JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

This study aimed at developing ballistic training methods using a circular technique, focusing on a specific set of physical abilities and their effects on the technical performance level of the front roundhouse kick (Dollyo Chagi) among young Taekwondo players. The research highlights the importance of the front circular kick in Taekwondo as a fundamental offensive skill and the necessity of developing the physical abilities required for its effective execution. It also points to the role of ballistic training in developing explosive power and speed, and how integrating them with a circular technique which can achieve better results. Furthermore, it identifies the effect of circular ballistic training on certain physical abilities such as strength. The study aims at assessing the explosive muscle strength of the lower limbs (speed, flexibility, and neuromuscular coordination) and evaluates the effect of these exercises on the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick (Dollyo Chagi), including kick accuracy, speed, and power. An experimental approach is followed. The researcher divided the players into two groups; an experimental group receiving roundhouse ballistic training and a controlling group that followed the traditional training. The sample consisted of 24 players. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure physical abilities and the technical performance level of the kick. The experimental group showed significant improvement in the selected physical abilities, due to the nature of the ballistic training which focuses on developing explosive power. This improvement was reflected in the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick, in terms of increasing speed, power, and accuracy to enhance its effectiveness in competitions. The researcher concluded that roundhouse ballistic training is effective in developing physical abilities and improving the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick in young taekwondo players. The researcher recommends including these exercises in regular training programs for taekwondo players to enhance their physical level. Technically speaking, this research seeks to provide scientific evidence of the effectiveness of roundhouse ballistic drills as an innovative training tool for developing the performance of Taekwondo players, especially with regard to the important skill of the front roundhouse kick.

This study aims at developing a scale for psychological stability among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University for the academic year 2024-2025.
The researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. Therefore, the sample consists of 100 students who are at the second, third and fourth year of their study. 52 students are from the second year, 21 students are from the third year, and 27 students are from the fourth year. This sample is to determine the discriminatory power of the two stability scales. The main experimental sample was selected using simple random sampling, comprising 211 students, representing 70% of the research population. The main experimental sample consisted of 57 students: 31 from the second year, 11 from the third year, and 15 from the fourth year.
The researchers employed the following statistical methods: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, percentages, and statistical analysis to calculate the discriminatory power and internal consistency of the items in the psychological stability scale. After processing the collected data, the following conclusion was reached:
A psychological stability scale was successfully developed for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University.
The following recommendation was made:
The psychological stability scale developed by the researchers should be adopted to measure the psychological stability of second, third, and fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Salahaddin University.

This research aims at identifying the effect of the individual competition style on students learning the passing and scoring skills in futsal, and to identify the effect of the group competition style on students learning these skills. It also aims to compare the effects of the individual and group competition styles on learning these skills to determine which style is more effective. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups; an experimental group and a control group. The research population was selected purposively, consisting of first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the 2024-2025 academic year, divided into eight sections with a total of 672 students. The research sample was selected randomly. Section (B) represented the first experimental group, which used the group competition style, while Section (C) represented the second experimental group, which used the individual competition style. Section (D) represented the control group, with 35 students in each group. The total research sample is 70 students. The researcher concluded that both the group and individual competition styles were superior in achieving a significant improvement in the performance of the selected skills among the students. The two experimental groups were compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of these two methods in improving students' skill abilities. The group competition style showed relatively higher results than self-competition in post-tests. This indicates that social interaction and group motivation play a positive role in developing skill performance. The researcher recommends adopting the group and self-competition methods in teaching motor skills, especially in team games such as futsal due to their clear positive impact on developing skill performance. Teachers should be encouraged to vary their teaching styles rather than to be restricted only to the traditional way with emphasis on the methods that rely on interaction, feedback, and competition.

The research aims at developing a proposed rehabilitation program for ankle sprains in young volleyball players. The program was applied to a sample of injured players to determine its effectiveness in treating ankle sprains. The researcher followed the experimental approach, employing an experimental group as a suitable method for addressing the research problem. The research population was selected purposively from young volleyball players in Kirkuk Governorate representing different clubs. The research sample is (11) players. It is selected purposively from injured players suffering from partial torn ligaments in the ankle joint. Table (1) shows the distribution of the research sample. The researcher concluded that the proposed rehabilitation program was effective in improving the range of motion of the ankle joint and reducing pain intensity in injured young volleyball players. The program's progression from passive exercises to self-resistance and external resistance exercises helped improve the strength of the muscles surrounding the ankle joint. Statistical measurements showed a significant decrease in pain and marked an increase in joint mobility, reflecting success in accelerating the recovery process. The researcher recommends the necessity of designing rehabilitation programs directed to young players in sports like volleyball, taking into consideration the physiological characteristics of the group. Future studies with a larger sample size should be conducted to examine the program's effectiveness on a broader scale.

