Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Reduplication can be defined as a morphological process where the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. It can be found in many world languages with various types and uses. This paper investigates reduplication in terms of phonology, morphology, and semantics in some selected verses of the Glorious Qur’an concerning its kinds and its translation into English. The main problem of the present research is concerned with the way of translating reduplication concerning the Glorious Quran. Different interpretations of reduplication are adopted to show the efficiency and the rhetorical functions of these forms. More specifically, four translations of Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, Shakir, and Arberry are examined to find the strategies and methods used to translate reduplication accurately and appropriately. It is concluded that some translators succeeded in translating reduplication, whereas others could maintain neither the functions nor the impacts of such forms in English. However, it is challenging to render reduplication phonologically and morphologically into English due to the eloquence and inimitability of the Glorious Qur’an.

The Abbasid age is considered one of the most harmonious ages of Arabic literature with the orientations of today’s poetic modernism. This may be ascribed to the maturity of the ways of thinking of the mechanisms of poetic expression at that time, and the ability of some poetic experiences to confront and transcend the rigidity of standards according to which Arab poets have accustomed to write. In addition, there is a number of distinctive experiences that appeared at that time, which were further characterized by seriousness, modernity and novelty. The present paper shall limit itself to three experiences of that age, due to their evident distinctive critical thinking, let alone their ability to confront the challenges of the opposing critical currents, and persistence on their innovative and modernizing projects. Those poets are: Abu Nawaas, Abu Tammam and al-Ma’ari, hoping that the present study may meet the requirements that significant trend of that very special age which enjoyed a unique status, whether in visions, literary product or experimentation.

The aim of this research is to identify the quality of learning outcomes of female graduates of Faculty of Education, University of Hail from the viewpoint of faculty members and some employers, to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the programs of the college to make some recommendations to improve those programs. To achieve this goal, the researcher uses Al-Dhalimi (2015) quality scale of higher education outputs. The scale includes 35 paragraphs divided into (7) dimensions, and to reach the results of the research, the researcher uses statistical analysis program (SPSS). The present research results in: The view of faculty members and employers is distinguished as being positive towards the quality of higher education outputs of graduate students at the University of Hail. There are differences with statistical indications in the quality of higher education for female graduates from the Faculty of Education, University of Hail from the point of view faculty members and employers attributed to the variable of job. There are differences in views of faculty members and employers attributed to the variable of years of experience. The research presented some recommendations and future suggestions based on the previously mentioned results.

The current study aims to know the role of digital citizenship in the use of technology and reducing the risks resulting from it. The researcher uses the descriptive analytical approach and makes a questionnaire to know if there is a role for the digital citizenship in the use of technology and reducing the dangers caused by it. The study sample consists of (102) employees in the Ministry of Education Marka Brigade (the fourth Amman qasaba). The questionnaire consists of two main axes: the first axis, which is defined as the concept of digital citizenship, the second axis is the role of digital citizenship in the use of technology and reducing the dangers of technology. The results of the study show that the awareness of the sample of the study of the concept of digital citizenship is on a high level, on average that equals (3.887) of the Likert quinary scale and the standard deviation is equal to (0.97). The results also show a strong role for citizens in reducing the dangers caused by technology where the arithmetic mean equals (4.2) and the standard deviation was (0.94). The study does not found that there are statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study sample members towards the role of digital citizenship in the use of technology and the reduction of the dangers of technology according to the gender variant. There are no differences of statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study sample members towards the role of digital citizenship in the use of technology and the reduction of the dangers of technology according to the variant of the scientific qualification and in favor of the members of the study sample that are in the graduate level, and the absence of statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample of the study by the age group variable.

