful results that could contribute to addressing the research problem. To achieve this aim, the environment deemed most suitable for the study variables was selected, namely the General Plastics Company in Baqubah. A purposive sample of 61 decision-makers from the company was chosen. In order to interpret the theoretical and practical dimensions of the study, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted to ensure sound and accurate results. The main research instrument was a questionnaire form, alongside a set of statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, significance testing, path regression, and other techniques capable of generating the most useful results for achieving the study objectives.

The aim of the current research is to determine the effect of the REACT strategy on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in the social studies subjects. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated the following hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group, who studied social studies using the REACT strategy, and the mean scores of the control group, who studied using the traditional method.
The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design, as it was more suitable for the research requirements. A purposive sample of first-year intermediate students at Al-Bahaa Secondary School was selected. The sample consisted of two groups:
• An experimental group consisted male and female of 32 students who studied social studies using the REACT strategy.
• A control group also consisted of 32 students who studied using the traditional method.
The experiment was conducted from October 4, 2025, to January 13, 2026, with two periods per week. Following the experiment, a two-item achievement test was used to measure the strategy's impact. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group, with a mean score of 22.25 (standard deviation 5.9) and 62 degrees of freedom. In contrast, the control group's mean score was 17.90 (standard deviation 16.5) and 62 degrees of freedom. This indicates the superiority of the experimental group, who studied using the REAGT strategy, over the control group, who studied using the traditional method.

This study aimed to identify the degree to which Arabic language teachers in Iraq possess Digital culture skills from the point teachers' own perspective. And to achieve the aims of the study , then the descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and a questionnaire was used a tool for data collection tool. The study sample consisted of 100 male and female Arabic language teachers randomly selected from primary schools in Diyala Governorate. After conducting statistical analysis using SPSS software, the study revealed a set of results, most notably: a moderate level of digital literacy skills among Arabic language teachers in Iraq, as perceived by the teachers themselves; and no statistically significant differences (α=0.05) were found in the extent to which Arabic language teachers possess Digital culture skills based on gender, academic qualifications, or years of experience. The study recommended a set of suggestions measures, including the necessity for the Iraqi Ministry of Education to design specialized training programs in Digital culture for Arabic language teachers, with a focus on the practical application of digital technologies in teaching Arabic language skills.

The aim of the current research aimed to limit and understand: “The methods of request in the Diwan of Abdullah bin Rawaha.”And To achieve the sole research aim, the researcher used the analytical literary research method, by analyzing each verse of poetry within the Diwan of Abdullah bin Rawaha with two investigations. After conducting the analysis process and identifying the methods of request present in the Diwan of bin Rawaha, the researcher concluded with a conclusion that included a set of research results and a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study examines cognitive-pragmatic aspects in modern Arabic love poetry. It sheds light on the pragmatic aspect related to alignment and inference, and the cognitive aspects of metaphor as a perceptual tool, exploring how poets use metaphorical language to convey different messages by linking abstract or mental domains to tangible, material ones. The study's problem lies in addressing how the pragmatic perspective harmonizes with the cognitive perspective in the process of processing and analyzing metaphors. On the pragmatic side, the research discusses how the recipient's choices align with their inferences to reach the intended meaning. Comparing different entities stimulates readers to process metaphors cognitively to grasp the meaning within the messages. The study follows two famous linguistic models by George Lakoff (1993) and Fauconnier and Turner (2003), which define understanding one idea in terms of another, to analyze data drawn from modern Arabic love poems by Al-Sayyab and Nizar Qabbani. The study concluded with a set of findings, including the finding that novel metaphors require significant analytical effort from readers to deduce the intended meaning or message being communicated

The world nowadays is marked by disconnection among its members; as a result, the value of unity becomes essential. Therefore, the current study aims to focus on the theme of unity in diversity through the friendship of the trio: Harry, Ron, and Hermione. The study employs textual analysis with a primary focus on Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007) combined with references to intervening books. The research examines the way in which divisions of blood purity, houses, and social background initially shape conflict within the wizarding world, yet are gradually mitigated through friendship, loyalty, sacrifice, and cooperation. Through comparing the trio’s ethical solidarity with Voldemort’s fear-based hierarchy, this paper contends that Rowling employs unity not as sameness but harmonious accommodation of the different. The findings suggest that overcoming evil cannot be accomplished by personal power or purity, but through shared moral commitment and collective action, positioning the series as a humanistic epic in which unity is favored over domination.

This study is presented as a set of guiding methods intended to assist researchers in applying validity and reliability testing procedures systematically. It provides an in-depth examination of observation techniques and procedures used in the social sciences and applied research, with a particular focus on how their validity and reliability can be verified. Unlike many previous studies, this review offers a clear methodological framework for evaluating the accuracy of data extraction, supported by the use of precise and reliable tools and techniques designed to meet the needs of novice researchers. The study emphasizes the fundamental methods required for constructing observation instruments, designing reliability tests, and analyzing and interpreting results, in addition to applying these procedures in real research contexts. The findings indicate that strict adherence to these steps contributes significantly to enhancing the validity and reliability of data derived from observation. This study seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice by providing accurate and sound observation methods grounded in solid scientific principles within research environments.