Dijlah Journal of Humanities

This research deals with the biography of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) through the book “Siyar A’lam al-Nubala” by al-Dhabi (d. 748 AH/1348 AD). We have monitored some of the news that Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) went through in the narrations of Sheikh al-Dhabi. The research included her personality in stations that constituted an unusual turning point in her life (peace be upon her), such as the death of her mother Khadija bint Khuwaylid (peace be upon her), the death of her father the Prophet (peace be upon him), and the change of roles and the transition of her images from the image of Fatima the daughter, the image of Fatima the wife, and the image of Fatima the mother, to her death at and early age in a short life in which the meanings of these roles were embodied..

The school building considered the educational environment that represents the most significant bases in the educational process. so, whenever it equipped with suitable means that provide comfort to the pupils, that achieves high success in educational process. Moreover, this study sheds light on the reality of school buildings in (Al-Baghdadi City) as a model to uncover the extent of their suitability for the educational process depending on interviews conducted with the students and educational staffs.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of i-math in acquiring concepts and visual intelligence among third-grade primary school students.
To achieve this, the researchers adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is a design (equal groups with a pre- and post-test). The sample consisted of (62) students, with (32) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group taught in the traditional way. The researchers among the students of the two research groups in the variables (intelligence, previous knowledge test, chronological age calculated in months, pre-test of acquisition of mathematical concepts, and visual intelligence scale). The researchers determined the scientific subject that they would study, prepared study plans, tested the acquisition of mathematical concepts, and visual intelligence scale, and They were all presented to the arbitrators, and their veracity and reliability were verified.
At the end of the experiment, the two researchers applied the test for the acquisition of mathematical concepts and the visual intelligence scale to the students of the two research groups. The data was analyzed and treated statistically, and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the test for the acquisition of mathematical concepts and visual intelligence, in favor of the experimental group. Through this result, the researchers arrived at the effectiveness of mathematics. Smart in acquiring sports concepts and visual intelligence. Accordingly, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and suggested conducting studies complementary to the current research.

This study analyzes the concept of narcissism as a defense mechanism as been depicted in Sylvia Plath's work “The Bell Jar”. It also analyzes the protagonist, Esther Greenwood's, internal issues from a psychological standpoint, highlighting the influence of societal expectations and mental illness on her disjointed identity and obsessive self-reflection. It is examined the conflict between Esther's desire for autonomy and societal pressures to conform to traditional female roles, showing how these tensions intensify narcissistic traits such as perfectionism, indecision, and self-alienation, which are employed as a defense mechanism. Kernberg (1993) theory of the psychodynamic model of narcissism and Judith Herman’s Trauma (1992) are utilized focusing on the narrative themes, symbolic imagery, and Esther’s internal monologue. The analysis also demonstrates how Plath’s depiction of psychological misery transcends individual pathology to attack the cultural factors influencing women’s lives. The research validates The Bell Jar as a significant literary piece that encapsulates the intricacies of female identity and mental health under a patriarchal framework.

The question of the natural body and its characteristics was a central theme in medieval Islamic philosophical thought and occupied a clear prominent place in the writings of Arab philosophers, including the philosopher Ibn Sina (370 AH / 980 AD – 428 AH / 1037 AD) and the Ikhwan al-Safa (a group of thought from the fourth century AH). The ability to develop a complete and comprehensive view of the natural body within the integrated system of the universe, and thus it presents an integrated philosophical system through which it reformulated the philosophy coming from Greece and deeply influenced Islamic and even Western philosophical thought. As for the Brothers of Safa, their messages came to form an encyclopedic view that went beyond disciplines, because they sought to link the body to the structure of the universe, where there is harmony between the mind and revelation, and between matter and spirit, and thus they presented a complex vision that reconciles the refinement of the soul and the connection of science with faith. The importance of the natural body lies in the fact that it is a point of convergence of epistemological issues, including philosophical knowledge of existence and spiritual reflection of the soul and creation, these perceptions were based on concepts that consider the nature of the natural body such as (hallucinations), image, time and motion, and are important and fundamental keys to understanding the composition of the body, its function and even its destiny, the analysis of the ideas of Ibn Sina and the Ikhwan al-Safa clarifies the integration of mental, religious and empirical knowledge, as this reflects the depth of the comprehensive nature of thinking of the Islamic civilization, especially with regard to the importance and place of man within existence and the universe.

