Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

This research provides a comparative study of the educational systems in the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Iraq, focusing on four key dimensions:
• educational goals
• curriculum content
• teaching practices
• assessment methods
Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study identifies patterns of similarity and difference across these systems. While all four countries emphasize fostering critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, they differ considerably in terms of curriculum depth, integration of technological tools, and evaluation strategies.
• Japan and Singapore prioritize collaborative learning and continuous assessment
• Iraq predominantly relies on traditional exam-focused approaches. Drawing on these findings
the study recommends adopting adaptive measures inspired by international best practices to improve curriculum design, enhance instructional methodologies, and develop higher-order cognitive skills, aligning national education more closely with global standards.

Internet addiction is a growing phenomenon among university students. Excessive internet use has led to the emergence of numerous behavioral and psychological disorders, including poor concentration, distraction, social isolation, and a sense of constant psychological stress. This can sometimes lead to suicidal ideation as a result of a combination of psychological, academic, and social pressures. Therefore, this study targeted... The current research aims to identify Internet addiction among university students and to identify the significance of the statistical difference in Internet addiction and suicidal thinking according to the gender variable (males-females) in suicidal thinking among university students, and to identify the nature of the correlation between Internet addiction and suicidal thinking among university students.
The researcher adopted the cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT), which explains the impact of thoughts and beliefs on addictive and suicidal behaviors, and indicates the importance of modifying these thoughts through cognitive-behavioral therapeutic interventions. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed two scales for Internet addiction consisting of (30) items, and a scale for suicidal ideation. It consists of (28) paragraphs. After extracting the psychometric properties of the two scales, the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (150) university students. The data was processed using appropriate statistical methods. The results showed that the students suffer from Internet addiction, and it was also found that they have Suicidal ideation, and the absence of differences between males and females in Internet addiction and suicidal ideation, in addition to the presence of a statistically significant positive correlation between Internet addiction and suicidal ideation. The researcher also reached a number of conclusions and recommendations to complete the research scope.

The current research aims to identify how to transform the mental image through children watching cartoons into a stereotype. When a child watches cartoons, his thinking is still intuitive at this stage (based on subjective judgments), and his cognitive plans are on their way to being organized in the brain. The mental perceptions received from the outside world can be transformed into a stereotype, whether positive or negative, to reach a state of integration and balance. Here lies the problem if this negative mental image that he received cannot be easily changed, but rather it turns into a fixed lifestyle and will affect his way of speaking, choosing his clothes, walking, and haircut, and this goes beyond that to acquiring behavior, including aggressive behavior, which later negatively affects the personality of children, and its effect on language acquisition skills, cognitive and social development, and diseases that affect children when watching early in life, including autism spectrum disorder.

In today's interconnected world, the widespread use of the internet necessitates understanding the factors that influence individuals' ability to maintain a balanced relationship with technology. Internet use is recognized as a highly influential factor in people's lives. The internet's proliferation has significantly expanded the scope of ethically deviant behaviors in digital spaces. A deep understanding of online behavior patterns that violate prevailing societal ethical standards, and reliance on a conceptual theoretical framework for these behaviors a broad behavioral framework encompassing diverse actions offers valuable insights for effectively identifying, preventing, and addressing these deviant behaviors in digital contexts. Focusing on social deviance from a social learning perspective to understand deviance in cyberspace, this theoretical model helps stakeholders better understand and address these behaviors. It also facilitates the development of targeted digital ethics education initiatives aimed at enhancing individuals' moral awareness and self-control, thereby mitigating the potential psychological and physical harm resulting from such behaviors. Clearly, ethical issues have become crucial topics in the study of digital behaviors. The key components of this model include behaviors such as Internet plagiarism, trolling, cyberbullying, online harassment, academic misconduct, online cheating, and flaming. I argue that this model of online moral deviance is not rigid but rather adaptable, allowing for the inclusion, merger, or exclusion of various forms of deviance as needed. For example, behaviors such as spreading rumors and online exclusion can be understood as subsets of cyberbullying. Any digital behavior that meets the defined criteria for deviance can be included. The research findings provide a scientific basis for policymakers, educators, and technology platforms to improve strategies for managing online behavior.

Cyberspace is a digital and interactive environment consisting of computer systems, networks, software, and users that enable communication and data transfer over the Internet. Cyberspace consists of several basic layers. These are:
1- The physical cyberspace layer: This layer includes all physical components, equipment, and devices, including computers, cables, and various software.
2- The logical cyberspace layer: This layer relies on what is called the logic unit or on the intangible components, such as algorithms and various programming languages that interact with the computer, and the set of symbols and codes contained in computer languages that execute commands.
3- The media layer: This is the third layer in cyberspace, encompassing all user-related information, personal data, website accounts, and other personal matters. Mary Aiken, in her book "Cyber Influence," emphasized how people's behaviors, feelings, and values change when they are live, and how criminals exploit these changes. If we go back to (lifestyle analysis), we notice that people do not use their time to read a book, play with children, or complete some of the house’s deficiencies. Rather, you return to your phone to browse websites that move you from one place to another and do not exist in the real world. Time is not considered for you, as there is a (time confusion), meaning that the individual does not feel the passage of time and adapts to another world, which is cyberspace. After the time factor was taken into account a thousand times, it has become cheap, fast, and priceless, as it takes the individual long hours, which may be for nothing useful. The individual may imagine that cyberspace is safer than real life, and that communicating on the air is less dangerous than communicating face to face, as we imagine that our identity is anonymous or we feel that we are invisible and some of the freedom and boldness on the air, as more of this freedom leads to a loss of control over society and thus to change

