Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

the meanings of it, so he sent an Arab Qur\'an to those who had a heart or heard a martyr, and prayers and peace on those who are mosques of the words, and the ruling and the separation of speech – Sayyidina Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and his followers Religious Day 0
The motive for writing and investigating the dawn of the Thracian is to convey the fullest praise that we have in our hands. Which prompted me to achieve it is that I have seen it in the books of the Al Suyuti of fatwas in the investigation of Sheikh Mohamed Mohieddin Abdel Hamid but the Sheikh did not achieve the investigation that satisfies the purpose, all that he did the show of the book, not to mention the existence of some disagreement between the print and the manuscript, they remained a separate copy in the head In the lion\'s library, I did not stand on all those who wrote about the Al Suyuti mentioning this message, it took a space in my mind and committed to achieve it despite its smallness and committed to achieve the message: 1-Edit the text according to contemporary spelling rules, and adjust it in shape.
2-The graduation of Qur\'anic verses and poetry and their seizure in form.
3 .To take care to achieve the issues mentioned by the author in the letter and comment on what he saw in need of it.
4 .Documenting the opinions and statements contained in the books mentioned in the letter .
5, Translation of the information contained in the letter.

Dora (Composed in 1835. Published in 1842) is one of Tennyson‟s least anthologized poems, even though it incorporates a number of distinctive utterances scarcely found elsewhere in his oeuvre. Apart from the original collection of 1842, and the poet‟s Complete Works, the poem is absent from the anthologies. This poem has received minimum attention from the critics. There are expressions in this dramatic poem unique to it only. It is intriguing that this work has attracted only a few passing remarks from the specialists, even though it was found good enough to put on the stage in the United States of America during the 1870s, according to Peter Hall‟s Theatrical Anecdotes (P.32). It is different from the rest of the poet‟s creative works because it is his only poem that treats filicide. The research questions focus on the following: Why did Tennyson write such a poem in the first place? Why did he borrow the plot from a prose narrative? What are the consequences of a Tennysonian character willing to venture outdoors? Are some of Tennyson‟s characters in the poem simply corpses, like the walking dead in Gothic narratives? The utterances selected for the analysis are few and short but are key statements that highlight what Tennyson needed to articulate.

Allen Tate (1899-1979) was born in Kentucky .As a Southerner he was unwilling to be like his people who were unaware of their imperfections. He realized that lack of belief in tradition which was the illness of the modern mind. It turned life to hell with a variety of tortures. Hence his agrarianism was a call to the Southerners to retreat to their tradition.It was a revolt against industrialism as an enslaving power, a destroyer threatening the very existence of human society. His agrarianism proved to be an image of life man should desire, a life imbued with tradition and belief; tradition in its historical and religious sense shapes the spirit of protest in his poetry. It is a protest against the kind of life modern man attached himself to, which dehumanized him resulting in spiritual fragmentation. Tate did what none of his fellow Agrarians attempted, to turn Agrarian concerns inward, a quest for identity , for spiritual roots and affirmation. This is what makes his agrarianism a defense of personal allegiance, besides its historical , social and religious implications.

This research, which is prepared under the title Baba TaheerHemdany and pantheism in his double distiches is a literary & philosophical annalistically research. The study also explains his personality which is full of discussion and till now there are many problems to know his personality. One part of the study consists a strong relation between the poet and (Yarsan) religion which is beliefs in Transmigration of souls and effectuation of zeradushtra, Christian and Jewish. In the other hand there is minuteness by Iranian and Kurdish critics about his pout and his ethnic. At the end of thesis a number of conclusions are drawn which have pointed out by the researcher. the research ends with a list of the Bibliography that have been utilized in its preparation.

Expressions (idiomatic) is a reductive words are expressing certain state / Related topics cases traditionally the older people in Western societies and that the similarity of our fairly close proverbs in Arabic. And idiomatic expressions of the two words at a minimum and consist of up to seven words but often loses its meaning if it increased his words more than that and can not be an expression because the expression idiomatic as we have is a set of words that indicate aggregating does not make sense is signified by its vocabulary Severally. If the one-word then called metaphorical expressions.
This is the focus of our research is marked ) Idioms consisting of Verbs in The “Ak Topraklar (White territory)” Novel By Emine Işınsu) where we worked to extract expressions consisting of actions in the novel mentioned and we classified these terms by the time the formulas in the Turkish language, which is divided in turn on two formats news and request formats or Tammany also classified as scientists in the Turkish language. This is what distinguishes the idiomatic expressions of the sayings that the parables take suffixes discharge of an actor first person and the second and third and the second person and the third about the format of the matter, and the idiomatic expressions, it shows the actor in all cases or three people for an actor without the need for suffixes drainage and be in the form of sentence.