International cooperation in criminal matters has become an urgent necessity to combat transnational organized crime, as it represents one of the most serious threats to international peace and security, in addition to its negative impact on the national sovereignty of states. These organized crime networks increasingly rely on technological advancements and economic openness to expand the scope of their illegal activities, which include drug and human trafficking. Money laundering and corruption. In this context, the importance of coordination between national efforts and international mechanisms has emerged, particularly multilateral agreements such as the 2000 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention), which established a comprehensive foundation for enhancing judicial and security cooperation between states. The research aims to examine the legal frameworks governing international cooperation in combating organized crime, highlighting ways to activate it, such as extradition, mutual judicial assistance, and information exchange. The research also addresses the challenges that negatively impact the effectiveness of this cooperation, such as discrepancies in national legislation, sovereignty issues, and weak political will. In conclusion, The research presents practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of international cooperation, thus contributing to reducing the spread of this complex criminal phenomenon.

This study offers an in-depth examination of the leading apology act theories in pragmatics and sociolinguistics. The idea is to explore the influence of various such frameworks on apology, i.e., Speech Act Theory and Olshtain and Cohen's Apology Strategy Model, Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory, Trosborg's Taxonomy, the CCSARP model, Holmes's framework on gender and power, and Goffman's ritual theory, on apology studies, whilst trying to consider theoretical and methodological limitations in each of them. It investigates how these models contribute to the understanding of apologies in various cultures and situations and specifically on cross-cultural and interlingual scenarios, particularly relevant for Arabic and Iraqi EFL learners. The empirical results indicate that although each theory reveals valuable insights regarding apology as a linguistic and social institution, it has its deficiencies by being cultural bias, universalist assumptions, underdeveloped emotional, power and gender literacy, of increased emphasis on elicited data instead of naturalistic data. The review highlights the need for innovative, sensitive, contextualized and culturally aware ways for apologizing to be explored in modern pragmatic research.

This research is concerned with studying the aesthetic discourse produced by body language within theatrical performances that are presented within the activities of the Department of Art Education, by describing the body as a highly influential expressive means that goes beyond its traditional function to being a tool for generating aesthetic and visual meaning. The current research consists of four chapters, the first of which includes the research problem, which emerged in the following question: What are the features of the aesthetic discourse of body language in theatrical performances of the Department of Art Education? The aim of the research was to reveal the aspects of aesthetic discourse achieved through body language in theatrical performances of the Department of Art Education. The second chapter consisted of three sections, the first of which included aesthetic discourse. The second section included the emergence of body language in theater and its applications, while the third section included theatrical presentation, The research adopted the descriptive analytical method in constructing research procedures and applying them to sample models selected from the Art Education Department’s presentations, by analyzing their physical performance in terms of movement, gesture, interaction with space, And visual expression. As for the fourth chapter, it included the results and conclusions of the research. Among the most prominent results, the research proved that body language is considered one of the most prominent expressive media in theatrical performances by students of the Department of Art Education, as the function of the body goes beyond the limits of communication to create an aesthetic and artistic effect that enhances the creative value of the presentation. Among the most prominent conclusions that came in the current research The body language in the theatrical performances of students of the Department of Art Education is considered an aesthetic element rather than a producer of visual and dramatic meaning.

This study seeks to explore the remarkable diversity of Arabic calligraphy styles and to highlight its aesthetic foundations by analyzing and showcasing the artistic and visual characteristics that distinguish this art form from others. These features have positioned Arabic calligraphy at the forefront of visual arts with a deep spiritual and cultural dimension.
The research addresses a central question: Is Arabic calligraphy merely a set of stylistic variations, or is it a refined aesthetic system that reflects the spirit of Islamic civilization and the genius of its artists?
Accordingly, the study is based on the hypothesis that the diversity of Arabic scripts is not merely a matter of visual difference or stylistic choice, but rather represents a rich creative evolution and visual experimentation grounded in geometric and spiritual principles. This has enabled Arabic calligraphy to transcend its functional role and embrace the realm of symbolic beauty and elevated artistic expression.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach that examines the origins of Arabic scripts, their most prominent styles, and their artistic features. It also explores the underlying aesthetic dimensions behind their structural design, drawing on visual and analytical examples from the Arabic calligraphic heritage to demonstrate how these elements contribute to establishing Arabic calligraphy as a distinctive art form with spiritual, intellectual, and aesthetic significance