The phenomenon of private tutoring has become one of the most prominent features of contemporary educational reality, witnessing widespread growth in recent years due to successive educational reforms characterized by a lack of precise scientific planning. This situation has resulted in a genuine crisis reflected in the decline of learners’ and their parents’ trust in formal schools, prompting all stakeholders in the educational process—teachers and students alike—to seek compensatory alternatives. Private tutoring has emerged as the available solution to meet these needs, with students and their parents perceiving it as an essential means to ensure academic achievement, while teachers view it as an additional channel to improve their income.
The increasing reliance on this form of parallel education raises several issues, foremost among them being the retreat of schools from their core function in socialization, transferring this responsibility to non-formal institutions that may instill value systems not necessarily aligned with national educational objectives. Moreover, teachers’ pursuit of financial gains at the expense of their educational mission undermines the school’s role as a developmental institution and puts professional credibility at stake. This situation raises serious questions regarding why teachers, even those with stable positions, resort to private tutoring as a strategy to supplement their income.
In summary, the private tutoring phenomenon did not emerge in isolation from the educational and social context; rather, it resulted from the interaction of multiple interrelated factors. Individual student motivations, insufficient teacher training, deficiencies in curricula and educational programs, and shortcomings in assessment systems have all contributed to the entrenchment of this phenomenon, particularly among students in final-year classes. Families and modern media have also played a direct or indirect role in its proliferation. Consequently, this phenomenon reflects structural shortcomings in both the educational system and the broader social environment, necessitating in-depth analysis of its implications and the development of mitigation strategies.
Based on the current study of this phenomenon and its effects on both schools and teachers, a set of practical recommendations has been proposed to help limit its expansion and reduce its negative consequences. Key recommendations include enhancing the quality of teacher training by equipping them with effective skills and strategies for managing educational situations, rethinking the philosophy of education as a societal project aimed at human development, directing administrative efforts toward serving learners through an appropriate learning environment, addressing overcrowding and heavy curricula, and revising and developing curricula in line with labor market requirements. Additionally, the study calls for the implementation of legal regulations for private tutoring centers, improving teachers’ financial conditions and linking their promotion to students’ academic performance, as well as developing a fair and objective assessment and examination system.

The major shift that occurred during the second half of the last century and the first quarter of the current one—the almost absolute dominance of the digital space over all aspects of human life and behavior—marked a radical turning point in the nature of existing relationships and the rise of undisciplined and escalating behaviors, particularly among young people. While the social deviations occurring in our society and others are not, in reality, a product of the current situation or technological advancements, especially in social media and the digital space, but rather are more closely related to human nature itself—behaviors resulting from a set of influences and inputs that produce a range of outputs classified as social deviance—there is no single unit of measurement to define which behaviors fall under this concept, as the definition varies from one society to another. Nevertheless, the digital space has undoubtedly contributed to increasing the space available for disseminating, encouraging, or rejecting such deviations. It has also contributed to creating persuasive tools for their practice, while simultaneously playing a role in curbing them. Here, the matter depends primarily on the recipient and their ability to distinguish between social deviance and other forms of deviance. And proper behavior that leads to building society. Given that the digital space is a breeding ground for social transformations, the changes occurring in the nature of social deviance among youth in this space are not limited to a specific pattern. Rather, they expand with the ever-increasing capacity of the digital space to permeate every aspect of human life. Young people, whether in our Iraqi society across all its segments or in other societies, constitute the largest percentage of digital space users, having gained easy access to a vast array of social media platforms unregulated by social constraints. Herein lies the crucial role of anthropology, as it is the discipline most closely connected to humanity and its societies, in clarifying the extent to which this space can escalate or diminish the levels and rates of social deviance, thus ensuring its minimal or nonexistent impact on the social fabric. Despite the significant difficulties inherent in such studies, given that they often pertain to individual behaviors and fall within the realm of privacy, which the constitution is keen to protect, the current situation necessitates that anthropologists and researchers in the social sciences attempt to understand the extent of the impact on societies resulting from social deviance stemming from the unrestricted use of the digital space. This requires a sociological and anthropological perspective to arrive at a comprehensive scientific understanding grounded in facts. Field-based, and that is what this study sought to achieve.

his study explores the impact of digital transformations on social capital, focusing on the opportunities provided by technology to strengthen social ties, and the challenges arising from digital deviance such as digital addiction, intellectual and behavioral deviations, and shifts in identity and belonging. Findings indicate that digital transformation enhances bridging social capital through virtual networks and interest-based communities but may reduce bonding social capital if digital interactions are not responsibly managed. Digital deviance also affects human capital, education quality, and innovation. The study recommends promoting digital literacy, developing policies and regulations, and encouraging responsible innovation to ensure a sustainable digital society.