Obviously all speakers make errors while speaking and thus producing utterances that are different from what one intended to produce. In this paper, the researcher tries to detect some of the speech errors and their kinds. These errors are made by the Kurdish speaking community living in Erbil city and speaking different Sorani dialects. The researcher also tries to show the importance of such errors in understanding the structure of the Kurdish language and the mental lexicon and the way this knowledge is stored in the mind of the Kurdish language speaker.

The novel deliberately operates on a set of rich perceptions that moves identification reality, because it has technologies enabling it to access to formulate overall outline, focuses on identification belonging and courses of its movements with different stages due to growing clashes and imposing the constraints that pushes the individual to rely his important belongings such as Reference ID task, because it is a cases primary associate with Being , self and relationship with the place, and launching the novel to talk about identity but it be done with an important incentive related that suffering from losing the features and Endogenous determinants and, And stay away from the place who owns larger identity(homeland) and Rooting the identity that is associated with awareness rooting in dealing with others, promoting the entity to isolate it for fear of melting in it leads to a lack of understanding of its limits, in spite of the huge constraints imposed on the number of the communities, particularly the Iraqi society, in particular to promote the Identification especially in circumstances of migrations which overthrew many categories , and moved it to spread in different environments, and dealing with different identities, is in its meaning (the other) who embodies religious and national and various other national and linguistic identities.

Graphematic poem or shape poem or pattern poem, like any other poem, is a poem that discusses diverse and common subjects like love, idea, time and many other topics ; yet with a certain difference that is the subject is similar to the printed format of the text. To say that it presents a picture of certain familiar object that is similarly the subject of the poem. Such poems are likewise termed shaped verse. They are not new for they are part of a long convention that ranges from Alexandrian Greek poets to Lewis Carroll and beyond. John Hollander(1929 –2013) is an American poet who wrote pattern poetry with a variety of diverse themes . His Types of Shape (1969) offers twenty-five shaped poems in the convention of George Herbert, a seventeenth century English poet.
Graphematic poems must also to a certain degree own their special self-reflective picture in so far as the shape as well as the content are concerned. They show a wide array of themes and Hollander\\'s graphematic poems show fascinating investigates with unbending forms that undermine the authority of his writing. Hollander in uniting content and form supports creating one authoritative outcome in the field of poetry.

The main problem of the present study may be attributed to the fact that some politicians use different ranges and patterns of intonation when they want to express different emotions and attitudes that underlie different pragmatic forces. The study aims at identifying the pragmatic force of
attitudinal intonation in some political speeches together with identifying pitch variations that are determined by various syntactic constructions that impart the illocutionary forces of political speeches and perlocutionary acts .The procedures used in this paper are: first, collecting and classifying speeches selected from the ex-American president Barack Obama and the current American President Donald Trump from the internet ; second ,analyzing the data collected by adopting Roach’s patterns of intonation (2009)and Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts intonation (1975)
The paper consists of two sections .Section one is a review of literature that comprises the basic terms that are of relevant to the study. Section two deals with methodology , data analysis and results of the study.
The main conclusions that the paper has come up with are : (1) meaning is changed by virtue of ranges of intonation, (2) pragmatic force of intonation changes emotions from one person to another by rising or falling the voice of the speaker , (3) some speakers tend to use low and /or high pitches to meet certain pragmatic forces.

Violence in the customs of the Spanish society is very diverse, and this will try to explain in the plays that have had great success in the Spanish stages throughout the centuries.
The plays are many, but I have chosen the most famous starting with the work La Celestina in the XV century of Fernando de Rojas, giving a brief summary of the biography of the author, and then argumneto of the work presented through violence action. and ending with the work of the XX century inadvertently Hyacinth Benavente.

