Journal of University of Babylon

The research aimed to clarify the strategies for enhancing learning motivation in foreign language education in Iraqi Universities. To achieve the research objectives, the qualitative approach was adopted, which is considered the most suitable for the current research topic. The researcher relied on face-face interviews to collect primary data for the research. The research sample consisted of three professors specializing in foreign language education at Iraqi universities who possess extensive knowledge and experience in the field. Content analysis was used to analyze the data collected through interviews. The results indicated that, in English language learning, motivation is the most important factor in enabling students to acquire the language efficiently and improve their English language skills appropriately. The research confirmed the important role of the teacher in motivating students and enhancing their motivation to learn English. This role is presented in the teacher's commitment to using a variety of strategies to enhance student motivation and reduce their anxiety and stress levels, including interactive educational methods, ensuring the provision of a suitable learning environment for students that ensures their psychological comfort and possessing the necessary competence and ability to employ modern technology in education. Based on the findings; It is recommended that Iraqi university authorities must provide teachers with the resources they need to effectively implement modern educational strategies and e-learning.

Telecommunications networks are a cornerstone of modern infrastructure, playing a pivotal role in supporting economic, social, and service activities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the efficiency of telecommunications tower distribution in Babylon Governorate using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and ArcMap software. The study relies on field and official data, examining the total number of towers, which is 770, distributed across the governorate's various districts and sub-districts.
The study employs a spatial and statistical analysis methodology, comprising several key steps. These include establishing a geographic database of the towers and linking it to demographic and urban indicators. Spatial analysis (such as kernel density and buffering) is then conducted to determine the efficiency of the towers' spatial distribution and assess the alignment of their locations with population distribution. Statistical analysis tools are also used to test the strength of the relationship between the number of towers and population size in the administrative units.
The results clearly showed that cell towers are concentrated in major urban centers such as the districts of Hilla, Mahawil, Musayyib, and Hashimiyah, with a total of 600 towers. Meanwhile, outlying and rural districts and sub-districts suffer from weak coverage, with only 170 towers covering vast rural areas exceeding their capacity. This negatively impacts service quality and availability. The results also indicated that the current distribution does not keep pace with rapid population growth and urban expansion in several areas, leading to spatial imbalances in the equitable distribution of communication services.
The study concluded that the distribution of mobile phone tower locations in the governorate is unsuitable, resulting in inadequate spatial and population coverage due to inconsistent numbers and irregular distribution. This affects the variability in service quality across tower locations and lowers the spatial suitability score.

This study examines the pragma-syntactic features of the compliment speech act in selected chat messages. Drawing on Austin's classification of illocutionary acts and Searle's expressive category, compliments are analyzed as behavioral expressions of admiration, approval, and solidarity. The analysis employs a three-step methodology: a- identifying the pragmatic meaning of each utterance, b- categorizing its grammatical structure according to nine established syntactic patterns of compliments, and testing its validity in the context by applying felicity conditions. The results indicate that compliments in digital discourse are flexible, multifunctional, and often interwoven with other expressive acts, such as congratulations, gratitude, and affection. Such usage highlights the role of compliments in maintaining interpersonal relationships and mitigating face-threatening acts in online communication.

This study examines the narrative elements in Tawfiq Al-Hakim’s play The Game of Death, approaching it as a text that deeply reveals the conflict between hope and despair through the construction of its characters, the shaping of its temporal structure, and the distribution of its dramatic scenes. The research problem centers on a fundamental question: How did Al-Hakim employ narrative techniques in the play to serve its central idea concerning the human struggle with fate? From this question several sub-questions emerge related to the functions of the characters, the narrator’s perspective, the representations of time and place, and the role of dialogue in advancing the plot and exposing the characters’ inner tensions. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine the play’s structure, interpret the meanings of its narrative components, and assess their ability to convey Al-Hakim’s philosophical vision of life and its potential for renewal despite the presence of death. The findings indicate that Al-Hakim constructs his characters through intertwined psychological and social dimensions, and that dialogue plays a decisive role in revealing their transformations. The analysis further shows that time in the play functions not merely as a frame for events, but as a revealing instrument of the historian’s existential crisis. Likewise, the hotel setting acquires symbolic depth as a space of waiting where the tension between annihilation and the desire to hold on to life becomes visible. The study concludes that Al-Hakim successfully transforms these narrative components into meaningful devices that intensify the intellectual conflict of the play, and recommends examining the text from a historical perspective to understand the cultural conditions that led Al-Hakim to address the issue of atomic radiation during that period.