Adaptive clothing is an effective design solution aimed at improving the quality of life for people with mobility disabilities and the elderly. It enables them to put on and take off clothes easily, enhancing their sense of comfort and independence. Traditional clothing is often designed based on aesthetic or general objective considerations, without considering the functional and usage specificities associated with limited mobility or the need for assistive devices. This leads to daily difficulties, deepens this group's sense of exclusion, and limits their social integration. The research addresses the concept of disability, its types, mobility disability, the design and specifications of adaptive clothing, the criteria for using enclosures and colors, and the design approaches used to find solutions to most mobility disability problems. This ensures the development of innovative strategies that take into account functional and usage aspects, while achieving the required balance between these aspects and the aesthetic dimension. This increases the effectiveness of design in serving people with mobility disabilities and the elderly, enhancing their independence and social integration.

The great development in the economic and social aspects of various countries of the world has contributed greatly to the emergence of commercial and civil relations that did not exist before, which will lead in one way or another to a difference in interests and result in many disputes. Because the judiciary is the basis and strength of the economy and system of any country, being the true guarantor of rights, the emergence of systems that contribute to facilitating the work of the judiciary in a way that reduces the large momentum of the number of lawsuits filed before them and facilitates the procedures for resolving them by preparing them by a specialized judge who undertakes this, will undoubtedly lead to the achievement of great positive results that will benefit the litigation system in general and the ease of resolving disputes for individuals in particular.

Most of the constitutions have laid down the general foundations that guarantee the rights and freedoms of individuals, and these rights and freedoms must be matched by guarantees for the purpose of preventing their exposure to violations, whether the violations are by individuals or the state, and the most important of these institutions that guarantee rights and freedoms is the Council of State.

Judicial oversight of administrative actions is one of the best forms of oversight over actions or decisions issued by the administration. It is the most optimal and important of the pre- and post-guarantees for achieving employee demands. A decision issued by the administrative body imposing a disciplinary penalty does not enjoy judicial immunity, as the employee can appeal it before the judiciary to examine the legitimacy of the decision in terms of (form, subject matter, defect, and jurisdiction).
If the administration has the right to use the means approved by law to ensure the smooth running of public services, then the administration must adhere to the guarantees and rights of public employees stipulated by law.
The research included a definition of disciplinary punishment and an explanation of the guarantees specific to employees in the first section. The second section addressed judicial oversight in comparative countries and Iraq. Finally, the research included a number of recommendations that could play an effective role in preserving employee rights.

The world is witnessing an unprecedented acceleration in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, raising fundamental legal and ethical questions about how to regulate them at the international level to protect human beings and their fundamental rights. This research is based on a central hypothesis: the precautionary principle—originally developed in the context of environmental and health law—can serve as a suitable framework for establishing an effective international commitment to regulate AI, given its potential and cross-border risks.
The first section explores the theoretical and legal foundations of this commitment by examining the evolution of the precautionary principle and its application in areas such as climate change and genetic engineering, ultimately assessing its applicability to AI. It also reviews the international legal framework grounded in the protection of human rights—such as the right to life, privacy, and non-discrimination—as well as relevant international legal principles, including international cooperation and the duty to prevent harm. Moreover, it highlights recent international efforts, particularly the 2024 Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, which marks a significant step toward codifying such commitments.
The second section moves from theory to practice by analyzing the current international regulatory mechanisms, including multilateral initiatives led by the United Nations, UNESCO, and the Council of Europe, as well as regional frameworks such as the European Union’s AI legislation. It also sheds light on the growing role of non-governmental organizations and major tech companies in shaping standards and practices. The section concludes by identifying practical challenges facing this regulation, such as disparities between countries, difficulties in overseeing the private sector, and the tension between promoting innovation and maintaining precaution. It also considers the potential emergence of new international customary norms in this field. This research aims to contribute to the global legal discourse on AI by emphasizing the need to move from ethical commitment to binding international legal obligations, in order to strike a fair balance between technological advancement and the protection of human values.

