Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Abstract
The research has expressed the position of Ebla Kingdom depending on the royal archives and the archaeological evidences which have been discovered in Tell Marduh. The economic activities especially agricultural and industrial have connected with the commercial activities of Ebla Kingdom. The commercial activity has shown the political relation with the neighboring states and Kingdoms in the third millennium B.C. particularly in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The research spot light on the industrial and agricultural materials which have been exchanged among the Kingdoms and the states. It has revealed the types of currency ,weights and taxes among these states . Ebla Kingdom has considered the commercial relations more important than the political once. The commercial activities has made a great fortune for Ebla Kingdom so that it may be one of the most important reasons to topple the Kingdom. The Ebla Kingdom has been occupied by The Akdian King Niram-Sin about the year 2250 B.C.

dealing with this study the diplomatic role played by Iranian Foreign Minister Ardeshir Zahedi in the period between (1967 - 1971), especially and son-in law of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Shah of Iran, was married to the daughter of the latter, taking advantage of kinship with the shah in the term of the valley played an important role in his country's relations with the major states, regional. Role was a distinguished diplomat in Iranian-US relations, as it previously and that the work of Ambassador there before taking the post of foreign minister, which helped strengthen the relations between the two countries. As for his country's relations with the Soviet Union, it had a clear role, because the relations between the two countries were confined to the economic side without political. On the diplomatic role with the regional states, it was the diplomatic role is different from one State to another, particularly with Iraq, which was not a good relations with Iran during the duration of Ardeshir Zahedi Foreign Ministry, while Iran's relations with the Gulf states good especially after deducting the Bahrain's independence in 1970, and tom find an understanding with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia on the delimitation of the continental shelf, but relations have returned tension because of the occupation by Iran of the three Arab islands belonging to the United Arab Emirates, which coincided with the reoccupied after the exemption of Zahedi from the Foreign Ministry. The Iranian Relations Egyptian led Zahedi play an important role, and the stronger relations after the death of former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970 and maintained Zahedi on Iranian relations during the Israeli assuming the portfolio of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs but its role was limited in those relations

The study entitled ( The Islamic Arabic city – Designing , Environment – Shrine city , Holy Karbala as an Example ) was carried out to show the nature and architecture of the Islamic Arabic city from its emergence to the advanced stages of the Amawy and Abbasid period ( reign ) .
The study of the Islamic Arabic cities is of great importance in the history of the Islamic Arabic civilization as they represent the theatre (platform) on which all events with all their levels – the political , the military , the intellectual the economical and others . Therefore , we think that any study of such a topic must present provide explanation on how the first city in Islam was established at the hand of the holy prophet ( pbuhe progeny ) and then the cities of the Islamic countries in the orthodox ( Rashidy ) and Amawy periods .
The main concern of the study was the clearing up of the designing sides established by the holy prophet , which continued to the present time in most Islamic countries and the best example is the cities of the holy shrines as there has been a common characteristic between what was found at the early stage of Islam and these cities . It was obvious that the holy prophet had taken his mosque the basis for the established of his city and the first to plan and to build ; that architecture became the centre for all Muslims where prayer was performed and where decisive decisions were given such as declaration of war . From the mosque , the Islamic troops (army) set out and the mosque also became the first place to spread the Islamic religion and to educate Muslims . Accordingly , there noticed a noticeable similarity between the status of the shrine Islamic cities and the holy prophet city as the shrine was taken the center for all the activities the people practice and carry out .
The study was divided into four sections section one was on the emergence of the Islamic Arabic city starting from the holy prophet's city to samples of the cities of the Islamic countries .Here , the study showed the most prominent features of designing of the mosque and the house of the emirate ( Darul – Imarah ) and then designing the streets and dividing the city into steps and plans distributed among the Arabic tribes each according to the size (number) of the tribe .
Section two was on designing the cities and Islamic architecture . It was also noticed that any architecture work carried out by a Muslim architecture was always preceded by a designing process , in addition he employed all his experience and knowledge to do that , therefore , the Islamic Arabic architecture was characterized by different features different from the type and nature of prevailing at that time such as the Beezentiq and the persian . The architecture had stamped it with the nature of the new religion and with the opinions and the viewpoints of the Faqeehs( jurists) regarding the designing and construction process .
Section three came to show the nature of the environment and its effect on the designing of the cities and on the Islamic Arabic architecture . The last section was on the history of the holy Karbala city which was not established but because it has been a religious shrine city . It also showed the economic , the defensive service , etc . nature of the city in accordance with the type of the city . The paper was terminated with the most important conclusions the researcher came out with and with an appendix of pictures and diagrams together with a bibliography of the sources used in the paper .