The importance of this research lies in the use of Wheatley's model and its contribution to the educational process, demonstrating its impact on students' learning of certain basketball shooting techniques. The study aims at developing educational units based on Wheatley's model and to determine their effectiveness in teaching students specific types of basketball shooting. The researcher used the experimental method with equivalent groups. The research population was defined as students of the Physical Education Department at the College of Basic Education, University of Kalar, for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher selected the sample purposively. It consists of (30) second-year students from the Physical Education Department as representing (76.92%) of the department students. The sample was divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. Each group consists of (15) students. As far as the conclusion, the researcher concluded that using Wheatley's model has a direct and significant impact on student learning. The study presents a number of findings and recommendations. The recommendations include the necessity of using modern models, strategies and methods in teaching physical education more than relying heavily on the traditional methods used.

This study aims at investigating the effect of using the Hexa-Dimensional Strategy (PDEODE), (Predict-Discuss-Explain-Observe-Discuss-Explain) in teaching basketball rules on the visual thinking of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Duhok. The researchers used an experimental method that measured the two-dimensional difference between the experimental and control groups. The research sample consisted of (48) students. 24 students have been studied according to the Hexa-Dimensional Strategy while the other group which is of 24 students have been taught using the traditional method. Then the researchers administered a visual test. After collecting, classifying, and statistically analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the results showed that applying both the Hexa-dimensional strategy and the traditional method had a positive result on visual reasoning in basketball rules. But the Hexa-dimensional strategy outperformed the traditional method in the test, achieving a moderate improvement in visual thinking for basketball rules.

Cognitive styles are important variables in classifying learners and their orientation towards acquiring skills and abilities, whether dynamic or cognitive. The simplification-complexity style is one such cognitive style. The learner's cognitive complexity style expresses an individual's ability to distinguish and unify multiple aspects of cognitive fields. It also determines an individual's ability to acquire, classify, and organize different information from the environment. People with cognitive complexity tend to use more information and see relationships more clearly compared to people with cognitive simplification. The research aims at identifying any differences in the cognitive achievement of offensive handball skills among students with the cognitive style (simplification/complexity) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The descriptive method using a comparative approach was used to extract the research results. The research population was selected from the second-year students for the academic year (2024-2025). Two sections of students were randomly selected and classified into those with simplification and those with complexity to form the research sample. Thus, the research sample consisted of (80) students divided into two groups, (40) students for each. After that, the cognitive achievement test for offensive handball skills was administered, and the results showed the superiority of students with the cognitive style of complexity over students with the cognitive style of simplification.

This research aims at identifying the effect of the reciprocal method in teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. It also compares the reciprocal method with the American method in teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. The researcher hypothesizes that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups with favoring the post-test scores. There were also statistically significant differences between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups with favoring the experimental group. The researcher adopts the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature and objectives of the research. The research sample consists of (110) of the second-year intermediate students from the Martyr Hussein Khalaf Awda Intermediate School. The sample is divided into three sections (A, B, and C). Section A , 25 students, represents the experimental group, while Section B represents the control group which is also of 25 students. The researcher ensured homogeneity in morphological variables and equivalence between both groups as far as the skills tests are concerned. The researcher administrates pre-tests, followed by the main experiment. After the completion of the learning units, the researcher administrates the tests and obtained the final results. The researcher analyzed the results statistically. Based on the discussion of these results, the researcher concluded that the use of the reciprocal style and also the command method has a positive impact on teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. The researcher recommends the necessity of applying the reciprocal method in physical education lessons in order to achieve positive results in developing and teaching some types of handball shooting.

This research aims at developing a scale for the administrative intelligence of sports supervisors from the perspective of physical education teachers in the governorate centers of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It also aims at identifying the level of administrative intelligence of sports supervisors from the perspective of physical education teachers in these provincial centers. The researchers used a descriptive exploratory approach to suit the current study. The research population consisted of 395 of physical education teachers in preparatory and secondary schools in the provincial centers of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the academic year 2024-2025. The preparation sample comprised 252 physical education teachers from preparatory and secondary schools, representing 63.79% of the research population. The application sample consisted of 130 teachers, and 121 valid questionnaires were returned for statistical analysis from the original research population, representing 30.63% of the research population. After ensuring the scientific validity and reliability of both the scale and the application sample, they were administered to the final research sample to obtain the results. All data were statistically analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown Formula, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The researchers reached several conclusions, most importantly: the validity of the administrative intelligence level developed by the researchers for sports supervisors, from the perspective of physical education teachers in the governorate centers of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A significant improvement was observed in the various dimensions (rational intelligence and emotional intelligence) of the scale in considering the results obtained through the validity of the administrative intelligence level and its application to the study sample. The results showed a positive response from the participants achieving high levels.