The research addresses the concept of design thinking and the nature of the design process, as well as the difference between innovative design thinking with its patterns such as divergent, imaginative, lateral, and productive thinking, and types of innovation such as radical, incremental, and modificational. The research also addresses the concept of conventional design thinking such as convergent, logical, and rational thinking, to point to the discourse of the conventional image, as innovative thinking is based on creativity and developing new solutions that respond to technological development and user needs, while conventional thinking depends on ready-made patterns and templates and the reproduction of prevailing designs that achieve stability and ease of production. The research confirms that combining the two approaches helps in designing products that combine innovation, novelty, familiarity, and production patterns to achieve better fulfillment of user requirements and desires.

The Middle East witnessed a twelve-day war between Iran and the Zionist entity, marking a new culmination in the long history of conflict between the two sides, dating back to the establishment of the occupying state and the growing Iranian regional role after the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The ongoing conflict between them was not a spur-of-the-moment struggle; rather, it reflects strategic contradictions related to hegemony, regional influence, and the Iranian nuclear issue. The last war ended with a temporary ceasefire, the result of international and regional pressures for fear that the region would slide into a wider confrontation with unpredictable outcomes, in addition to the military and economic exhaustion suffered by both sides during the fighting.
The current truce does not mean the end of the confrontation; rather, it opens the door to a series of military, political, and security repercussions. New challenges have emerged related to deterrence capabilities, the balance of power, and the impact of the war on each side's regional allies. This truce also raises fundamental questions about the future of the conflict, as it may be a prelude to a phase of rebalancing the balance of power or simply a respite in preparation for a more severe round of escalation. Hence, the potential scenarios range from the continuation of the state of neither peace nor war, to limited negotiations, or a relapse into open military confrontation.

This research aims to analyze the role of green finance as a key driver for enhancing the financial resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Iraq, given the financial and environmental challenges facing this vital sector. The study's significance lies in its exploration of the extent to which green tools and mechanisms can support the sustainability of SMEs by improving their ability to absorb shocks, adapt to fluctuations in the economic environment, and enhance their financial flexibility.
The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a field questionnaire designed to measure the study variables and analyze the relationships between them using appropriate statistical methods. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of employees in the Iraqi banking sector with direct experience in SME financing, particularly those working in credit, finance, risk management, and product development departments. The sample size comprised 210 individuals from private and public banks that provide financing services to SMEs.
The research concluded that green finance exerts a direct and significant impact on financial resilience, particularly through instruments related to risk management and long-term stability. This underscores that green finance is a key determinant of banks' ability to withstand economic and financial fluctuations. The study recommends integrating green finance as a core component of long-term banking strategies, directing resources and investments toward green instruments that are best positioned to enhance financial resilience and build a more robust and sustainable banking system.

Informal constitutional amendment is one of the most prominent legal and political phenomena that generates widespread controversy in contemporary constitutional thought. This is due to its potential to alter the content of the constitutional text without undergoing the formal procedures prescribed for constitutional amendment. This topic has a profound philosophical dimension related to the nature of the constitution itself, the relationship between the established text and the changing reality, and the flexibility and difficulty of formal amendment procedures. In this research, we will shed light on the analysis of the philosophical dimension of this phenomenon by discussing the philosophical foundations upon which this type of constitutional amendment is based, represented by the idea of a living constitution, the integration of purpose and content, and the establishment of constitutional justice. This research will also address the justifications for resorting to this type of constitutional amendment, with the aim of understanding the extent of the philosophical dimension present in this constitutional practice.

Examining the views of scholars from the Basran, Kufan, and other schools regarding the issue of *al-nakirah* and *al-mankur* between the Basran and Kufan terminologies reveals the extent of semantic differences and their relationship to other sciences addressing the same subject; consequently, studying them to uncover their reality and understand their grammatical rulings is essential, with the research’s significance arising from the effort to clarify the relationship between the two terms in both schools from a grammatical perspective, distinguish them from definiteness (*al-ma‘rifah*), and identify the root (*asl*) from the branch (*far‘*); the study concluded that *al-nakirah* and *al-mankur* are grammatical-usage issues governed by meaning, context, and the word’s linguistic nature, that grammarians pioneered addressing them through discussions of lexical coinage (*wad‘*) and usage (*istimal*), and that *al-nakirah* as a term denotes a common individual within its genus; the study endorsed the opinion substantiated by evidence and employed an inductive descriptive methodology as its primary approach, utilizing other methods when necessary, with keywords (al-nakirah, al-mankur, al-ma‘rifah, their definition, genus, absolute generic noun, verbal markers, evidence from both sides).

