Journal of Engineering

One of the most significant challenges of medical care is the infection of postoperative
wounds, and conventional visual examination often fails to detect it early. This research
proposes the design of an innovative, passive wireless telemetry system for non-intrusive
monitoring of the wound-healing process . The system integrates a biocompatible resonance
circuit (LC) with a high-sensitivity piezoresistive sensor based on MXene (Ti3C2Tx). It
operates within the standard industrial and medical (ISM) band at 13.56 MHz.The detection
mechanism in the system is based on the principle of "impedance modulation" (Impedance
Modulation), which arises from changes in the sensor's resistance under physiological tissue
pressure. The system was modeled and simulated using the Proteus environment to evaluate
its frequency response. The results showed a high dynamic range, as the system recorded a
stable output voltage of 863 mV (-1.28 dB) during the recovery phase (Rs≈10KΩ), against a
sharp decrease to 15 mV (-36.5 dB) during the inflammation phase (Rs≈100Ω), which
effectively indicates the phenomenon of "signal breakdown .
" In addition, sensitivity analysis
emphasized the importance of component compatibility, as an amplitude mismatch caused
the resonance frequency to shift to 11.9 MHz. The proposed system can accurately
distinguish between healthy and inflamed tissues.

This study is related to a new geometrical design of automotive leaf springs that involves
substituting the common trapezoidal base and circular shape with a circular base plate and
parabolic shape. The main aim is to explore how the shape of the base and the profile of
curvature affect the performance of the leaf springs, both at rest and in dynamic conditions
under realistic loading conditions. There were four geometrical combinations that were
experimented with: trapezoidal base with circular curvature, circular base with circular
curvature, trapezoidal base with parabolic curvature, and circular base with parabolic
curvature. The influence of the leaf number and width distribution on the mechanical
performance of each arrangement under the constant-width and variable-width scenarios
was examined. ANSYS Workbench 20 and Mechanical APDL were used to conduct a finite
element analysis to approximate the maximum primary stress, overall deformation, and
natural frequency. Comparing the trapezoidal base with the circular foundation, it has been
found that the circular foundation is better in terms of load distribution as well as
minimization of stress concentration. Specifically, the circular base configuration reduced
the maximum static bending stress by more than 36% when compared to the conventional
design. A parabolic shape was used to further enhance dynamic performance, boosting
natural frequency by up to 300% in certain combinations. The use of a parabolic curve
improved dynamic performance significantly, increasing natural frequency by more than
300% in some combinations.

Sports infrastructure is a type of infrastructure dedicated to various sports activities and
practices. This research defines sports infrastructure as the essential physical and
organizational structure required to facilitate sports activities. It is a crucial requirement in
residential neighborhoods and a complementary element to the overall infrastructure. Its
importance stems from its role in complementing neighborhood centers and its contribution
to the social, economic, and cultural aspects of residential areas. Many residential
neighborhoods suffer from weak and inefficient sports infrastructure. Despite its apparent
presence, it fails to achieve its intended goals, whether in encouraging physical activity,
promoting community health, or optimizing the use of allocated spaces. The main research
problem is the weak understanding of the role of planning and design standards for sports
infrastructure in achieving flexible centers for integrated residential neighborhoods.
Therefore, this research aims to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework to include
the concepts and values specific to neighborhood centers and the standards for sports
infrastructure. The research hypothesis is that aligning local planning and design standards
for sports infrastructure with international standards for achieving flexible centers for
integrated residential neighborhoods. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted to
extract primary and secondary terms and their possible values. These terms were then
applied to Al-Amiriya, a neighborhood in Baghdad, chosen because it is experiencing growth
and increasing population density, necessitating a study of its potential for integration and
diversification of uses (residential, commercial, educational, sports, and recreational). The
research revealed a discrepancy between the achievement of international standards and
the achievement of local standards within the locally selected research sample.

This study aims to present a practical application for improving sound quality in wireless
acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) deployed in the often noisy Iraqi environment, using
distributed signal processing techniques. Through an analytical and descriptive
methodology, the proposed system is based on a hierarchical WASN architecture consisting
of 20 wireless microphone nodes organized in a cluster structure. Each node optimizes the
local signal using Distributed Adaptive Signal Estimation (DANSE) technology, while the
cluster heads use Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) beamforming to combine
signals within the network. The results show that the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
increased by up to 6.3 dB between the network groups. Bandwidth consumption is reduced
by approximately 30% when choosing an adaptive microphone with an empirical signal-to
noise ratio (SNR) threshold of 11 dB while maintaining a total response time of less than 30
ms, suitable for real-time industrial communications. The results also indicate that DANSE
based distributed processing combined with a hierarchical wireless acoustic sensor network
(WASN) architecture provides an efficient and scalable solution for providing reliable voice
communication in harsh industrial acoustic environments.