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The paper is a descriptive study of the book entitled "Al-Muhtasib fi Tabyin Wujuh Shawadhdh Al-Qira'at wal-Idah Anha", by Ibn Jinni, which is considered one of the most prominent linguistic sources. The paper aims to clarify Ibn Jinni's methodology in dealing with anomalous readings, the most important evidence he relied on from the Quran, language, and poetry I addition to the mechanisms for employing them in guiding the reading and reinforcing the opinion. He begins with mentioning the anomalous reading, then guides it with phonetic, morphological, and/or grammatical justifications, citing the Quran, poetry, and the speech of the Arabs. He does not merely transmit and document, but also analyze and explain, combining hearing (tradition) and analogy.

The events following the collapse of the major powers (the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia) in the early 1990s led to the formation of independent states with their own constitutions and sovereign entities. These states received support from some permanent members of the Security Council, other Western countries, and some Arab states. Consequently, the constitutions of these states were significantly influenced by international law. This influence stemmed from various considerations, including its role in promoting internal and international stability, maintaining peace and security in the international community, protecting human rights, or other factors. These considerations were either explicitly stated in the constitutions, explicitly stipulated in the constitutions, or indirectly incorporated into the constitutions.

This study addressed the analysis of the subtle rhythm in Salim Barakat's 'Flashes,' manifested in the parallelism between linguistic structures, such as the repetition of a specific structure or morphological pattern, as well as the juxtaposition between sentences, which includes the repetition of sentences in terms of their grammatical structure and the predication relations between them that determine the grammatical function, the variation in sentence structure significantly contributes to the rhythm of the words, we also investigate the visual formation techniques in the construction of his poetic flashes, which include the variation in line lengths, creating a mental rhythm, in addition to the distribution of poetic sentences and the phenomenon of white space on the page, the aim of this thesis is to highlight the rhythmic formation and the artistic aesthetics it reflects, manifested in the subtle rhythm, which contributed to enhancing poetic rhythm and creating an innovative, distinctive poetic text with a new spirit, the research problem arises from the nature of the 'Flashes' themselves, as they are characterized by brevity and density, necessitating a deeper analysis of their specific rhythm within this limited space, we also seek to shed light on the sources of beauty that stem from the internal harmony between letters, words, and poetic structures, and the distinctive rhythmic impact created by that interconnected unity, in our study, we adopt the poetic structuralist approach, which focuses on analyzing the structure of language, we also focus on linguistic phenomena, and through this, we aim to define the main concepts and fundamental criteria associated with this theoretical framework, among the most prominent findings of the research is that rhythm in modern poetry transcends overt meters to appear through subtle features such as parallelism, juxtaposition, and visual formation, Barakat used 'black and white' techniques to create a visual and auditory rhythm that enriches the meaning, furthermore, grammatical links contributed to enhancing this rhythm and giving his language a special coherence and beauty.

