Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

During the Ottoman rule, Sanjaq faced several administrative and financial problems, which affected the stability, security and lives of the residents of Sanjaq.
In terms of administration, employees were not part of the shortcomings and problems, but the negligence of the state in the way of managing the affairs of the office with the selection and supervision of employees.
Financially, the financial ups and downs affected the administrative management of the Sanjaq administrative departments, where the employees themselves were responsible for the decline in revenue, by not collecting taxes properly or by stealing or wasting taxes and revenue, or by some tribal chiefs. Obviously, the lack of revenue has emptied the state treasury, preventing the state from reforming the budget and conducting civil and military affairs without any shortcomings.
The most important reaction is that after the failure to provide the military supplies of Sanjak and the failure to pay civilian and military salaries on time, the soldiers of Sanjak have turned against the state and attacked the markets of Sanjak.

Kurdish traditional music is characterized by strong expression, aesthetic awareness, and deep lyrical heritage. Kurdish popular music has its own character, like the music of other peoples, and it is a type of music that is performed and developed in the Kurdish regions. This music includes a wide range of traditional musical instruments. Kurdish music is historically considered an ancient and rooted art. Kurdish musicians have played a major role in artistic life during successive eras. Kurdish musicians consider themselves preservers of this heritage and work hard to preserve and develop it by reformulating and renewing it and then employing it in... Contemporary Kurdish music reflects Kurdish art, culture and identity. In Kurdish music, the characteristics of the Kurdish personality, awareness dimensions and Kurdish aesthetic sense are evident, and it reveals the social dimension of its people, and reveals within it their existing condition. Because music has an ethereal essence, it manifests itself in time, and then leaves no room for anything else and takes over consciousness, moving from the moment of absorbing the aesthetic experience to the process of discovering aspects of that experience. Therefore, dealing with abstract musical aesthetic discourse crystallizes in how to codify imagination and organize the artist’s imagination. According to his level of dimension and his cognitive and auditory culture, to finally be consistent with the recipient’s vision, and here lies the role of experimental experience between the requirements of reason and the suggestions of imagination and emotion. Because any performance experience or artistic work does not depend only on what it is as a performance, but rather on the reactions of the listeners, especially in the case of oral heritage, as it depends on hearing in the process of transmission and communication with others.

This research, titled Methods of Expression in Modern Kurdish Sculpture, undertakes an intellectual and analytical exploration of expressive works within the domain of modern Kurdish sculpture. Adhering to a rigorous scientific methodology, the study is structured into four interconnected chapters as follows:

Chapter One delineates the research problem, significance, objectives, scope, and operational definitions of key terms. The research problem is framed through the question: To what extent have Kurdish sculptors succeeded in manifesting their expressive styles in their artistic creations? The chapter further outlines the principal objective of the study, which is to identify and critically analyze the expressive styles evident in modern Kurdish sculpture.

Chapter Two establishes the theoretical framework, organized around three central themes:
1. The conceptual foundations of expression
2. Defining characteristics of expressive style
3. The role of expressiveness in plastic arts
4. The chapter concludes by synthesizing insights from the theoretical framework and presenting a set of indicators to guide the analysis of the research sample.
Chapter Three elaborates on the research methodology, encompassing the research population, sample selection, and analytical approach. The sample, consisting of three distinct models, is examined in detail to explore how expressive styles manifest in the sculptural works.
Chapter Four presents the research findings and conclusions, summarized as follows:
-In general, most of the sculptures exhibit a style that aligns with expressive realism, particularly in samples No. 1–3, each of which conveys symbolic meaning through distinct forms of expression.
-The majority of the sculptures (samples No. 1–3) adopt a simplified stylistic approach, facilitating the viewer's ability to easily comprehend and absorb their meanings and thematic content.
-Kurdish sculptors have, overall, achieved exceptional levels of aesthetic sophistication, formal expression, and implicit meaning, employing modern techniques that reflect their intellectual engagement and understanding of their expressive value.
-Shape emerges as a dynamic and influential element in modern sculptural practices in Iraqi Kurdistan. Due to the stylistic diversity among sculptors, the ways in which forms are utilized differ across artists, particularly in terms of compositional arrangements, as demonstrated in samples (1–2–3).
-The stylistic diversity in expression achieved by Kurdish sculptors represents a critical aspect of the contemporary artistic landscape in Iraqi Kurdistan, contributing a multifaceted approach to modern artistic representation.