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are the enablers of modern cities; their numerical
modeling requires precise treatment of initial geometric imperfections and confinement
effects to represent their structural behavior realistically. This study describes a finite
element analysis (FEA) framework developed in Abaqus/CAE to investigate the axial
behavior of full-scale short and slender square RC columns with and without interior
transverse reinforcement (ties). The models include external confinement with carbon
fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) jacketing, and different global and local imperfection cases
were considered to assess their effects on strength and ductility. Calibration against code
provisions was achieved by comparing the numerical results with an interaction diagram
derived in accordance with ACI 318-25 and ACI PRC-440.2-23 design requirements. The
study showed that as the imperfection amplitude increases, the strength and ductility of
short, slender RC columns decrease, irrespective of confinement. For short columns
subjected to axial compression, one can achieve good correlation with code-based nominal
axial load predictions without considering explicit imperfections, provided no strength
reduction factor is included, and accidental eccentricities are ignored. In contrast, for slender
columns, imperfections are key in inducing slenderness effects, particularly in global
imperfection cases with pinned-end boundary conditions.

This study presents a systematic review that explores the contribution of green learning,
through spatial experience, to the promotion of cultural awareness of architectural heritage.
Although green learning is often defined in literature in terms of environmental literacy and
ecological performance, this study redefines green learning as a comprehensive educational
strategy that incorporates cultural sustainability, place-based learning, and affective
learning in the heritage environment. A systematic search of large academic databases
(covering the period between 2010 and 2025) was used to select 72 empirical studies,
whose data were qualitatively coded using thematic codes in the MAXQDA 24 software. The
deductive coding framework was used on three analytical axes: green learning orientations,
spatial pedagogical strategies, and sustainability awareness outcomes with respect to
heritage. Dominating patterns and conceptual gaps across areas of research were identified
through the use of comparative tools. The results show that there is a significant
differentiation in the framings of sustainability. Green learning studies are focused on
environmental aspects, but research based on place-based learning, architecture education,
and heritage backgrounds is more forward-looking, incorporating cultural sustainability,
identity, and sense of place as major avenues to sustainable awareness. When the cultural
heritage is the central learning medium, spatially-based learning activities contribute not
only to cognition but also to emotional attachment as well as behavioral involvement. This
review concludes that green learning by spatial experience presents an integrative
framework for developing multidimensional sustainability learning in architectural
education and recommends the need to explicitly incorporate cultural sustainability in green
learning paradigms.

The Canal lining is usually used to decrease seepage loss and raise water transport
efficiency. Traditional unlined irrigation canals often suffer from significant water loss due
to leakage and low water levels, negatively impacting hydraulic performance and irrigation
efficiency. Despite the widespread use of irrigation canal lining, there have been few studies
to evaluate the effect of different lining types in controlling seepage under varying
conditions. This paper focuses on assessing the effect of two different types of concrete lining
and concrete quilt on improving the hydraulic performance of the Bani Hassan irrigation
canal. A one-dimensional steady-state hydraulic model was created using HEC-RAS version
6.6 software to simulate flow distribution in the canal. In this model, the hydraulic
calculations are derived from a one-dimensional energy equation between the canal cross
section, relying on the canal geometry and the manning roughness coefficient. Thus, the
software iteratively processes the water surface. The Manning’s roughness coefficient for
the concrete surface was calibrated using the root mean square error (RMSE) method.
Seepage losses through the canal section were then calculated based on Darcy’s law for both
pre-lining and post-lining conditions. The results showed that unlined canal sections
recorded seepage losses of 4,546 m³/day, whilst concrete quilt lining reduced these losses
to 599 m³/day (≈92% reduction) and concrete lining to 588 m³/day (≈95% reduction). The
contribution of this study lies in analyzing the hydraulic efficiency of Iraqi irrigation systems
represented by the Bani Hassan Canal, lined with concrete versus concrete quilt under
identical conditions, using hydraulic modeling and seepage rate estimation to assess changes
in efficiency.

Gelatin is a valuable substance that is known to have a complex 3D structure, but it has
limited adsorption efficiency, which limit its application at physiological temperature. In this
paper, gelatin was improved by the addition of glutaraldehyde (GTA) to enhance its ability
to adsorb dye in aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were conducted under
different conditions, such as the amount of adsorbent, the concentration of the dye, and the
temperature. The study found that the qe by GTA-GE (4.978 to 23.056 mg/g) and GE (4.8 to
21.333 mg/g) increased with the increase of initial dye concentrations but decreased with
the amount of adsorbent. The parameters at equilibrium were at a pH of 4 and a dose of
adsorbent of 100 mg in a time of 80 minutes. The dye removal efficiency ranged from 88.4
to 99.8 % for GTA-GE and 83 to 96 % for GE. The equilibrium data showed that Freundlich
gave the best fit(R2 = 0.995), showing a heterogeneous with multilayer adsorption. The
kinetics of SY adsorption on gelatin were in pseudo-second order(R2=0.981), which
represents a good sorption process. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the negative
value of ΔG indicates that the process is spontaneous and possible, whereas the negative
value of ΔH (-12.693 kJ/mol) means adsorption is exothermic. Negative value of ΔS (-0.021
kJ/mole.K) implies that the decrease in randomness at the solid-liquid interface rises at the
time of the adsorption process. The adsorbent can be reused four times with only a slight
decrease in the removal.