The current research aims at identifying the effect of watching Reels on attention span and academic performance among university students. To achieve these goals, the researcher has developed two scales. The first one for measuring the attention span while the second one for measuring the academic performance. Both of them consist of (20) items with continuum of five alternatives for answering. Validity and Reliability have been computed for both scales. The results indicate that spending more than two hours in watching Reels has impact on decreasing attention span. For academic performance the results have indicated that increasing the time of watching Reels has negative impact on academic performance of students. The research has shown several recommendations and suggestions.

Antisocial personality disorder is a mental disorder, and this term is often used frequently in criminal and judicial settings. The diagnosis of this disorder is usually applied in institutions that detain individuals with mental disorders or who have committed crimes or are considered at risk of committing them
Diagnosis is also used within the criminal justice system to identify individuals associated with criminal behavior and a danger to society. In the past, this classification was limited to those who committed serious crimes such as murder or rape, but today it includes any individual associated with the criminal justice system who raises societal concerns due to their association with the concept of antisocial behavior
Although there is no precise definition of antisocial behavior, we can describe a person with this disorder as a manipulative person who lacks a conscience and feelings towards others and is known for his constant violation of social norms and expectations without showing any feelings of remorse or remorse. Therefore, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), antisocial personality disorder can be defined as “a pattern of persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others, beginning in early childhood or adolescence and continuing into adulthood
In this research, the researcher presented a historical overview of the development of the term, then discussed the traits and characteristics of the antisocial personality, diagnostic criteria, its main and sub-types, its causes, then examples of it, then clarification of the relationship between the antisocial personality and alcohol and drug addiction, then about that personality in the digital environment, and finally treatment of the antisocial personality.

This research reviews the impact of digital technology on youth behavior in society, focusing on the deviations that arise as a result of the unregulated use of digital space. Research shows that technological progress is not just a technological development, but also an arena in which families, youth, and technology companies compete. The study shows that extreme immersion in the digital space can lead to phenomena such as addiction, cyberbullying, decreased social interaction, and loss of cultural identity. The research also highlights the importance of the family's role in guiding children's behavior through thoughtful supervision, constant dialogue, and enhancing critical thinking skills. It also draws attention to the challenges facing families, such as the digital divide between generations, declining communication within the family, and economic pressures. The research concludes with the need for families to cooperate with educational institutions and community policies to confront these deviations and protect young people from the risks associated with the digital world.

The definitions of role found in Arabic and social dictionaries emphasize its sociological aspect. Linton defines it as a set of cultural patterns associated with a particular position. This includes the attitudes, values, and behaviors that society assigns to each individual occupying that position. The concept of role also appears in Guy Rocher's definition. It is defined as the sum of behavioral patterns that characterize the conduct of individuals in a particular society, shaping their behavior in the performance of a specific function. A social role, therefore, represents a set of models that transcend individual differences and adaptations, guiding the actions of individuals occupying a particular position. Furthermore, various media outlets are among the most important means of supporting the legal framework within society. By explaining and presenting legal issues that serve the interests of citizens and warning against violating these laws due to their impact on society, the media has been termed the "Fourth Estate." From this perspective, the research sought to understand certain procedures from an anthropological standpoint and to provide an objective analysis of digitalization. Which has become an essential part of the life of the current society, and the research was divided into six axes, the first of which is: elements of the research, the second is: concepts, terms and research methodology, the third is: the gatekeepers theory (between the past and the present), the fourth is: low-quality content and its repercussions on society, and the fifth is: the law and its legislative and executive procedures. Sixth, Digital anthropological practices, and the seventh section, findings and recommendations. Among the research findings is the need to activate a law prohibiting the dissemination of any media message by someone who lacks the authority to publish it, such as publishing medical information without being a medical professional. One of the research recommendations is that the Iraqi Parliament should undertake this task. With its constitutional and legal responsibilities, it enacts legislation that contributes to strengthening legal procedures.

This study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of a counseling program based on psychological grounding techniques in reducing levels of emotional blunting in individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. The program's application sample consisted of (40) individuals from psychiatric clinics in Baghdad, aged between (18-26) years, They were selected intentionally. For the purpose of measurement, the Emotional Duplicity Scale developed by Maria Hernandez (2008) consisting of (28) items, adapted to the Arab environment by Al-Hammadi (2016), was used. It is distributed across three main axes: (weak emotional expression, inadequate emotional response, limited social interaction).
The guidance program was designed in light of the grounding theory, and included (12) sessions that extended over six weeks, which included topics such as: defining the disorder and its effects, training in relaxation and conscious breathing. The sessions included exercises focusing on the five senses, grounding strategies, cognitive restructuring, emotional regulation, social skills development, and enhancing psychological resilience, culminating in an evaluation session. These sessions employed various techniques, most notably sensory grounding, mindfulness, and role-playing.
The results, after analyzing the data using a paired-samples t-test, showed statistically significant differences favoring the group that underwent the program, indicating its effectiveness in reducing emotional desensitization. The study recommends integrating grounding techniques into therapeutic programs for trauma victims.