The study entitled “Political and Economic Developments in Argentina, 1989–1999” examines the overall political and economic transformations that Argentina experienced during a period considered one of the most influential in its contemporary history. The years between 1989 and 1999, corresponding to the presidency of Carlos Menem, represented a decisive turning point that reshaped the structure of the state and its foreign relations. This era was characterized by a series of deep reforms affecting both the political and economic systems, contributing to a redefinition of Argentina’s role within the international order, making it one of the most controversial periods in the country’s recent history. During these years, Argentina transitioned from political instability and accumulated economic crises to adopting a reformist model based on new liberal policies, implemented by President Menem through two consecutive terms, leaving a clear impact on the subsequent political trajectory, both in terms of economic policies and institutional transformations.
The study further emphasizes that this period marked a fundamental change in the state’s political and economic role. President Menem adopted a policy approach distinct from that of previous administrations, implementing a set of measures aimed at containing the economic crisis and addressing financial deterioration. These measures included strengthening diplomatic relations with the United States of America, alongside the enactment of a series of laws that contributed to achieving a degree of economic stability and reducing hyperinflation, foremost among them the Privatization Law and the Convertibility Law. However, the second presidential term, beginning in 1995, witnessed a notable decline in security conditions, increased criticism directed at the president, and worsening economic problems due to rising taxes and growing external debt. This period concluded in 1999 under conditions of high unemployment and widespread manifestations of corruption.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the P.M.I. strategy on the development of critical thinking and integrative thinking among art teachers, based on the research problem represented by the lack of attention to intellectual and analytical aspects in teacher training programs and the failure of traditional teaching practices to meet the requirements of modern arts education. Accordingly, the research sought to answer questions related to the concepts of the P.M.I. strategy, intelligent thinking, and the integrative curve, as well as the effectiveness of the strategy in developing these concepts among teachers. The research adopted an experimental approach using a sample group of 30 teachers from the Rusafa district of Baghdad. They underwent a training program based on the P.M.I. strategy. Two tests were administered before and after the training to measure intelligent thinking and the integrative curve, in addition to preparing a training program and standardized tests with good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability. The results showed a significant effect of applying the P.M.I. strategy in developing clever thinking, as well as in developing the integrative curve among art teachers, confirming the effectiveness of this strategy in improving their intellectual competencies and professional practices. The research concluded that the P.M.I. strategy is an effective method for developing teachers' artistic and intellectual abilities and can contribute to addressing the shortcomings of traditional programs. Accordingly, the research recommended integrating the strategy into initial preparation and in-service training programs, designing training kits and practical workshops that promote the use of P.M.I in art education teaching, and developing a professional community for teachers to support the exchange of experiences regarding its application.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of the PhET program in improving the academic achievement and technological literacy of fifth-grade science students in physics. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed an experimental design with two independent and equivalent groups: an experimental group and a control group. Based on this design, the research sample was randomly selected from Rabia Al-Adawiya Preparatory School for Girls, located in the Imam Ali neighborhood in the center of Karbala Governorate. A class of 35 students was chosen to represent the experimental group, and another class of the same number was selected to represent the control group. The researcher formulated 120 behavioral objectives and prepared daily lesson plans for the two research groups. She also developed two research instruments. The first instrument was an achievement test in physics, designed in its final form to include 50 multiple-choice questions, each containing four answer choices. Its validity and reliability were verified. The second instrument was a technological literacy scale consisting of 25 items, using a five-point Likert scale. Its validity and reliability were also verified. After statistically analyzing the results, the researcher concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group in both the achievement test and the technological literacy scale. In light of these results, the researcher concluded that employing the PhET program in laboratory teaching leads to increased interaction and learning motivation, as it provides an interactive learning environment that encourages the student to explore, experiment, and repeat attempts. The researcher recommended the necessity of integrating technology into the curriculum by including interactive activities and scientific simulation programs (phET) within physics and science lessons, which enhances understanding and practical application and develops technological culture among students.