This study aims to highlight how the novel of Samarkand made use of history as being an aesthetic tool that provides knowledge burdened with a sense of wonder about the existence and the history of man, identity of the ego, its dialogue with the other, and the conflict of ideologies; particularly, this novel presents a historical textual interaction, presenting the vast facts through ancient times in the form of an imaginative reading and interpretation text component. Amin Maalouf, in this novel, travels from the present to the past in order to understand the present and to carry some of the issues of the day to comment on, and to answer what has remained vague for a period of time. The presence of history in the of the text, and considering it as an aesthetic reference, gives the creative texts a new structural construction, stemming from the appreciation of the historical material in its own right and the capacity to sense it. The evaluation of this sense is considered as a feature of humanity. The present research also aims to demonstrate how religious conflicts have emerged in Persia during the 11th century from various eminent personalities who played an important role in clarifying the religious field and the conditions that prevailed in this period.

This study aims to reconcile the theme of alienation with the exploration of its manifestations that provoke the characters’ levels of awareness and intellectual and emotional structure. This human concept, in Abullah Sekhi’s trilogy, has formed a cognitive, cultural mainstream that has dominated the trilogy’s data and intellectual and artistic dimensions.
This study is divided into two sections: The first one is based on studying and framing the manifestations of alienation and discussing its forms and aspects. The second one is based on authenticating the work of art and subjectivity of time and place in determining the theme of alienation and the characters’ psychological and emotional dimensions and their personal and human crises.

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This study aims to identify the shades of meanings of some words and the structures of the selected text constructions, so that the researcher can dive into the depths of the text, and extract the characteristics, and linguistic potential, and to uncover what damages the word and constructions , and watch the pictures painted by those shades
The research is based on selections in this study because the vocabulary does not have all shades, but there are words in particular, and compositions selected, as the research consists of two sections: the first section sheds lights on the theoretical background where linguistic and idiomatic meaning of the concept of shades have been presented , including synonymous terms, or antonyms . Section two deals with the practical part of the study. The researcher has adopted descriptive analytical approach to achieve the aims of the study. The study ends with relevant conclusion and references.

This study deals with a seemingly obvious topic to everyone – examples. Yet, on a closer perusal, the topic turns out to be interestingly perplexed. This can be justified by the amalgam of cognition and communication out of which such concept is delivered. This mixture gives a hand in texturizing examples. This work aims at pragmatically investigating the concept of ‘example’ as far as its definition, structure, types and functions are concerned. Furthermore, it aims at developing an eclectic model that will be utilized to pragmatically analyze the data of the work represented by four interviews with Donald Trump in 2018. Consequently, it hypothesizes the following: complex schema is more frequently used in the data; abductive inference is never employed in the data; faulty analogy is never made in the data; the interpersonal variant of the global type of examples is more frequently found in the data; explicit examples are more commonly given; and, finally, the argumentative function of examples prevails. Afterwards, the percentage equation is employed to statistically calculate the results of the analysis.
The study has come up with many conclusions, out of which is that examples, once chosen meticulously, support the cogency of argumentation by means of strengthening and boosting one’s standpoints towards the alleged goals.

The current study aims to build teaching plans in accordance with the differentiated instruction by measuring its effectiveness via its application on experimental sample of the second intermediate school female students. The sample consists of ten female students. The one- group experimental design depends on pre and post skill test, and adopting the teaching plans according to the differentiated instruction in the posttest skill through skill performance evaluation form. The researcher has used several statistical methods to process data. Results show that the experimental group has excelled in the post test skill due to the effectiveness of the differentiated instruction in terms of sequence and organization of carrying out the artwork in arts education.

The Concept of the state represents a vital idea that has been formed after human interaction, and has been revitalized by the philosophers before Christ. This indicates an important axis that is state represents political and legal entity that acts for the sake of achieving welfare and happiness to all its citizens through enforcing law and by which a great state, based on wisdom and know ledge, can be established which has been named (Virtue). Aristotle was not different from the previous philosophers like Plato and Socrates in presenting his thoughts. Aristotle differs from Plato in presenting state as a concept. The latter showed that state can be represented by five types, while Socrates presents all the previously mentioned types according to State frame. This means that the types of states according to Plato were clarified as types of states according to Aristotle. The other difference between Aristotle and Plato is that the statesman is different from the political ruler. Aristotle believes that a statesman differs from the political ruler and a holder the reins of political authority. Both Socrates and Plato believe that the professors have idealistic ideas whereas Aristotle has realistic view point due to the bitter reality that he lived. Accordingly, the image of the state represents a realistic map for the concept of the state.