The current research aimed to demonstrate the impact of schools, universities, and curricula and their essential role in identifying social deviations among students from the beginning and deviant behaviors that violate society. Societies currently face many challenges as a result of changes and developments in various areas of life, and these changes have had a major impact on segments of society, especially student , research showed the role and importance of educational institutions such as schools and universities and the curricula followed with students, and attempts to The research addressed the most prominent theories that explain social deviation and mentioned the most important causes of deviations.
. The research also show ed the most important treatments for eliminating social deviations and the most prominent recommendations, conclusions, and benefit from them in confronting these external trends and forces.
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This research aims to identify the educational dependency of university students and the differences in the use of artificial intelligence programs according to (program type, time spent, and task nature). It also examines differences in educational dependency according to (major, gender, and program of study). Finally, the differences in educational dependency according to the use of artificial intelligence programs (program type, time spent, and nature of tasks) were examined. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher relied on the descriptive approach and comparative studies to arrive at the research results. The researchers used the educational dependency scale adopted in Sweller's (2019) tourism load theory to identify its final version of (29) items. The psychometric gains of the measurement and its accuracy in representing the actual research population were verified. The research population consists of undergraduate and graduate students at Al-Mustansiriya University, morning studies, 2024/2025. The current research sample included (180) male and female students, and the results appeared as follows: University students have educational dependency. There are also differences in the uses of artificial intelligence programs, in favor of the (ChatGPT) program, and for a longer time, and in terms of tasks, it was in favor of (preparing research and reports). There are differences in educational dependency according to specialization, favoring scientific specializations, according to gender, favoring males, and according to study program, favoring postgraduate studies. The researcher followed up with post-hoc comparisons of the differences, taking into account the interaction of these variables. Finally, there are differences in educational dependency based on the use of artificial intelligence programs; that is, the greater the use or reliance on artificial intelligence programs, the greater the educational dependency among university students. Based on the study's findings, the researcher formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims to examine the level of need for recognition and digital behavioral deviations among university students, identify gender-based differences, and explore the correlational relationship between the two variables and its variation by gender. The research population consisted of students from Al-Mustansiriyah University during the academic year 2025–2026. To achieve the study objectives, two scales were developed based on Honneth’s Theory of Recognition (1995): the Need for Recognition Scale (30 items across emotional, legal, and social recognition dimensions) and the Digital Behavioral Deviations Scale (36 items across nine domains). Both scales demonstrated acceptable reliability. The findings revealed high levels of need for recognition and digital behavioral deviations, with statistically significant differences favoring males. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between the two variables, with a stronger association observed among male students. Based on these findings, the study presents several recommendations and suggestions.

The youth category is the bearer of the banner of achieving Vision 2030, as they play a pivotal role not only by being beneficiaries of development policies and programs, but also to be active partners in their implementation and achievement on the ground. Young people - regardless of the definition given to them - represent the energy of the nation and its future human capital, and the basis of its progress; Therefore, investing in them is a necessary developmental endeavor to ensure their future, nurture their ideas, build their personalities, and develop their societies.
This study reviews an aspect of youth community efforts, programs and actual contributions made by the youth segment in Iraq to preserve and strengthen the social fabric. The exceptional importance of this goal lies in the fact that it coincides with the stage in Iraq with regard to reconstruction and construction, in line with the government's directions that provided in its program to support the youth sector and invest their energies in the development process, which is reflected in the establishment of the Supreme Council for Youth. This crucial stage requires mobilizing all human and material resources, led by the youth segment, and benefiting from them in formulating future visions that respond to their aspirations, sponsoring their ideas, and enabling them to contribute effectively to maintaining social cohesion and the advancement of society.

The research consists of two parts. The first one deals with the theoretical side. The researcher discussed generally.
The satellite broadcasting and its negative and positive effects on family relations. However, the study concentrates on the negative aspects particularly when the family members or some of them choose the channels that may lead to that hind of results
It is to be mentioned that social behaviour of youths Is influenced by many factors one of them Global Satellite, and other modern means of Communications. This empirical Survey examines the impact of satellite and what it has of Arabic and foreign programmes on the social behaviour of youths in Iraq. No doubt social behaviour of youths is influenced by the mass media communication particularly the satellite.
The Satellite used by youths of both sexes does not only influence their behaviour but in fluences also their Social relation ship, values, norms, mannerism and general ideology. The research specializes in studying the traces of global satellite on youth’s mentality and Social consciusness.