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The chemical attack on Halabja on March 16, 1988 is one of the most tragic events in the history of the Kurdish people in Iraq. In this context, this study, entitled "The Reflection of the 1988 Chemical Attack on Halabja in the Coverage of the New York Times", addresses this horrific human crime in the twentieth century, with the aim of analyzing how the New York Times covered the incident. The study includes several main sections. The first section begins with the title "The Historical and Political Background of the Incident", and consists of three main axes, such as the background of the Iraq-Iran War and the details of the Halabja chemical attack in 1988, along with local and international reactions to the incident. The study also sheds light on the causes of this attack and its repercussions by analyzing reports published in newspapers, including the American Washington Post and the French Le Monde. As for the second section, entitled "The New York Times' Coverage of the Chemical Attack", it focuses on analyzing the press coverage of the incident through three axes, which include two prominent reports prepared by the newspaper. At the end of the study, the last section is devoted to examining "The Position of Countries and Regional Powers on the Chemical Attack on Halabja". This study focuses on the positions of countries such as: Iran, Turkey, Arab countries, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Western European countries. The study aims to shed light on the different reactions to this tragic event, and to analyze the humanitarian and political dimensions that resulted from it.

Studying the Houthi magical ceremony is considered one of the great research that shed lights on many aspects of living inhabitants of ancient Anatolia, the magical played key role in the Houthi live, the Houthi manuscripts that related to the magical showed Houthi used magical in many aspects, which were related to their lives, one of these aspects was to kick out miserable and rescuing from warlike souls and ghosts that were making problems and illness for human, likewise, rescuing houses from warlike souls as well as using the magical for many aspects that related to their daily routines.
This study shed lights on the Houthi celebrating magical ceremony widely also ways of using these materials in the magical ceremony of kicking out from the warlike souls from the people illness bodies. Also, the magical destroying events and the devil’s horrible ricks and those problems that were made for human. There were many types of these ceremony, some were taken place for decreasing the family’s problems, also related to the marriage process and sexual, in addition some of this ceremony was related to common illness of the society such as the plague and some related to the defeating of military and kicking out of horrible and birth of children.

Throughout history, numerous leaders and warriors have emerged, who playing great roles in military and political transformations. However, due to the jealousy and paranoia of ruling powers, these figures often in some cases faced persecution, assassination, even removal from historical records. A notable example is (Surena (the brilliant Parthian general during the reign of Orodes II. Despite his substantial contributions to the Parthian Empire, including his decisive role in the Battle of (Carrhae) in 53 BCE, Surena's life ended in betrayal and assassination due to fear of his rising influence and power.
Surena's military strategy and leadership were instrumental in defeating the Roman army, considered the strongest military force of its time. His plans led to the capture and death of Roman leaders (Crassus) and his son, (Publius). The victory at Carrhae not only altered the geopolitical balance in a favour of Parthian Empire Political map but also expanded the territorial boundaries of the Parthian Empire, marking a significant moment in the empire's history.
(Surena's) achievements brought him fame both within and beyond the empire. However, his rising prominence prompted King Orodes II to view him as a threat, ultimately leading to his assassination. This event triggered a lasting impact on his descendants, the Suren family of the Sistan region, who declared their independence from the Parthian Empire and established their autonomy.

The study, entitled ‘‘Blended Speech Act in Ahmady Khani’s Mem and Zin (Mem û Zîn)”, seeks to provide a linguistic analysis of Ahmadi Khani's poems. Benefiting from linguistic theories in the analysis of literary production, it can both explain new aspects of our literary production and bring new topics to the attention of linguists. One of the analytical perspectives of literary text on the basis of which we can analyze the concept of rhetoric and literature within a more detailed unit of language (words, sentences), is the theory of philosophy of language (speech acts).
The current study will go towards (Discourse analysis), of course the poems that start at verse 189 and end at number 234, that is, only 45 verses will be interpreted on the basis of verbal action (Searle, John. R). Ahmadi Khani in his poems, with full intelligence, was able to direct the readers all of the five speech acts of Searle, John. R (representative act, directive act, commissive act, expressive act, declarative act).

There are many factors in the process of language development in children, that affect the development of their vocabulary. Therefore, the cultural level is considered one of the factors that can contribute to the advancement of language development in children. This study, titled (The impact of parent’s cultural level on children’s vocabulary development according to Hart and Risley’s theory). We wanted to show in this study the role of parents, especially those with high and moderate cultural level, In the development of children’s vocabulary. For this reason, we put a group of diverse questions within the framework of four main questions related to this topic, Based on Hart and Risley’s theory, We collected opinions from a sample of 50 parents whose educational levels ranged from (PhD, Master’s, Bachelor’s, to below Bachelor’s), and the questions were distributed accordingly, Through statistical analysis, using the central axis criterion where all shared and equal values were collected and divided by their number, we determined the average and the percentage for each value. Based on this, we arrived at scientific findings. The most important of these findings is that the educational level of parents whether (PhD, Master’s, Bachelor’s, or below
Bachelor’s) has a significant impact on the development of children’s vocabulary.