This study aimed to identify the effect of using the SCAMPER program and the Synectics strategy on developing creative thinking and acquiring Islamic concepts among first-grade intermediate female students. The research population consisted of schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Karkh Second Directorate. Al-Izza Secondary School for Girls was purposively selected as the research sample, with a total of (102) first-grade intermediate students.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. A quasi-experimental design was employed consisting of three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The classes were randomly assigned, where Class (A) represented the first experimental group and was taught according to the SCAMPER program, Class (B) represented the second experimental group and was taught using the Synectics strategy, while Class (C) represented the control group and was taught using the conventional method.
The results revealed that both the SCAMPER program and the Synectics strategy had a statistically significant effect on the development of creative thinking. In light of these findings, the researcher recommended adopting the SCAMPER program and the Synectics strategy in teaching Islamic Education due to their effective role in enhancing students’ creative abilities and improving concept acquisition.

This study derives its importance from the fact that the term “governance” is a new term in the Arabic language that aims to strengthen the effectiveness of administration in considerations related to the public interest, which is without a doubt more important than the private interest. Governance is defined as “the set of policies or rules that the administration uses to achieve its goals.”
Since the state is a legal entity, it does not carry out its work except through persons designated for those tasks, known as public employees, who have a legal relationship with the state governed by laws specific to that relationship, such as Civil Service law and State Employees Discipline Law.
The disciplinary law in public employment achieves a balance between the administration’s interest in the efficient and regular functioning of public facilities, and the employees’ interest in the existence of a legal system that ensures and guarantees job stability for them so that they work diligently in service of the public interest.
The term governance in the Arabic language corresponds to the word “covernance” in the English language and “gouvernance” in the French language, and it means strengthening the monitoring of the institution’s activity and following up on the level of performance of those in charge of it.
Governance of employee behavior can be defined as all the regulations, legislation, policies, organizational structures and controls that govern work in state institutions and the public sector through a professional and ethical work mechanism that relies on transparency and is subject to follow-up and control mechanisms while providing accountability tools.
Administrative organization is in order to regulate the functioning of the public facility and to spare the public employee from the behavior of everything that raises suspicion while performing his work and to inform him of his rights and duties, that is, what he must do and what he must avoid, and what are the consequences of violating his job duties, whether this violation is administrative or criminal. And what is the extent of the impact and overlap of the penalties if they are imposed on the public employee, whether these penalties are administrative, criminal, or civil.

This study explores the potential of Iraqi folk music as an educational tool within non-formal learning environments. It investigates how traditional musical elements—such as rhythm, maqam (melodic modes), and lyrical content—can be employed to foster engagement, facilitate value transmission, and reinforce cultural identity. The main research question guiding the study is: How can Iraqi folk music contribute to achieving educational objectives in non-formal learning settings? Three sub-questions examine musical capabilities, pedagogical frameworks, and the expected educational and social outcomes of integrating folk music into community-based programs. The research is grounded in constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes experience, interaction, and cultural context in knowledge building. A descriptive-analytical methodology was adopted, and data were collected using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 participants involved in non-formal educational activities. Findings reveal that participants consider folk music a powerful medium for stimulating attention, encouraging learner interaction, and embedding ethical and cultural messages. The results also suggest that the participatory and emotional qualities of Iraqi folk music promote group learning and collective expression, making it a valuable tool in informal workshops and cultural programs. The study concludes by advocating for the inclusion of traditional art forms in non-formal education strategies to support cultural belonging and enhance alternative learning practices in Iraqi society..