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The current research examines psychological anthropology and its manifestations in the mask arts of the Inca and Aztec civilizations. The research comprises four chapters. The first chapter reviews the research problem, its significance, the need for it, the study's objective and limitations, and defines key terms. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework in two sections: the first, entitled "Psychological Anthropology: Approaches," and the second, "Masks: Between Conceptual and Historical Significance." The third chapter details the research procedures, including the research population, the sample, and the mechanisms for ensuring the validity and reliability of the research instrument. This instrument was then finalized for the purpose of analyzing the six mask samples. The fourth chapter presents the results and conclusions of the study, along with recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of the PhET program in improving the academic achievement and technological literacy of fifth-grade science students in physics. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed an experimental design with two independent and equivalent groups: an experimental group and a control group. Based on this design, the research sample was randomly selected from Rabia Al-Adawiya Preparatory School for Girls, located in the Imam Ali neighborhood in the center of Karbala Governorate. A class of 35 students was chosen to represent the experimental group, and another class of the same number was selected to represent the control group. The researcher formulated 120 behavioral objectives and prepared daily lesson plans for the two research groups. She also developed two research instruments. The first instrument was an achievement test in physics, designed in its final form to include 50 multiple-choice questions, each containing four answer choices. Its validity and reliability were verified. The second instrument was a technological literacy scale consisting of 25 items, using a five-point Likert scale. Its validity and reliability were also verified. After statistically analyzing the results, the researcher concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group in both the achievement test and the technological literacy scale. In light of these results, the researcher concluded that employing the PhET program in laboratory teaching leads to increased interaction and learning motivation, as it provides an interactive learning environment that encourages the student to explore, experiment, and repeat attempts. The researcher recommended the necessity of integrating technology into the curriculum by including interactive activities and scientific simulation programs (phET) within physics and science lessons, which enhances understanding and practical application and develops technological culture among students.

Shared water resources are among the most prominent geopolitical issues affecting relations between states, particularly in regions experiencing increasing water scarcity due to natural factors and unilateral water policies. The Tigris–Euphrates basin represents a striking example of this dilemma, as its waters are shared by four main countries (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria), making it a hotspot for geopolitical conflicts linked to water security and regional stability. This study focuses on analyzing the geopolitics of water scarcity in this basin and examines the impact of Turkish and Iranian dams on water flows toward downstream countries, as well as the resulting water crises that threaten food and economic security and could potentially escalate regional tensions and conflicts.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, employing geopolitical research tools to understand the dimensions of the water conflict, and relies on official data sources. The findings suggest that the persistence of water scarcity, combined with unilateral control policies over water sources in the absence of a binding legal framework, will deepen water crises and increase the likelihood of water-related violence in the region, thereby threatening its political and security stability in the medium and long term. The study recommends establishing mechanisms for regional cooperation and enforcing international laws governing transboundary waters to ensure fair water distribution and sustainable management, reducing the risk of potential conflicts.

This research aimed to determine the level of dependent personality disorder among married women in Aleppo, based on the following demographic variables: educational level (illiterate, primary, preparatory, secondary, university and above), and the presence of a spouse (present, traveling, or deceased). The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach. The sample consisted of 600 married women from Aleppo, selected randomly. The descriptive correlational method was used to identify differences among the sample members according to the study variables. The researcher developed a scale for dependent personality disorder based on several existing scales, including the scale developed by Nawal Bin Ibrahim (2024). The research concluded that the level of dependent personality disorder was low among the sample members. Statistically significant differences were found between the educational level groups (primary, university and above, preparatory, university and above) on the scale, while no statistically significant differences were found based on the spouse's presence (present, traveling, or deceased). Based on the findings, several suggestions and recommendations were made, most notably: conducting workshops that address the potential mediation role of the social stigma associated with seeking psychological help in relationships. The hypothesis is that women in Aleppo who suffer from dependency may not seek help due to fear of stigma, leading them to rely more on those around them as an unhealthy substitute, thus reinforcing a vicious cycle of dependency.