This research offers an anthropological reading of the role of artificial intelligence in shaping the consciousness of Iraqi youth, within the context of the social and cultural transformations brought about by the digital environment. The research begins with the framework of the anthropology of change, demonstrating how artificial intelligence is no longer merely a technological tool Rather, he has become a cultural agent who reshapes identity, patterns of thinking, sources of knowledge, and social values The research relied on modern anthropological methods combining theoretical analysis, participant observation, and field studies, with the aim of understanding the value and psychological transformations experienced by the young generation in Iraq, caught between traditional local culture and the culture of digital globalization. The research included several chapters. The first chapter is titled “Elements of Research and the Concept of Artificial Intelligence,” while the second chapter is “Creativity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” The third chapter is titled “Shaping Self-Awareness Among Youth in Light of Artificial Intelligence.” The research includes a summary showing that artificial intelligence is not just a technology, but a cultural force that reshapes humanity.

Society is currently experiencing a period of profound transformation in values and behavior. This is due to accelerating changes that are weakening cultural foundations, leading to a state of value instability that makes individuals lose the ability to determine what is acceptable and unacceptable within society. Consequently, behavioral and moral problems increase, negatively impacting cultural awareness and knowledge. Under these circumstances, individuals find themselves in a state of confusion as a result of changes that have diminished the effectiveness of social institutions in regulating and monitoring behavior. Therefore, the main question of the research is: How have these fluid changes affected the ability of social institutions to regulate social behavior? And what are the effects of this on individuals\' actions and deviations?
The study\'s results show that there is no longer a clear boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. This is consistent with Bauman\'s notion of \"liquid modernity,\" where references rapidly disintegrate, leading to the state of anomie referred to by Durkheim. Social institutions have lost their effectiveness in regulating behavior. This has led to an increase in deviant behavior. This decline indicates that social action has shifted from a rational frame of reference to more emotional and conventional patterns, where the control of meaning is no longer collective but rather individual or random.

The current study aimed to identify:
1. The level of students’ understanding of cyber extortion.
2. The statistical significance of differences in cyber extortion according to the sex variable (male – female).
The scope of this research was limited to students of Al-Mustansiriyah University for the academic year (2024–2025) in Baghdad Governorate. The research population consisted of students from Al-Mustansiriyah University. The sample was drawn from students of the Colleges of Arts and Education at Al-Mustansiriyah University for the academic year (2024–2025) in Baghdad. Four departments were selected using a simple random sampling method, and (25) male and female students were chosen from each of the four departments, also using a simple random sampling method. It is worth noting that the main research sample was also used for statistical analysis.

To achieve the objectives of the present study, it was necessary to design an instrument that meets the psychometric properties of validity, reliability, and discrimination. After reviewing several previous studies and presenting a pilot questionnaire to the sample, the researcher developed a Cyber Extortion Scale consisting of (20) items. The scale’s response options were: (Strongly Agree, Slightly Agree, Strongly Disagree).

The findings of the present research revealed the following:

1-The overall mean score of the sample was higher than the hypothetical mean, with statistical significance. This indicates that the participants, as a whole, possess knowledge of the concept of cyber extortion.
2-There were no statistically significant differences according to the gender variable.

Based on the results of the present study, the researcher proposed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Drug addiction is considered one of the most significant psychological and social issues facing modern societies due to its negative effects on physical and mental health, as well as its familial, social, and economic dimensions. Recent studies have shown that psychological factors play an important role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to addiction, with affective personality being one of the most prominent factors. Affective personality includes relatively stable psychological traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, and impulsivity. Research indicates that some of these traits may increase the likelihood of substance use, while others function as protective factors that reduce this risk.
This study aims to examine the correlational relationship between affective personality traits and substance use behaviors, with a focus on the most influential traits, using a descriptive approach in psychology. The research relies on an analysis of previous studies and theoretical reviews published between 2010 and 2023, particularly those investigating the relationship between affective temperament and addiction, with the objective of providing an accurate and comprehensive description of the phenomenon as it is, without experimental intervention. The study also seeks to clarify the scope and definitions used, including the terms “drug addiction” and “affective personality,” to provide a clear scientific framework for analysis and interpretation.
Findings from previous research indicate that individuals with high levels of neuroticism and impulsivity are more prone to engage in substance use behaviors, whereas high self-control and moderate openness to experience act as protective factors that reduce the likelihood of substance use. Furthermore, the study highlights that affective personality traits influence not only susceptibility to addiction but also the course of treatment, as psychological traits contribute to determining treatment responsiveness, relapse risk, and the success of therapeutic interventions.
Accordingly, this study seeks to provide a practical scientific contribution, as its findings can be used to design early preventive programs for high-risk groups, as well as to develop individualized treatment programs that take into account each patient’s affective personality traits, thereby enhancing recovery outcomes and reducing relapse rates. Moreover, the study provides a scientific foundation for future research aimed at exploring the causal relationship between affective temperament and addictive behaviors, and conducting deeper analyses of the psychological factors influencing addiction.
In conclusion, the study emphasizes that understanding the relationship between affective personality traits and drug addiction represents an effective tool for guiding preventive and therapeutic efforts, and enhances the capacity for early intervention to reduce the psychological and social risks associated with addiction, thereby yielding significant benefits for both individuals and society.