The Present Research aims at Knowing The Following:
1- The Imaginary Interconnection amony University Students.
2- The Cognitive Representation Of KnowLege amony University Students.
3- The Correlation Between Imaginary Interconnection And Cognitive Representation of Knowledge A mony University Students.
In Order de achieve The aims of Current research, The researcher has developed scale of (Imaginary Interconnection) and the Scale Of (Cognitive Representation of Know leags), and the application of a Scale of ( Imaginary interconnection ) and the Scale of (Cognitive Represention of Knowledge ) and the application of the scale on Sample Consists (200) University Students (100 males and 100 Females).
After Confirming the Standard Characteristics Of the Two Scales They Were Applied on research Sample, data has been processed Statistically by using appropriate methods The research has achieved the basic Following results.
1- The Presence Of a high Level of Imaginary Interconnection amony the Search Sample.
2- The Presence of a high level of Cognitive Representation of Knowledge among The Search Sample.
3- There is appositive Significant Correlational relation ship between The Imaginary Interconnection and Representation of Knowledge among the Search Sample.
In Light of The results obtained The researcher developed a set appropriate recommendations and Suggestions.

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The present Paper aims to analyse terrorism discourse in the modern Iraqi novel titled Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi by using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory. The research is divided into two chapters of five sections.
The first chapter provides a brief description on "the concept of terrorism", "the concept of discourse" and "terrorism in Iraqi novels". The second chapter deals with an analysis of the practical words in Saadawi’s novel, exploring the role of terrorism discourse in selecting those words. This chapter also addresses the social dimension of terrorism discourse, suggesting that social phenomena results from discourses, especially the dominant one prevailing in the society, much like the terrorism discourse in Iraq society in the post-2003 era.
The research also deals with the behavior of power-holders who, in their struggle to sustain unequal relations of power, impose an impression of ideological common sense through background knowledge which is widely-accepted as true in the public opinion. In Saadawi’s view US troops did the same after 2003 in Iraq.
The novel’s analysis reveals the role of the dominant discourse, i.e., terrorism discourse, in the establishment of wrong and even dangerous social behaviors among the public, including the development of wrong beliefs, the exploitation of the situation to the detriment of innocent civilians and the trading of death.

This research focuses on the terminological issue in Ibn Salam’s book for two reasons: firstly, the significance and effectiveness of the term; secondly, the clarity of the critical vision of the critic. The term is the crossroads of human cultures, and the center of the distant linguistic worlds. It is the language of globalization with great distinction. It represents a serious critical problem. It is one of the dilemmas of contemporary Arab critical discourse.
The term was not in the book of Ibn Salam, which makes it easy to read and stand at its own significance. The terms are divided into general terms previously criticized by other critics, and other special terms that have been devised by him. It is worth mentioning that he was known by the term ‘‘class’’.
The book, Classes of Poets, is the first and oldest of the Arab systematic critical blogs. Criticism, before this book, was scattered opinions, not collected by a collector. It plunges into gustation and loose influences so the book of classes came to be a separate book specialized in literary criticism.

The children absorb the positive and negative conversation from their parents. Obviously, they response according to their receiving conversations and feeling. Doris Lessing shows the social complex relations between of diverse social character classes and their relationships to social institutions.
Indeed, one of the messages of the novel is that the more individuals and society at large reject the dark side of human nature, the more they relapse into primitive barbarity. The mother in “The fifth child” harbours the feeling of disgust and rejection towards the new born baby which results in more conflict and rejection in the novel.
This paper sheds the light on Doris Lessing’s psychological ideas that shape this novel. It contributes new reading of family psychic problems and circumstances. The rejection of family members of the new born child results in many defective characteristics of the fifth child. The child’s ego is the same ego of the mother.