This research aims at identifying the use of the training method in cognitive achievement and learning the skills of passing and shooting in handball among female students. It also aims to identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results using the training method in cognitive achievement and learning these skills. The researcher uses an experimental design with two groups (experimental group and control group) as it is suitable for the research problem. The nature of the research involved a population of second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Diyala University during the academic year 2024-2025. A total of 75 students were selected purposively and divided into two sections. Section (Y) represents the experimental group which consists of 35 students, while Section (Z) represents the controlling group which also consists of 35 students. The final sample of the research is 70 female students.
The researcher concluded that using a cognitive-based training method significantly improved the performance of female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in both passing and shooting skills, compared to the traditional method. The experimental group demonstrated a clear advantage in cognitive achievement after the application, indicating the effectiveness of linking cognitive and dynamic skills in enhancing understanding and comprehension of technical and tactical concepts. This training method relies on a gradual increase in the level and variety of exercises. The researcher recommends adopting a cognitive-based training method for teaching basic skills in team sports, given its positive impact on improving students' cognitive and skill performance

The level of aspiration plays a significant role in guiding an individual's behavior. It is a determinant of that behavior and a driving force for productivity. The level of aspiration reflects an individual's future orientation through their goal setting and their pursuit of that goal, overcoming obstacles. Aspiration also acts as a motivator for an individual and a crucial factor in achieving planned objectives. Furthermore, it can be a mirror reflecting an individual's beliefs and attitudes towards various topics, especially those related to their goals and future career path. Hence, the importance of this study lies in investigating the variable of students' attitudes towards their future professions and their level of aspiration, which will undoubtedly be reflected in their performance and professional competence. It is undeniable that teachers are among the most important elements of the educational process, contributing significantly to building the human resources upon which development depends. This needs to understand the psychological characteristics of those aspiring to the teaching profession. The study aims at identifying the relationship between attitude towards the teaching profession and the level of ambition among physical education and sports science students at the Islamic University. The researchers used the descriptive method with correlational relationships. The research sample consists of fourth-year students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at the Islamic University. The researchers reached certain conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a significant correlation between these variables, which is a positive correlation coefficient. This means it leads to a positive relationship between attitude towards teaching professions and the level of ambition. It is a good indicator for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science at the Islamic University in Najaf Governorate. The researchers recommended adopting the attitude towards the teaching profession scale and the level of ambition scale as a tool to measure attitude towards the teaching profession and the level of ambition among fourth-year students.

The importance of this research comes from identifying the fundamental factors that help determine the basic physical dimensions directly affecting the skill performance of young basketball players. This enables coaches to design more effective training programs and predict performance by developing predictive models based on body shape and physical abilities. It also promotes the use of scientific data and evidence in developing training curricula and can lead to the development of new training methods and tools based on research data. This contributes to raising the overall level of athletic performance and provides objective criteria for selecting young players based on specific anthropometric and physical indicators. The study aims at building predictive equations to forecast skill performance in terms of body shape and physical abilities of young basketball players. The researcher used the descriptive, survey, and correlational methods, as they are suitable for the nature of the problem being addressed. The research population was defined purposively as young basketball players from six clubs in Baghdad and Diyala for the season 2023-2024. The total number of players was 75, and a purposive sample of four clubs was selected. The number of players is (30), and the field research procedures included conducting exploratory and main experiments that included physical ability tests (arm strength endurance test, leg strength endurance test, arm speed strength test, leg speed strength test, arm explosive power test (medicine ball 2 kg), leg muscle explosive power test, speed endurance test) basketball skill performance variables (defensive pull test, defensive movement test, high dribbling and receiving test ending with jump shot, high dribbling and receiving test ending with a layup shot) in addition to using the Japanese scientist Hirata’s model to estimate body type in terms of height and weight. In light of the results obtained by the researcher and through the analysis and discussion of the data, he concluded that there is a strong and close relationship between physical abilities, body type and skill performance level in basketball. The researcher also developed a precise predictive equation that can predict skill performance levels based on physical abilities and body type. He recommends adopting these predictive equations as a scientific tool to help coaches evaluate players and guide training plans more accurately and effectively. The researcher further recommends designing customized training programs that consider each player's individual physical abilities, including exercises to develop strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility alongside skill training, to ensure a balance between physical and technical aspects.