within the field of criminology, which is concerned with uncovering offenders and achieving social justice. Such goals can only be realized through an understanding of crime patterns, the mechanisms underlying their occurrence, and the circumstances surrounding each incident. For this reason, forensic anthropology constitutes a crucial field for studying crime and deviant behavior, as it focuses on examining the offender both internally and externally, as well as within their cultural, social, and environmental contexts
This study, entitled “Crime and Deviance: An Anthropological Approach to Understanding the Phenomenon of Rape”, is structured into four main sections. The first discusses the fundamental elements and key concepts of the research. The second addresses the theoretical history of criminal anthropology. The third examines the problematics of crime and deviance, while the fourth analyzes case studies of child rape crimes documented in various Iraqi police stations across different provinces. The study concludes with key findings and the most significant recommendations.

This study aims to identify the level of digital psychological immunity among middle school students, their level of awareness of digital deviations, and to uncover the nature of the correlational relationship between the two. The research sample consisted of 400 male and female students from both scientific and literary branches. The researcher developed two scales to achieve the study objectives: the first to measure digital psychological immunity based on Olah's theory (2005), and the second to measure awareness of digital deviations, based on a definition formulated by the researcher after reviewing relevant literature and previous studies. After administering the two scales, data were collected and statistically analyzed using the statistical package SPSS, and the psychometric properties of the scales were extracted. The results indicated that the levels of digital psychological immunity and awareness of digital deviations among middle school students were moderate, suggesting they possess an acceptable degree of psychological and cognitive balance in dealing with the digital environment. The results also revealed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, indicating that higher digital psychological immunity contributes to increased awareness of digital deviations and promotes preventive and responsible behavior in cyberspace.

This research aims to identify the concept of digital extremism among youth, its most prominent repercussions (psychological and social effects), and ways to confront it. Digital extremism represents a complex and multidimensional challenge. Virtual reality has become a fertile ground for expanding the influence of jihadist groups and the growth of extremist ideologies. These groups have been able to exploit artificial intelligence tools, enabling them to easily transition from traditional forms of extremism to borderless digital spaces that facilitate the recruitment of youth, accelerate the dissemination of extremist rhetoric, and
The use of digital media and modern technologies, especially the internet and digital extremism (also known as digital extremism), includes social media platforms, live streaming, digital encryption, and video platforms for spreading extremist ideas. It has become possible to incite young people to violence and extremist ideas and ideologies almost instantly and to a global audience through open platforms. These platforms serve as central tools for disseminating propaganda content (Telegram, Discord) and encrypted platforms (YouTube, TikTok). They also facilitate the recruitment of young people and the transfer of funds through cryptocurrencies
Social and psychological factors such as loneliness, isolation, mental health problems, and the search for a sense of belonging are among the most important reasons that drive young people to seek relationships online, which facilitates the process of group polarization, as individuals in a group tend to adopt more extreme positions after discussions compared to their initial opinions, through the creation of (echo chambers), where like-minded individuals reinforce and amplify each other’s feelings of deprivation and beliefs, which also exposes them to more extreme content and facilitates the spread of misleading information and polarized discussion because members of these chambers reward this content.
Disengagement from extremist narratives in the digital environment is a complex process requiring multi-layered intervention, from empowering individuals and redesigning digital platforms to providing comprehensive community support, as one way to confront this growing threat.

Studies in various social sciences indicate a relationship between deviance among youth and unemployment. This study attempts to qualitatively explore the relationship between unemployment and the resulting deviant behaviors through the use of social media. Often, individuals join deviant organizations, large or small, through these platforms, such as terrorism and various forms of deviance. This study draws upon established academic and methodological achievements in the social sciences, with a focus on cultural anthropology, which specifically addresses the issue of unemployed youth. The study considers the resulting free time, psychological frustration, and lack of family or community oversight, as well as the privacy afforded by digital independence. The youth-focused platforms targeted by this study, and the fact that unemployment drives some young people towards quick profits through social media platforms via illegal means (fraud, dubious cryptocurrencies, trafficking in prohibited substances, etc.), highlight the importance of warning against long-term unemployment, which is also a matter of national security, as it can be a catalyst for deviant behavior, both physical and digital.