This study aims to assess the morphoclimatic hazards in the Sidakan subdistrict, one of the mountainous areas located in the northeastern part of Erbil Governorate, by relying on remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques supported by applications of Geographic Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI), which represents one of the most recent trends in spatial and environmental data analysis. Landsat-8 satellite data for the year 2025 were used, providing accurate and up-to-date spatial imagery that contributed to extracting and analyzing the related environmental indicators. These indicators included elevation, slope, land surface units, total precipitation, drainage network density, rock type, soil type, in addition to vegetation cover. For the purpose of determining the weight and significance of each indicator, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was adopted, as it is one of the most successful methods for multi-criteria decision making. A pairwise comparison matrix was constructed for the indicators, and their relative weights were determined according to their influence on hazard generation.
The results of the study revealed that the morphoclimatic hazard map of the area was classified into five main categories. The low-hazard class ranked first in terms of area, accounting for approximately (59.77%), followed by the lower-hazard class at (27.60%). The moderate-hazard class came third with (9.01%), then the high-hazard class in fourth place with (2.84%), and finally the very-high-hazard class, which occupied the lowest percentage at about (0.78%).

Every nation and contemporary civilization has deep-rooted foundations stemming from its heritage and cultural legacy, from which it derives its principles and draws the components of its overall renaissance. For this reason, most nations take pride in their heritage and revive its elements in new forms, adapting them to the cultural changes produced by scientific and technological developments. This is because heritage is inherently and spontaneously rooted in humanity, in contrast to artificial constructs that often carry negative connotations.
This dynamic has also been reflected in artistic activities. Unfortunately, its negative effects have spread like an epidemic throughout the Arab world, particularly with the development of international communication technologies that accompanied the emergence of globalization.
Through this study, we observe that contemporary Iraqi ceramists have drawn inspiration from heritage elements and employed them within their ceramic works in an attempt to preserve and express their intellectual and social identity. However, this raises an important question: Has this use of heritage succeeded in achieving the intended goal of preserving artistic identity?

This work examines two types of translation Chat GPT and Human’s translation for a work to be subtitled. This research uses the comparison concept to find if the new tool of these chats can help to utilize the work on humans and would it be helpful for them or would it be a complete failure. The translations will be carried out on an Iraqi work called the Lost Wishes series to determine whether they are qualified to rely on and to recommend or whether it would remain for assistants and the human translators would be the only method of translation that can’t be replaced despite the fact that AI-powered applications are supported. Additionally, can the AI be depended on for translating accents, specifically colloquial ones, as the human capability.

This study employs van Dijk’s Socio-Cognatitive Modals (1998, 2000) of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine Martin Luther King Jr.’s iconic 1963 “I Have a Dream” speech. The study discovers how King’s discourse constructs and disseminates ideologies of justice, equality, and civil rights within the socio-historical context of the American Civil Rights Movement. By analysing the speech across three interconnected levels: macro (social context), meso (cognition), and micro (discourse), the study reveals how linguistic and rhetorical strategies such as metaphor, repetition, and moral vocabulary function to shape collective mental models and challenge prevailing racial ideologies. The analysis demonstrates how King strategically balances emotional appeal with logical argumentation to inspire unity, mobilise support, and resist systemic oppression. This integrated socio-cognitive approach provides a deeper understanding of political speech as a powerful medium for ideological contestation and social change.

This paper studies the use of foregrounding techniques in contemporary magical realism short fiction. It focuses on how these stylistic elements enrich the elements of characterization and setting to critique societal norms and human psychology. This could be done through analyzing Gabriel García Márquez’s "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings," J.G. Ballard’s "The Drowned Giant," Salman Rushdie’s "The Man Who Danced With Dolls," and Carmen Maria Machado’s "The Husband Stitch," the study reveals how these authors employ defamiliarization, symbolism, and metaphorical language to blur the lines between reality and the supernatural. (Flores, 1995, p.125)
These techniques not only boost the surreal elements within the narratives but also highlight underlying social and psychological tensions related to issues such as cultural identity, alienation, gender dynamics, and societal indifference. (Hart, 2010, p.23).
This paper demonstrates the power of magical realism as a genre that compels readers to reconsider the ordinary and the extraordinary while addressing complex contemporary themes.
The study’s findings contribute to literary stylistics and genre analysis, offering valuable insights for scholars and educators interested in the intersections of narrative form, social critique, and the unique stylistic contributions of magical realism (Bowers, 2004, p.17).