The socio-ethical environment is the internal working structure of a player and is a crucial factor in many situations they encounter, both on and off the field. Players in this league are characterized by skill and speed, requiring them to maintain composure and appropriate behavior. This is linked to the player's psychological reinforcement, which helps them enhance and refine their skills. The psychological aspect prevents him from acting negatively on the field. The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between the socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement. The research problem stems from the observation that coaches focus on physical, technical, and tactical aspects while neglecting the social environment of the sports team, which is a significant factor influencing the psychological and behavioral development of players in team sports such as futsal. The research aims at identifying the level of socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement, and the relationship between these two among the research sample. The research hypothesis is that there are statistically significant differences between the levels of socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement among the research sample. The research scope includes a group of professional futsal league players for the 2024/2025 season, professional futsal league stadiums, and the period from April 20, 2025, to June 1, 2025. The researchers used a descriptive methodology, and the sample included some professional futsal league clubs in Baghdad. The study involved assessing the socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement of futsal players. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis basing on these results, the researchers conclude that there is a significant correlation between socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement among futsal players.

This research aims at identifying the level of negotiation management among staff members at Diyala University, to identify the level of organizational performance among the research sample, and to identify the correlation between negotiation management and organizational performance among athletics staff at Diyala University. The researcher used the descriptive method as it is the most appropriate approach for addressing the research problem. The research population was deliberately selected and included 57 individuals working in athletics at the University of Diyala (players, coaches, instructors, and administrators) for the academic year 2025–2026. The research sample was chosen randomly by lot and consisted of 25 participants, representing 44.64% of the total population. The researcher concluds that the level of negotiation management among the research sample (administrators and coaches) in the athletics team at Diyala University is relatively high, indicating that a good understanding of the importance of negotiation as a fundamental leadership and organizational skill in university sports. It is concluded that the level of organizational performance came to be high level too, indicating that the work system within the team is characterized by a high degree of organization, strategic planning, and systematic distribution of tasks. In light of the comparison between the two research variables, it is found that the relationship between negotiation management and organizational performance is a positive correlation with statistical significance. The researcher recommends including negotiation management skills in sports leadership preparation programs within faculties of physical education and administrative sciences due to its role in developing leadership styles and enhancing organizational performance in university sports environments. The researcher also recommends holding periodic training workshops for coaches and administrators on negotiation and organizational communication skills, which contributes to improving their ability to deal with complex situations and make important decisions that achieve the institution's goals. Furthermore, the researcher also encourages future applied research to study the relationship between negotiation management and other dimensions of organizational performance, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and transformational leadership, especially in sports clubs and national federations.

The research aims at identifying some basic futsal skills for selecting players for primary school teams aged (10-12) years, and to standardize a set of tests for some basic futsal skills for selecting primary school teams aged (10-12) years. The researchers used the descriptive method with survey and correlational studies, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population is decided of (252) primary school team players from (28) schools participating in the primary school futsal championships in the Khanaqin district, which were opened by the Directorate of Sports Activity for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample, consisting of (218) players from (24) schools, is selected randomly, taking into consideration geographical distribution. (20) players have been selected for the major study.(35) players are excluded due to their non-compliance with the test days at the schools, representing (86.51%) of the original research community. The data were statistically processed using the SPSS statistical package. The researchers were able to find the standard scores and levels for the basic futsal skills tests for the ages (10-12) years. Most of the research sample is at the average and high standard level. The researchers recommended the necessity of relying on the tests in the process of selecting players for primary school teams at the ages of (10-12) years, adopting the scores and standard levels extracted from this study in the process of evaluating the performance of players in the basic futsal skills. It is recommended to conduct similar studies on the rest of the other team sports for all age groups and both genders.

The importance of the research came in preparing rehabilitation exercises for the muscles of the shoulder joint using colored rubber rope exercises. The researcher believes that the problem lies in the rehabilitation programs that suffer from a lack of reliance on exercises, devices and different weights, as well as on angles to determine the degree of pain, which is considered one of the most important basic factors in the speed of the rehabilitation and symmetry process. For healing, therefore, the researcher decided to prepare rehabilitation exercises for injuries to the muscles of the shoulder joint using colored rubber ropes, trying to benefit from them to rehabilitate these injuries and return the injured to practicing sports activity in the shortest possible period. The research aims to:
1- Preparing rehabilitation exercises with colored rubber ropes to rehabilitate shoulder joint muscle injuries for badminton players.
2- Identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises with colored rubber ropes to rehabilitate shoulder joint muscle injuries for badminton players.
The one-group experimental approach was used, and the number of injured badminton players in Wasit Governorate for the 2023 season reached (4). The researcher concluded that the proposed rehabilitation exercises have a positive effect by restoring the normal range of motion on the muscle groups working on a joint, and recommends the necessity of using therapeutic methods and methods. Assistance in rehabilitating muscle injuries by implementing rehabilitative exercises that are appropriate to the level of the injury.