The current research aims to:
1_ Social control strategies among the general public.
2 - Digital animal risk taking in society.
3 -The correlation between social control and digital animal risk taking among children.
4 -Statistically significant differences in the Scott Kingdom between social control and animal risk taking according to digital gender (male - female) and stream (scientific - literary) in grades (fourth - sixth) in the United States.
5 -The percentage of various harms from digital animals with strategic control among the general public.
The current research identified 400 real students who were carefully selected according to the model of Steele et al. (2020). After the validity and reliability of the instruments were written, they were applied to learn how to determine the number of data.
The research reached the following results:
The sample members clearly relied on their social control, indicating that this is an active source of communication in daily social activity. It does not have diverse eyes from digital diversity—that is, control via digital media has already exceeded a number of people or the ability to integrate into it. That is, the more social control is used on an individual, the more it diversifies into multiple digital animals (a relationship with it for years). Social control is limited to a partial (negative) contribution to the prediction of digital animal risks; that is, it explains parts of the differences between multiple people, and the effect appears as a negative result, and recommendations and recommendations have been eliminated

The contemporary world is witnessing profound transformations driven by the digital revolution, which has made virtual spaces a new arena for shaping social and psychological identity among youth, particularly university students. Within this context, digital belonging emerges as a sense of integration into online communities that provide recognition and support, in contrast to the phenomenon of psychological loneliness, which reflects the gap between desired and actual relationships. The present study aims to examine the relationship between digital belonging and psychological loneliness among students at Al-Mustansiriyah University. The descriptive-correlational method was employed on a sample of (50) students from the Colleges of Arts and Education during the academic year (2024–2025).
Two main instruments were applied: the Digital Belonging Scale, adapted to the local context, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale – Version 3. The findings revealed that students reported a moderate level of digital belonging, while psychological loneliness was relatively high. Moreover, statistically significant differences in digital belonging were found according to gender, in favor of males. The results also showed a significant negative correlation between digital belonging and psychological loneliness, indicating that higher digital belonging is associated with lower levels of loneliness.
The study concludes that digital belonging functions as a double-edged factor: it can reduce psychological loneliness when based on meaningful and supportive interactions, yet it may intensify loneliness when limited to superficial and formal connections. Accordingly, the researcher recommends developing university programs that promote mindful and positive use of digital platforms and building authentic student digital communities that balance real-life and virtual interactions.

The current study aims to identify psychological flow among secondary school female students, and to identify differences in psychological flow according to the variable of study type (scientific - literary) in the city of Babylon for the academic year 2025-2026, with a total of () students. The researcher adopted Mihai Csikszentmihalyi (1990) as a frame of reference for the current study, while a stratified random sample of (400) female students was used for construction and final application. The researcher constructed a tool to measure psychological flow in its final form of (35) items. The psychometric properties of the scale were also extracted, including validity and reliability, as the reliability of the scale using the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.90). The results of the study indicated that female students enjoy psychological flow higher than the hypothetical average of the scale, and that there is a statistically significant difference in psychological flow according to the variable of study type and in favor of scientific specialization. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals that expand the scope of research for studies Suffix.

The soft power represented by digital modernity has played a role in the cultural annihilation of Iraqi society by promoting new cultural patterns represented by what is called (freedom, homosexuality, intellectual intolerance, drugs, atheism, women's empowerment, and gender reassignment). Social media has worked to crystallize these fundamental concepts, which have been set as a standard for Zionist-American normalization. In addition to the rapid change in social life, especially for young people who face profound cultural and social challenges, the rationality of modernity has worked to form a false instrumental mind. As a result, humanity is sinking into a new kind of barbarism instead of entering a new human condition. The reason is the technological age, where technology has become the ideology of the age, producing new forms of hegemony, an instrumental mind, and a false consciousness—a technological consciousness that stifles criticism and negation, silencing their tendencies. Therefore The Enlightenment and Modernity project is considered a culture of deception for the masses.

Digital addiction has emerged as a contemporary psychological phenomenon that has drawn increasing attention due to its indirect yet profound influence on youth behavior and their growing tendency to seek stimulation through technological engagement. This study seeks to explore the underlying psychological mechanisms contributing to the spread of this phenomenon, focusing particularly on psychological curiosity—a fundamental cognitive and motivational construct that drives exploration and learning, even in the presence of potential risks.

Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reviewed and analyzed relevant contemporary psychological literature to construct an integrated theoretical framework explaining the relationship between digital addiction and psychological curiosity. The theoretical synthesis revealed that curiosity plays a significant role in motivating individuals toward engagement in digital experiences. While digital environments fulfill innate human needs for knowledge and stimulation, they also pose potential negative implications for mental health and social behavior, particularly among youth.

The findings suggest that digital platforms serve as dual pathways—simultaneously satisfying psychological needs for curiosity and exploration while increasing susceptibility to maladaptive patterns of digital use. Accordingly, the study highlights the importance of intensifying theoretical and empirical research on this phenomenon and emphasizes the need for preventive strategies that channel curiosity into constructive cognitive and motivational activities.

The research further encourages scholars to reconsider psychological curiosity as a dual-edged construct: one that can serve as a positive catalyst for learning and creativity, yet also intertwine with risky behavioral tendencies such as digital overuse and technological dependence. Ultimately, this study underscores the necessity of integrating curiosity research within broader psychological frameworks that account for the dynamic interaction between individual motivations, cognitive processes, and environmental factors Exposure to digital drugs.