Lamentations have formed an important theme throughout the successive periods of Arab poetry, especially the Abbasid period, for the multifaceted and humanistic aspects of this original poetic purpose, on the one hand, and because it transcends merely a positive emotional attitude of the elusive and negative people and life on the other. It is also worthy of research and guidance, and it is important to know the importance of human life and its causes. And its poets deserve attention .
It was \"the son of Rumi\" who lived a life filled with oppression and injustice, one of the most prominent poets of this purpose and notify it, and seems to be overlooked as much as the poet and value this was motivated by the Astitharh carefully study a range of modern researchers, led by \"Akkad\" who Straighten him a complete study titled \" son Abrome his life from his hair, \"Abdul Hamid good in his study\" Ibn Al-Rumi spelling \"and other studies that have tried to explore this Mknunat felt Ahaaraly technical and substantive levels. With regard to the purpose of lamentation, the scholars unanimously agreed on the distinction of Ibn al-Rumi in it, and enabled him to know his data, especially the technical ones, but what is taken on these studies interest in certain poems other than the poet in this regard, especially those inherited by his children without paying attention to other poems The poet sang in religious and social figures that had an impact on changing the behavior of the society by diagnosing its shortcomings and standing up against the oppression and oppression practiced by the ruling authority against some of them, especially the \"students\" who suffered from the marginalization and persecution of power. and supporter of the family of Ali bin AbiTalib ( The poet of the poems, which included the heat of the passion and honesty, and the high level of artistic which provided the poet these characters, especially their hero, \"Hussein bin Yahiya ibn Umar bin Zaid bin Ali\" In this regard, because it included the sincerity of emotion, and creativity in the embodiment of poetic images coated with verbal templates, the poet\'s keenness to choose the most beautiful and plush; to fit the status of the lure and the end of the greatness he chose for himself, not a monk in a moral unit that the impact in the poem that included beyond One hundred percent, the visions of the Poet were gathered Life, time, alarm, and patience, which we tried to study, taking the technical and social approaches to uncover the meanings of the poem artistically and objectively

Professor of any foreign language is concerned first to know the type of difficulties faced by students in their environment in order to be prepared to deal with it. This article describes and classifies the transcendental difficulties (of grammar, pronunciation, etc.) of students in the Spanish department at the University of Baghdad. Also, the article tries to analyze the motivations of these difficulties and put a proposal that helps in solving it. This work has an analytical methodology that also serves in the description of the educational context. We must point out that the article is not a mere compilation of errors or a presentation of errors, but is an orientation of the state of the question and analysis of its causes and a method to solve.

The extremist jihadist discourse contains Qur\'anic texts intended to justify its brutal actions, which are far from the tolerant spirit of Islam, and its precise legislation in the concept of jihad, in which many verses of the Holy Qur\'an were taken; Jihad, forbidding fighting, delicts to peace, and holding alliances.
The jihadist rhetoric of Osama bin Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the extremist electronic sites includes a number of Qur\'anic verses, as they attempt to dye their actions by the income of certain verses, as well as to seek to deceive the youth of the nation and to lure them into the Souh Terrorism, and convince them that these acts of terror are the true face of Islam that Allah Almighty wants .
When the Qur\'anic texts were thoroughly examined, they were found in truncated texts of Qur\'anic verses, or an entire verse extracted from their general context, which made it easier to channel their significance to what they intended, and also stood for certain language features in the jihad, which were not sufficiently familiar with the language laws And its systems, they are delusional in an extremist connotation marketed to him; the extremist discourse has stated that it is indicative of its terrorist approach, which is rejected by all humanitarian, as well as celestial norms.
So I was looking to study the most prominent verses of jihad, a study that shows the worsening of the extremist discourse of these verses and the character of their significance away from the connotation shown by the Qur\'anic context, and also indicated the motives of the linguistic illusion in those verses, which helped the extremist discourse to benefit from those texts to commercialize terrorism and legitimize it in the belief of its grassroots base.

The design and operation of any solar energy system requires a good knowledge of the solar radiation data in a location. This data finds application in agriculture, climatology, meteorology, etc. Since the solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface varies with climatic conditions of a place, a study of solar radiation under local climatic condition is essential. Global solar radiation is of economic importance as renewable energy alternatives. In this research 14 Iraqi climatic stations radiation data were used for the years 2013 to 2015. Data have been designed and calculated by using Excel. ArcGIS 10.2 is used for spatial interpolation and mapping activities. Surface radiation map have been generated by using ordinary kriging interpolation technique. Different models are tested, namely Spherical, Gaussian and Circular model. Creation of digital grid maps makes it possible to obtain climatic information at any point, whether there is a weather station or not. Results show that the spherical model outperforms Gaussian and circular models.

The identification of social, cultural themes, on base of social point of view can show us the real pictures of the time the writer of the novel live in. In this paper, we try to consider the various layers in Banat Ryadh (Riadh\'s Daughters), the novel of Rajaa AlSaane. The famous writer of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Banat Ryadh, with realistic view, was manifested the abnormal situation of his generation in KSA.The writer\'s multilateral acquaintance of district and area, the creation of strong language and descriptions, the lovely and touchable personalities, the direct and attractiveness narration, the real and belivable representation of cultural,opinions and troubles of the people, the honesly pictures of traditionalism, are the important social factors in this novel. Raja AlSaane in this novel, with symbolic language, criticized the social and cultural condition of the women in KSA.She has described the women spiritual crisis and their interior paradoxes and contradictions.