Aleppo city is considered as one of the ancient cities in history if not one of the most ancient cities incomparable to any other city or place in its ancient history. This original city gained the care and interest of the Arab Muslim historians, at the head of whom was the historian Ibn Al-Adeem Kamaladdin Omer bin Ahmed (died 660AH/1261AD) who wrote an important book on Aleppo's history under the title (Zubdat Al-Halb min Tareekh Halab), Ibn Shaddad Mohammed bin Ali Al-Halabi (died 684AH/1285AD) the author of the book (Al-Aalaq Al-Khateera fi Thikri Umaraa Al-Sham wal Jazeera) who dedicated the first part of it in mentioning Aleppo city, its architecture, schools, baths, rivers and mosques, in which he relied on Ibn Al-Aadeem, Ibn Aasaker and others, Ibn Al-Shuhna (died 1046AH/1636AD) who composed a book under the title (Al-Dur Al-Muntakhab fi Tareekh Mamlakat Halab) and others. Among the orientalist researcher was the French orientalist Jean Sofage who wrote an article about Aleppo in the office of Islamic Knowledge due to the significant role it played in history, the historical events it saw through the ages and the architectural developments it conserved their first lines and features since the third millennium B.C., while many city centers, kingdoms and metropolises well-known in the ancient world vanished. Yet, Aleppo remained perseverant as a witness on a history deep-rooted in ancientness and a connecting link among the civilizations, several periods and cultural and technical elements that scarcely existed in any place in the world, for its castle known with its name is an ancient feature among Syria's features and its schools are scientific establishments to which the seekers of science and knowledge resort from all over the world at the Ayubite and Mameluke eras which saw a great activity in building schools as well as mosques, hospitals and fortifications; thus this research sheds the light on the architectural developments of Aleppo city at Islamic ages including the following axes:
The first axis is dedicated to the search in the origin of naming Aleppo with this name, in which we manifested various narrations, opinions and explanations.
The second axis includes a brief summary about the history of Aleppo city and its construction.
The third axis addresses the schemes of Aleppo city at Islamic ages and the architectural fashion that characterized its mosques, castle, wall, markets and schools in addition to the developments occurred on these architectural features at Zanki, Ayubite and Mameluke eras documented by pictures and maps.
The research is ended by a conclusion including the results at which the research arrived with a list of primary references and modern sources.

Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and their position from the presence of British troops in Jordan , the current study 1954 – 1957,to try to understand the nature of the activity of the Muslim Brotherhood since 1954 from which the study , this year has seen the establishment and launch of the group activity. We adopted in the preparation of this study to a various groups of sources . the most important events in the Arab area as well as the daily newspaper AL- Kifah Alislamy speakers of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan

Praise be to Allah, Lord of falling prostrate, prayer and peace be upon the master of the prophets and messengers of Prophet Muhammad, and his companions, who were role models and good example for all generations, I've had Khubayb Ben Uday may Allah be pleased with him and grant him is one of the torturers in God is boredom or fearful or angry at what it gets but complacent in God and worth .
The story Khubayb son Uday, was one of the companions stories, As we are studying companions stories, we learn from them lessons, and also learn from them that the companions Alaoil that they are the first layer after the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and his family) teachings of our religion to be an example to us through generations in attitudes and the sacrifices and the insistence on keeping the Islamic message in spite of all they are subjected to torture and kill for the sake of God so we see Khubayb son Uday did not secure his enemies because he knew his fate to that ladder commanded him to God Rabbo believer as much as God and spend in the way of Allah, I have refrained for the killing of their children, and gentle who want to kill him, and God Almighty responded to a prayer when Khubayb prayers on the first of the infidels and prayed two in Islam before he was killed, to obtain a certificate in order to raise the banner of Islam, congratulations to Khubayb Jinan martyr of the faith.

Were not July 14 Revolution in Iraq, a simple event or exhibitors , if the outcome of the struggle of a long and bitter contributed by different people , the forces of civilian and military-partisan and non-partisan , and therefore an investable result after the monarchy has exhausted its ability to survive , could no longer continue with the movement of society Iraqi offer
The Revolution in Iraq was of great importance in terms of the Levant and Maghreb countries which that revolution supported by eliminating the monarchy and brought slogans political and economic liberalization because it was found to get rid of the control of the control of the colonial perched on the chest of the Arab nation .