This study attempts to focus on the critical views of the author (Najib Mani’h), which although the book pretends to be a biography of the author, but in addition to the biography, contains the author's critical views on literary genres and techniques and the terms used in it. The significance of this study is that it collects and presents critical opinions in the context of this biography, which reflects the literary criticism movement at one stage in the history of literary criticism in Iraq. The aims of this study are to record a stage of development of literary criticism in Iraq, because this book is a biography and reflects a number of views of literary criticism, which shows us that literary criticism is not only linked to scientific research. In addition to the academic framework of literary criticism, newspapers, biographies and some literary genres have participated in the historical process of literary criticism, and this book - which is a biography - proves this fact. Therefore, this study is an exploration of the widespread critical views underlying this book.

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This study investigates how Behdini-Kurdish learners of English acquire wh-movement constraints, with a particular focus on syntactic islands—structures that restrict the displacement of interrogative elements. Given that Behdini-Kurdish is a wh-in-situ language, learners often misjudge English constructions that require movement, leading to systematic errors in interpreting and forming questions. Using a Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) with 40 university-level learners, the research identifies clear patterns of L1 transfer, especially in complex structures such as coordinate and wh-islands. The findings reveal that learners frequently accept ungrammatical sentences due to the absence of comparable constraints in their native language. These results highlight the critical role of explicit instruction, contrastive analysis, and targeted pedagogical intervention in TEFL settings. By bridging linguistic theory with classroom practice, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of second language acquisition for Kurdish learners and underscores the importance of addressing typological mismatches when designing grammar curricula for EFL learners from structurally divergent language backgrounds.

The current study aims to investigate university instructors’ insights into how digital technologies in the EFL literature context in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are being used. Implementing a mixed-method research approach, the study explores instructors' experiences, challenges, and evaluation of the effectiveness of educational technology. The results indicate that the combination of quantitative statistics and qualitative insights from respondents regarding digital technology, such as multimedia platforms and virtual learning environments, had a more considerable impact on interactive teaching, access to resources, and critical thinking compared to traditional teaching methods. Nonetheless, there have been several impediments to the effectiveness of these tools, including the limited inclusive support, lack of professional training, and technical difficulties. The findings underscore the necessity for highly focused professional development, strong infrastructure support, and institutional policies to facilitate the optimal use of digital tools in EFL literature instruction. By addressing these challenges, this research contributes to the growing discourse on digital pedagogy, offering actionable recommendations to improve the quality of literature teaching in higher education.

Patriarchy refers to the system of male domination over women in society. The man in a patriarchal setup looks at women as contingent beings who gain their meaning and value only in relation to men. The power that men wield over women flows from the patriarchy, which legalizes all forms of oppression and exploitation. The current study scrutinizes Jenny Tomlin’s (2005) memoir Behind Closed Doors by implementing a feminist critical discourse analysis perspective. Walby’s (1990) six structures are used to investigate the issue of patriarchy by relating them to specific feminist ideologies. The close analysis of Tomlin’s memoir denotes that the whole text revolves around three main ideologies: gender inequality, objectification, and stereotyping. These three ideologies have been found spreading in the six investigated structures, with objectification through sexuality and violence as the leitmotif in the whole narrative. This result proves that Tomlin’s story is a demonstration of the dark face of patriarchy. Feminist critical discourse analysis discloses the ways patriarchal structures (with their manifested ideologies) are encoded in the text so that women and readers, in general, can avoid, resist, and/or modify.

Error analysis (EA) has long served as a valuable tool for examining the writing of second language learners by systematically identifying and interpreting their errors in spoken and written forms, since writing well requires effort and practice through experience in formal instructional settings. Therefore, practitioners should develop teaching methods and language skills when working with students’ language learning and acquisition. This article explores the role of online learning environments in second language learning (SLL) and the issues related to error analysis. This study collects, classifies, and analyzes the errors of second language learners' writing as it plays a vital role in language pedagogy. The outcome of using the error analysis approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges that learners face in the digital era. This paper examined written errors in online and face-to-face composition classes produced by sixty undergraduate students studying the English language at the College of Education at different universities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The results from the students’ errors in the online learning environment show 172 more errors compared to a traditional learning environment. The findings suggest that students are still exposed to challenges from the online learning environment in grasping grammatical structures as they work through writing skills. Therefore, based on these findings, it can be understood that students are facing limited interaction, insufficient feedback, and a lack of physical exposure to English language learners.

The proverb is a sacred and powerful bridge that connects the past to the present, as a result of long trials from the past of our ancestors to the present. Proverb is the precious words of our ancestors who guide people and give advice. In this study, we have discussed the proverbs of Turkish and Turkmen in a comparative way. We have shown the definition, value, form, concept, meaning and general features of the proverb in Turkish literature and Turkmen literature. Then, by comparing the common proverbs between both Turkish and Turkmen, we mentioned in an annotated way. We also explained the universe, importance, method and limitation of the study in detail. The findings we obtained in this study are evaluated and given in the conclusion section.