A detailed academic review of the book , ( White House Years ) by Henry Kissinger, first published in 1979 by Little, Brown and Company in Boston, USA .

Vocabulary mastery is crucial for English proficiency, yet traditional rote learning through sheer repetition and memorization without meaningful comprehension often lacks engagement. This study explores the impact of active learning on EFL vocabulary acquisition among 60 Iraqi secondary students in Baghdad. A quasi-experimental design compared an experimental group (n=30) using gamification, discussions, and problem-based learning (PBL) with a control group (n=30) using conventional methods. Pre- and post-tests, surveys, and interviews provided data. Quantitative analysis (t-tests, p < 0.001) showed significant gains in the experimental group (d=1.41). Qualitative data indicated increased student engagement and motivation due to interactive learning strategies that effectively enhance vocabulary acquisition. The research supports active learning's effectiveness in EFL contexts, offering educators in Iraq comprehensive recommendations for integrating gamified and collaborative approaches to help students acquire proficient mastery of English vocabulary specifically and develop enhanced language competencies in other skills generally.

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between education and reproductive health in two contrasting areas of Baghdad, Mansour and Sadr City, using (Spearman's) correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between educational and a number of reproductive and social variables. The results in Sadr City showed positive and significant relationships between education and both the promotion of birth control and birth spacing, reflecting the role of education in promoting health awareness and family planning in low-income environments. In contrast, the results in the Mansour area, with a weak negative correlation between education and the use of birth control methods and a non-significant correlation with birth spacing, indicating the influence of cultural and social factors on reproductive behaviour in economically urbanised areas. The study concludes that women's education and the integration of health education into school curricula are key to achieving optimal reproductive health and demographic stability in Iraqi society.

Digital journalism is one of the key features of the media transformation in the modern era, with technological advancements significantly influencing the way news is produced and distributed. This study aims to examine the impact of rapid technological development on digital journalism in Iraq, focusing on the students of Dijla University as the future generation of digital journalists. The research highlights the challenges faced by digital journalism in Iraq, such as the lack of academic training in modern technological tools and the impact of fake news on journalistic credibility.
Through a survey distributed among Dijla University students, the findings revealed a high level of awareness about the importance of digital journalism, with 80% considering it an essential part of contemporary media. The results also showed that social media and the internet are the primary sources of news, with technological advancements having a significant impact on the speed and quality of news dissemination. However, 65% of students reported encountering fake news in digital journalism.
Based on these findings, the study provides several recommendations to enhance digital journalism in Iraq, including the establishment of awareness programs to distinguish between accurate and fake news, improving technological tools for news verification, and encouraging student engagement with digital content through educational platforms that promote expression and opinion.
Understanding the impact of technological developments on digital journalism in Iraq is crucial for building a more credible and effective press in the future, especially given the technical and social challenges faced by digital journalists.

This study was carried out in Baghdad to find out what barriers male and female geography teachers had to overcome in order to use artificial intelligence technology in gifted education institutions. The researcher employed the descriptive survey research approach to make the study's goals more clear. A questionnaire consisting of fifteen paragraphs with questions whose validity and reliability were confirmed was created using a five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree). It was then used on the fundamental research sample. The current study sample consisted of 185 male and female teachers, and the SPSS software was used to process the data statistically. According to the study's findings, a significant portion of the male and female teachers who took part had very similar viewpoints. The study also discovered a deficiency in the computers, software, and wireless connection systems required to use AI applications.Additionally, neither educators nor learners are sufficiently equipped to engage with AI and its applications in the classroom.

The innovator's ability to create an industrial model that applies to certain products in order to give them a special luster and a beautiful appearance that will attract the attention of consumers and contribute to their popularity and fame is certainly not a coincidence. Rather, it is the result of the innovator's effort, which took time and expense in order to achieve a distinctive external appearance that greatly helps in increasing sales of the products embodied by him and achieving additional profits.
If this is the case, then it is necessary for the innovator to obtain compensation for his efforts by granting him an exclusive right to exploit it, through the exercise of which he can exclusively benefit from his innovation in a way that achieves for him a financial return and at the same time allows him to resort to the necessary legal means to prevent others who do not have his consent from attacking him, This is what the legislation concerned with industrial property has sought to provide, including the Iraqi legislation represented by the Law on Patents, Industrial Designs, Undisclosed Information, Integrated Circuits and Plant Varieties No. 65 of 1970, as amended. All of them have decided that the owner of an industrial design has the right to monopolize the exploitation of his design, regardless of the method of its approval, whether explicitly or implicitly.