Texts open up and interact with each other since ancient times, and each text is an open space that can be integrated and interact with other texts intertextuality represents the joint presence of two or more texts, under the broad culture and textual interaction that is manifested in the establishment of text for relations with other texts. For the preceding text the text becomes self-contained. The research adopts the descriptive analytical approach. The present study focuses on the interaction of the text in the novel (Tashari) across three axes, the first axis deals with religious harmony represented by the harmony with (the Koran, the Bible); the second axis tackles the literary harmony represented by the convergence with (poets of the modern era, the novel, folk proverbs, songs). The third axis is devoted to the historical harmony that is represented by the juxtaposition of the mythic story and legend.

The study aims to identify the mediating role of gender in the relationship between emotional intelligence and electronic bullying of high school students. The final sample of the study consists of 310 students (160 females, 51.61%, 150 males, 48.39%), representing students from four, five, and six, grade aged between 15and 17 years, with an average of 16.5 years, with a standard deviation of 4.63. The study uses a quantitative relational approach. The Findings of the present study indicate that deficits in emotional intelligence and its dimensions has been positively associated with being a victim of electronic bullying for both gender. Yet, it has been stronger in females. Moreover, there has been a relative indicative relation between emotion control and gender according to the experience explanation of being a victim of electronic bullying. Although, there is no interaction has been found for males, the defects of emotion control for females is associated indicatively with the increasing rates of being victims of electronic bullying.

The theory of meaning and contexts of the output of meaning have recently developed extremely. If the lexical meaning of individual words seems to be often easily attainable, the encyclopedic meaning produced by lexical meanings in different contexts is very important in establishing certain purposes of the text in the recipient's pate and mind. Different theories are used in the analysis of meaning, and one of these theories is the Domain theory. It is a cognitive theory of knowledge, and Ronald Langacker is the first to talk about this theory in the cognitive grammar, which is a complement and extension of the theory of semantic frame in the cognitive Semantics. Cognitive Grammar also distinguishes between two types of Domain, the basic domain and the abstract domain. Opposite to abstract domain, the basic domain is often meant by the range of experiences that are embodied in human. The abstract domain is the most comprehensive of concept that are naturally more complex. The relation between the basic domain and the abstract domain is not a taxonomic one; rather, the relation is more a schematic relationship and is the relationship between concept and domain.

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The aim is to examine the relations between academic procrastination, academic rational/irrational beliefs, academic self-efficacy beliefs, and academic life satisfaction by using the structural equation model. The sample consists of 180 preparatory second-year students with reading difficulties according to their scores on the test of reading comprehension, with 1.5 standard deviations [SD] below the population mean for age. Academic procrastination, academic rational/irrational belief, academic self-efficacy beliefs, and academic life satisfaction Scales were employed. It is found that high students in academic procrastination have low levels of satisfaction with academic life. Academic rational beliefs accounted for 13 % of the variance in academic procrastination. Academic rational beliefs and academic procrastination accounted for 27 % of the variance in t academic life satisfaction and accounted for 11 % of the variance. Collectively, academic rational/irrational beliefs, and academic procrastination accounted for 24 % of the variance in academic life satisfaction.

The success of any country's economy depends mainly on the continuity of the work of industrial enterprises in any region, especially if natural and human resources are invested through the use of the best methods of production, which in turn contributes to increasing national income and thus raising the standard of living of the population and the development of social life. By providing jobs and thus contributing to the low level of unemployment and the transition from the reality of underdevelopment to the reality of industrial and economic development, the number and type of large industrial sectors in Karbala province for the year 2017 have been clarified by studying variables and adopted standards, and industries have been characterized by low numbers. The types included five industries: (food, non-metallic metal products, mining, printing, rubber and plastics products) distributed in Karbala district and in the free and Husseiniya areas, compared to the years of the 1980s, which were characterized by the prosperity of industrial activity in quantity and quality and were eight industries distributed in Karbala and its environs, and this industrial decline is due to many reasons to which the country has been exposed in
general and especially conservative conditions of war and economic blockade and the consequences of the deterioration of agricultural production, which they have seen. supplying the industry with plant and animal raw materials.