This research examines a distinctive narrative text (the chalk door) of a prominent writer at the level of Iraqi and Arab culture, writer (Ahmed Saadawi). This research examines that novel in the light of the stylistic linguistic approach, which relies on the linguistic structure of the literary text to study it, no doubt That fiction is one of the most appropriate literary genres for stylistic study, for the richness of the narrative text in different linguistic compositions and methods. The study included the three stylistic levels of study: morphological level, grammar level, and semantic level, surpassing level of the voice, which we cannot study in these texts. This study revealed distinctive stylistic features, which were performed by the texts of the novel, which will be disclosed in detail in the course of the research.

This study shows different senses(meanings) of the word \\"if\\" in the speech of Arabs: verse and prose and specially in Quranic text and the possibility of its variety in its syntactic context with reference to its straightness specific and general meanings. This research presents the literary meaning of \\'if\\' and its kinds, then it explains its meanings for the Arabic scholars through the following research aspects:
-Prohibited conditional \\'if\\', and its meanings, rules and its answer
-Non- prohibited conditional \\'if\\', and its meanings and rules.
-The mutual constrains between the two conditions of \\' if\\' followed by some Quranic texts .

Maghamate Lozumiyeh by Abu Taher Serghesti is one of the most important literary sources of Andalusia literature and time element is one of the most striking elements that is revealed in these Maghamat. Therefore, this element is significant due to an important role in narrated works in revealing the meaning. That is why it has attracted many critics and researchers’ attention. Hence, the basic issue in narrated context, is the time problem. Gérard Genette’s research is one of the most important scientific projects in this field that distinguished in three dimensions between time of the story and the anecdote and they are: order, continuity and sequence. The author relying on the analytical method and with regard to Genette and his followers’ scheme has analyzed time element in these Maghamat. From the results of this article we can conclude that in most of Maghamate Lozumiyeh, order links have got schematic balance in a way that the incidents are compatible with reality temporally. As Maghamat’s incidents are not repeated because of framework’s limitations and the article text size and the narrator has replaced some other expressions instead. However, comparing to continual links, Maghamat are full of two techniques of Liberating and scenery.

This research relies on the tawili approach, in order to discover the truth of the literary discourse, and to stand on its aesthetics, by talking about the narrative place with its three sections: the realistic place, which is the place in the narrative text as in reality, taking the same name, and bearing the same qualities. and the optional place (Wadi Shinafiyah). The miraculous place is a place that ends up in various spaces where it is difficult to establish a historical or factual reference .
One of the motives behind the preparation of this research is that the narrative is of great importance, and is an important element of the narrative within the fiction, and even though it exceeds its role as a backdrop for events, it reveals profound connotations, which are sometimes described by the technique of description, the use of the symbol, and the third by images . Moreover, our approach to this element does not come in isolation from other elements of the novel, based on the fact that it is a technical focus in which the elements of the novel converge and are intertwined, and that the correct understanding of it can only be seen in relation to it

The Farzdaq is a unique phenomenon in Arab poetry that we rarely find a counterpart, a self-righteous personality enveloped by so Childesh, Shomokh, Fathers and glory. The woman had a privileged position, and he employed her in his poetic creations, as she was an artistic curator of the beginning of his poems as textual values. These introductions create a balance that enters the heart of the poetic industry, because they are the first to encounter the reader, and reach the ears of the listener, and the reader is located on it.
These introductions to their diversity and sometimes their brevity between the kinsman, the ruins, the graying and the young, and the description of the spectrum have taken a woman\'s title and reason. In this light, we can identify the emotions inherent in the same fractal and observe their manifestation in drawing a picture of the woman as a symbol of his hopes and pains and putting everything he feels and is in his chest. We considered this to be indicative of the mediation of the D/text (submitted) as a present signal to reveal its meaning (absence) as referred to by the recipient seeking access to it. The poetic introductions are a response to the need of the Creative Commons, as well as the diligence to convince the reader of the sincerity of his psychological experience, contribute to read the text and receive it with a reader, and interact with him, which invites him to read and meditate and ask himself questions concerning what is coming: Is this yarn intended for oneself to sing the beauty of a woman, or a technical means of expressing his life? Were the introductions a reflection of the character and breathing space in front of the other as a self-part? Did he achieve the substantive and emotional harmony of the reader-the receiver of the text?
Most of our study of poetic sponsors is not only to provide an insight into a poem that is viewed in a superficial way, but to deal with its connotations and its relationship to poetic purposes.