International provisions in Islamic law are a significant topic, as they relate to numerous contemporary issues such as human rights, international trade, and international disputes. This research aims to highlight how Islamic law interacts with international standards and explore the practical applications of these provisions in modern contexts. The research employs a methodology that analyzes religious texts and international legislation, in addition to reviewing relevant literature. . The research reveals commonalities between Islamic law and some fundamental principles of international law, such as justice and human rights. However, certain differences exist that require careful consideration to understand the concepts of each legal system.

This study investigates the integration of cultural content in English language teaching within Iraqi high schools, focusing on both its pedagogical benefits and the challenges faced by educators. Using a mixed-methods approach—including textbook analysis, teacher and student surveys, classroom observations, and interviews—the research explores how cultural elements are currently embedded in instruction, how they affect student engagement and intercultural competence, and what obstacles hinder their effective use. Findings indicate that while both teachers and students value cultural integration for enhancing motivation and communicative competence, its implementation is often limited by time constraints, lack of training, insufficient resources, and concerns about cultural sensitivity. Despite these barriers, evidence suggests that cultural content fosters more meaningful language learning and prepares students for real-world communication. The study concludes with practical recommendations for curriculum development, teacher training, and school support systems to facilitate deeper and more balanced cultural integration.

This research presents an analysis of the central problematic in the history of Islamic thought, namely the dialectical relationship between the foundational divine text (the Qur'an and Sunnah) and the changing human reality. This interaction is what produced the field known as "Islamic Jurisprudence" (Fiqh). The study proceeds from the hypothesis that Fiqh began as a human endeavor (ijtihad) to understand and apply the guidance of the text to reality. However, throughout its development, it underwent a process of methodological codification and establishment, which transformed it into a cognitive structure with referential authority, especially within the framework of the juristic schools (madhahib). This transformation was not isolated from the political and social influences that marked Islamic history, which at times led to the prioritization of historical jurisprudential reasoning over the original efficacy of the text.
The research aims to deconstruct this complex relationship, not to undermine the heritage, but rather to understand it in its human and historical contexts. The study adopts a historical-analytical methodology, tracing the trajectory of Fiqh from its Prophetic foundation, through the reasonings of the Companions and their Successors, to the era of codification and the emergence of the schools of law. It also provides a critical evaluation of the role of these schools and the impact of political factors in consolidating their authority. The research concludes by exploring the prospects for intellectual renewal based on reactivating the direct relationship between the Muslim intellect and the foundational texts, in a manner that restores vitality and credibility to Islamic thought in facing contemporary challenges.

The agency contract is one of the most important developments created by modern legal thought, as it required the person to perform any act in order to verify his will, and considering that the agency contract achieves virtual presence While the agent is performing the act entrusted to him, the principal has the freedom to choose the agent in whom he places his trust, and the authority granted to him to withdraw this trust whenever he wishes, with or without occasion, whether with or without the agent’s consent However, the acknowledgment of their deprivation of this right if the agency is related to a right of another is marred by some doubt as to whether this acknowledgment creates a relative or absolute restriction on the one hand, in addition to the ambiguity of the legal texts and their inadequacy in organizing them.

This study aims to examine the impact of specialized satellite channels, particularly those directed at children, on shaping violent behavior among children from the perspective of parents in Baghdad Governorate. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed to conduct the study, using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of parents to gauge their opinions and observations regarding the relationship between children's viewing of these channels and the occurrence of violent behavior.
The study found that a number of specialized satellite channels broadcast content containing scenes of physical or verbal violence, which has a direct or indirect impact on children's behavior, especially in the absence of parental supervision or weak guidance. The results also showed that parents notice a clear change in their children's behavior after prolonged viewing periods, in terms of their use of aggressive language or imitation of certain violent scenes.
The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably the need to activate the role of family oversight, encourage media institutions to adhere to educational standards in producing children's content, and enhance community awareness of the dangers of unregulated media