This research aims to determine the level of psychological resilience, in its various dimensions (psychological hardiness, family belonging, and social interaction), among physically disabled individuals, and to identify differences in the variables of gender, parental deprivation, and residence. The study sample consisted of 152 physically disabled adolescents. The researcher used a descriptive-analytical approach, administering a psychological resilience scale developed by the researcher. The results showed a high level in the family belonging dimension, while the other levels of psychological resilience, along with the overall score, were moderate. No differences were found in psychological resilience and its dimensions according to the gender variable. However, differences were found in the overall score for psychological resilience and the family belonging dimension according to the parental deprivation variable, favoring those who live with their families. Furthermore, differences were found in the overall score for psychological resilience and the psychological hardiness dimension according to the residence variable, favoring those who reside at home.

This study focuses on the expressive consciousness detected in Salem's drawings as a visual product that reveals the items of aesthetic formation. It explores indicators that extend beyond the expressive experience itself, guided by wisdom and artistic groups. The study highlights the influence of lived experience, with its associated cultural and intellectual projections that vary in impact from place to place. The research problem encompasses the concepts and style of subconscious awareness. This awareness reaches the viewer through the formulation of consciousness and vision, shaping features of the visual text and calls that resonate with and transcend the Iraqi individual. The study also emphasizes the importance and necessity of this research. Its aim is to uncover the personal expressive consciousness in Emad Salem's drawings between 2004 and 2024. The theoretical framework includes a presentation of the concept of modernity, its role in Arab art, and a brief overview of artistic schools. The study also discusses the artistic experience of Emad Salem. It outlines the procedures for studying the artworks that represent the artist's experience, culminating in their analysis as representative models for the research sample. The study concludes with a set of findings regarding industries, including:(1) The diversity of manufacturing industries, as exemplified by Emad Salem's poem about contradictions and formations, embodies a self-aware individual active in expressiveness as an artistic style.(2) Distinction takes on colors that necessitate aesthetic treatment in Emad Salem's drawings, which do not conceal the contribution of forms when they engage with dependence. On the contrary, they retain a person who clings to the opposite of negation from his natural world. The study concluded that:(1) Political judgments were imposed, producing a specific definition and aesthetic artistic expression.(2) The viewer's eye senses an aesthetic connection with human issues shaped by a conscious, personal expression of forms in all of Emad Salem's drawings.

This study delves into the analysis of conflict with the Other as a cultural pattern in both Arab and Kurdish cultures. We seek to identify this pattern in the poetry of both Mahmoud Darwish and Sherko Bekas, and we compare its manifestations between the two poets to infer its strength in their respective unconscious minds. In this study, we do not overlook aesthetic aspects in favor of cultural ones; rather, we delve into aesthetics to explore cultural issues-specifically, the concepts, ways of thinking, and behaviors that culture imposes on its individuals, whether poets or others,the research problem lies in revealing how the inherent pattern of conflict manifests in the poetic discourse of Mahmoud Darwish and Sherko Bekas, considering it a reflection of a collective culture forged through shared human and historical experiences, which have made conflict an integral part of individual and collective consciousness, in this research, we endeavor to analyze the poems and uncover the manifestations of conflict with the Other within them, utilizing the cultural criticism methodology as a fundamental basis for our interpretations, our analysis draws upon the mechanisms of this methodology as tools for revealing the implicit patterns within the texts, simultaneously taking into account the shared human experience between the two poets and the cultural similarities between their societies, through our analyses, we concluded that conflict with the Other is not a transient theme linked to a specific political or social phase, but rather a cultural pattern deeply rooted in the intellectual and emotional fabric of both poets, this conflict stems from the collective cultural unconscious of their peoples, where confronting injustice and hegemony becomes an intrinsic part of both individual and national identity, we attribute the presence of this deeply entrenched cultural pattern in Mahmoud Darwish and Sherko Bekas to a combination of intertwined historical, psychological, and cultural factors, both poets belong to peoples who have endured persecution, oppression, and occupation, which forged a deeply rooted collective experience vividly reflected in their poetic texts.