The digital age is witnessing radical transformations in the lifestyles and social behavior of young people. Digital technology and virtual spaces have produced a set of ethical and behavioral challenges that threaten societal stability. Accordingly, this research aims to study the impact of digitalization on social values among young people and monitor emerging forms of deviation resulting from excessive engagement in the virtual world.
The research relied on a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on sociological literature and modern media studies. The research conclusions indicate that young people in the digital age face a state of "dual identity" and direct threats to the value system, embodied in new forms of deviation such as digital addiction, cyberbullying, and cybercrime. The research concludes that it is necessary to enhance digital education and spread social awareness to reduce these deviations.

The current study aimed to examine the level of anonymity among university students, to identify the significance of differences in anonymity based on gender (male–female), and to explore the level of electronic violence among university students, as well as the significance of gender-based differences in this type of violence. Additionally, the study sought to investigate the relationship between anonymity and electronic violence.

The phenomenon of deviance is a global phenomenon that plagues industrialized countries and has spread to Arab countries in its various forms and manifestations due to the globalization of digital technology. The social, economic, and psychological factors that young people in Arab societies suffer from have contributed to this.Despite its widespread and public practice, especially given the global support from international human rights organizations and their attempts to promote it openly, Iraq is one of the Arab countries suffering from the spread of this phenomenon in its various forms.Its effects on the individual and society are interconnected, as the corruption of the individual and his dissolution of his moral and social values negatively affect his behavior in his dealings with his peers, which leads to the corruption of society and the loss of its cultural identity, making it easier to penetrate and then accept it as a colonial intellectual and behavioral entity, and the society becomes a state of dependence on the controlling other.Positive legislation in Arab countries, including Iraq, has been keen to protect and preserve morals from any attack, infringement, or violation of them, and has stipulated that the exercise of moral freedom for individuals must be within legitimate and legal frameworks, taking into account the regulation of behaviors and their non-contradiction with moral values and prevailing societal customs and traditions.The phenomenon of homosexuality is one of the patterns of individual behaviors whose practice has been criminalized by law in addition to its religious prohibition.

Youth constitute the foundation of any society, as they are instrumental in driving development and achieving social and economic progress. However, this vital demographic faces numerous challenges that may lead to social deviations, including drug abuse, criminal behavior, violence, school dropout, and other forms of misconduct. This study aims to analyze legal provisions addressing social deviations among youth, evaluate their practical effectiveness, and assess their ability to strike a balance between punishment and reform. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research reviews relevant legal texts—including criminal codes, juvenile protection laws, and anti-drug legislation—and contrasts them with real-world application through case studies and expert insights. The findings reveal that, despite apparent comprehensiveness, current legal frameworks suffer from weak enforcement, insufficient rehabilitation mechanisms, and a lack of coordination among educational, social, and security institutions. Accordingly, the study recommends legislative reforms that account for the unique developmental stage of youth, strengthen community-based rehabilitation programs, enhance post-sanction monitoring units, and promote inter-agency collaboration—both governmental and non-governmental—to establish an integrated model for early intervention and prevention. Addressing social deviations requires more than punitive measures; it demands a holistic legal and social vision capable of reintegrating youth constructively into society.

In today’s fast-paced technological world, drugs are no longer merely substances sold and consumed; they have become a widespread concept proliferating through screens, threatening the awareness and safety of society. Raising awareness of this scourge is no longer optional but rather a societal necessity. Youth are the most affected by digital transformations, as they constitute the largest group of social media users. With the spread of behavioral deviations across these platforms, they have become a fertile environment for drug trafficking, ranging from methods of seduction to full addiction. Digital transformations are a double-edged sword: they can either serve as a tool in the hands of drug dealers or as an effective means of raising awareness among youth. Hence, the question arises: to what extent are young people aware of the dangers of drugs amid digital transformations? Based on this, several objectives were set, the most important of which is measuring the level of awareness and perception among youth regarding the risks of drugs in the context of digital change. This was carried out through a field study at the University of Baghdad, with a sample of 300 participants representing the community.

This study aims to identify the level of digital psychological immunity among middle school students, their level of awareness of digital deviations, and to uncover the nature of the correlational relationship between the two. The research sample consisted of 400 male and female students from both scientific and literary branches. The researcher developed two scales to achieve the study objectives: the first to measure digital psychological immunity based on Olah's theory (2005), and the second to measure awareness of digital deviations, based on a definition formulated by the researcher after reviewing relevant literature and previous studies. After administering the two scales, data were collected and statistically analyzed using the statistical package SPSS, and the psychometric properties of the scales were extracted. The results indicated that the levels of digital psychological immunity and awareness of digital deviations among middle school students were moderate, suggesting they possess an acceptable degree of psychological and cognitive balance in dealing with the digital environment. The results also revealed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, indicating that higher digital psychological immunity contributes to increased awareness of digital deviations and promotes preventive and responsible behavior in cyberspace.