Sequence Covering Arrays (SCAs) are an extension of combinatorial testing configurations
designed to catch ordering faults. An SCA guarantees that all ordered t-way interactions exist
as
subsequences within the configuration. Generating and optimizing SCAs is
computationally expensive, which has hindered their use in practice. This work presents a
novel acceleration framework tailored for SCA construction routines. The key idea is to
apply algorithm restructuring to existing routines to achieve gains without modifying their
underlying semantics. The acceleration framework utilizes differential evaluation to prevent
redundant global computations, leverages fixed-size tensors to streamline coverage
management, and employs process-level parallelism to allocate independent evaluations
over multiple CPU cores. Across all test scenarios, the performance improvements were
clearly evident. Phase 1 shows marginal gains from purely algorithmic acceleration but
demonstrates a speedup of 2.58× to 3.80× end-to-end when implemented in its accelerated
and parallel form. However, phase 2 shows significant improvement from algorithmic
restructuring yielding 2.21× – 10.41× speedup. When accelerated and parallelized, phase 2
shows 80.65× – 259.70× speedup end-to-end across all configurations. Best case speedup
observed was 259.70×. These speedups demonstrate that scalable SCA construction is
possible through restructuring for parallel evaluation while maintaining coverage
correctness.

This research addresses by evaluating the individual and synergistic effects of zinc oxide
(ZnO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles when incorporated into (10W-30) and (10W
40) commercial oils to upgrade their performance. The nanomaterials were synthesized via
the sol–gel technique, yielding high-purity particles (99.9% for ZnO and 98.0% for SiO2) with
well-defined parameters. The diameters and surface areas of ZnO and SiO2 particles were
55–95 nm and 40–60 nm, 65 m2/g and 160–200 m2/g, respectively. In terms of attempting
to reach the best concentration, 1.0 % by weight concentration was used of each
nanomaterial (after testing different ratios). A two-stage preparation procedure was used to
obtain a stable nano-lubricant at room temperature. Firstly, a magnetic stirrer was used with
the addition of oleic acid. Secondly, a high-speed mixer was used. The results confirmed a
noticeable enhancement in the physical properties of the nano-lubricants. The viscosity
index was recorded to be improved from 118.2 to 120.1 and 121.8 for ZnO/10W-30 oil and
SiO2/10W-30 oil, respectively. For ZnO/10W-40 and SiO2/10W-40, the viscosity index rose
from 117.2 to 122.5 and 119.3, respectively. For the hybrid formulation, the mix of 0.75 wt.%
ZnO/0.25 wt.% SiO2 was used (the best hybrid concentration yielded 1.0 % after
experiencing different ratios) with both oil grades, 10W-30 and 10W-40, the viscosity index
was 122 and 119, respectively. It was concluded that nanoadditives could be the solution to
the shortcomings in the performance of commercial oils by raising the viscosity index, flash
point, and reducing the pour point.

Slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) is a special type of fiber-reinforced concrete
(FRC) characterized by its relatively high fiber content; therefore, it requires a special
fabrication method to ensure homogeneity between the fibers and the matrix. In this study,
five mixing techniques were used to produce SIFCON (sustainable slurry with micro steel
fibers) to highlight the effect of the fabrication method on its mechanical properties. The
fibers were placed in one layer, two layers, and three equal layers, while two other
techniques involved mixing all or part of the fiber content with the slurry. These latter two
techniques recorded the best performance at 28 days, with improvements of 20.8% and
22.3% in dry density, and 30.8% and 47.7% in compressive strength, respectively.
Meanwhile, the other methods showed either a reduction or a gradual improvement. In
addition, visual observations were recorded for certain mixing techniques, which may
directly influence the efficiency of this type of fiber-reinforced concrete.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have grown into fundamental constituents in advanced
wireless applications owing to their ability to support significantly wide band frequencies
demanded to achieve accelerated communication, radar, sensing, and imaging applications.
However, achieving a broad and stable characteristic impedance bandwidth while keeping
small-sized, tolerable gain, and stable radiation characteristics persists a considerable
design challenge. To handle these challenges, the researcher has been centered on
bandwidth enhancement techniques. This review paper presents an extensive survey of
bandwidth improvement techniques utilized in UWB antenna designs published between
2018 and 2025. The reviewed techniques are methodically categorized into geometry-based
techniques, ground-plane modification, optimized feeding methods, and the integration of
electromagnetic configurations such as defected ground structures (DGS), frequency
selective surfaces (FSS), metamaterials, and fractal geometries. In addition, hybrid and
optimization-assisted design techniques are explored due to their enhanced significance in
achieving high-performance wideband. A comparative analysis of representative
implementations is provided to demonstrate the performance, advantages, and trade-offs
related to each technique. Finally, essential challenges and future research directions are
determined to support the advancement of optimized UWB antennas for next-generation
wireless applications.