Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences

Public debt is subject to differences between the primary schools of economic thought, Classical and Keynesian thought, and each school looks at public debt from a different perspective in terms of the impact of public debt on the economic and social balance. Internal debt differs from the economy's external debt because the economic surplus is transmitted between generations. Within a country or between a government and another country, local public debt is one of the economic variables affecting money supply movements through the impact of local public debt on interest rates and on liquidity reserves that form the basis of monetary policy, which is what the research focuses on. Therefore, it focused on studying the impact of debt. The general internal effects on the money supply concerning the general budget deficit which is considered the basis for the existence of domestic public debt and its economic impact.
Local government debt represents an increase in government spending relative to government revenues, and this increase in government spending necessarily reflects changes in the monetary base resulting from the impact of local government debt on the liquidity reserves of the banking system. These changes in the economic base lead to a change in the money supply, and the result is the impact of internal public debt on the money supply, which is an indicator of the development of reserves and bank deposits in the national economy.

The topic of customer value is one of the contemporary topics. A group of new and vital technologies have emerged that would contribute to the marketing of health products and services in general, as they have developed significantly in the last two decades, especially in light of crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. 19, The current research aims to explain the role of customer value, in its dimensions, in enhancing strategies based on the Aِnsoff matrix, on the assumption that customer value contributes to improving it, and also “the impact of strategies based on the Ansoff matrix.” Ibn Sina Hospital in the city of Mosul was chosen, and a sample of the medical staff was taken. Their number is (50), and the research reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the hospital’s interest in the value of the customer and working to revitalize its activities by providing high-quality health services to enhance its adopted strategies. The research also reached several recommendations, the most important of which was the application of techniques based on the Ansoff matrix, a strategy used by many organizations.

The research sheds light on the inherent risks of relying solely on the average cost per unit as a metric for making production and pricing decisions. Despite the ease of calculating and using this average for quick comparisons, it is considered a misleading indicator that does not reflect the comprehensive picture of production costs. The research advocates for the adoption of a holistic cost evaluation approach based on the concept of total cost, enabling more informed and effective decision-making. The Basmaya Power Plant was selected as a case study for the period from 2020 to 2022. The study revealed that the cost of natural gas, operation and maintenance expenses, regulatory changes, the lack of clarity in future regulations, climate policies, and the limited expansion of renewable energy sources all significantly impact the average cost per unit produced. The research presented a set of crucial recommendations, most notably: Improving energy efficiency: Through the adoption of modern and advanced technologies. Optimizing operation and maintenance procedures: To reduce costs and increase efficiency. Developing flexible plans: To address the uncertainty of future regulations and regulatory changes. Supporting climate policies: By expanding the use of renewable energy sources. By adhering to these recommendations, companies and institutions can make more accurate and efficient production and pricing decisions, contributing to improved performance and enhanced sustainability.

The research has addressed the importance of education in the level of employment, as the relationship is positive between education and jobs in the long term. In contrast, the relationship is negative in the short term. The main objective of the research is to reduce the risks of economic unemployment and increase employment opportunities for degree holders. Some results indicate, through tabular data, that employment opportunities are growing. It is high with the increase in the average years of education, as the percentage in the average years of education in 2005 is (2.081059), which makes the employment percentage 38.55, as it increases as the years' progress, so in 2016 the education percentage is 2.249923, and the corresponding for that year is 39.26, the employment percentage. As is evident from the graphs that confirm the gradual decline in the education rate in 1996, this may have caused, as a result of the circumstances, an economic blockade. Still, on the other hand, the enrollment rate in education increased in 2007 for both sexes, as enrollment rates for males exceeded the rate for females in secondary education between the periods (1999-2005). The research concluded with a set of recommendations and conclusions

This research aims to demonstrate the impact of learning curves on reducing the treatment period of COVID-19 and lowering the direct costs of its treatment. Learning curves are one of the non-linear cost functions, as they represent a function that measures how the required labor hours to produce a unit of output are reduced with the accumulation of worker experience and performance improvement. Learning curves rely on the idea that repeatedly performing any task leads to gaining knowledge, reducing the time required to complete a unit of output as work continues. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are that learning curves can be used to reduce the cost of COVID-19 treatment and improve the production efficiency of healthcare workers in hospitals through experience and economies of scale. Experiments worldwide have shown that as the volume of healthcare services increases, the average cost decreases due to economies of scale and learning. In light of these conclusions, the research proposed a set of recommendations, the most important of which is allocating a budget for continuous training and education programs for healthcare workers, focusing on COVID-19 treatment techniques, developing interactive and specialized training programs that meet the needs of different levels and requirements by hiring experts in learning curves to design and implement training programs.

This research aims to verify the extent of the legal accountant’s ability to adjudicate financial claims and disputes in the Iraqi environment and the approved accounting procedures, as well as verify the extent to which the courts in Iraq rely on the experience of auditors when considering cases of financial violations and disputes.
In order to explain the research problem and achieve its objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted. A total of (75) questionnaires were distributed to sample members (certified accountants, accountants, auditors, judicial investigators, and claimants) and utilized a simple linear regression scale. The research hypotheses were tested, and the research reached the most significant conclusion: There is an apparent weakness among some judicial employees in Iraq regarding the importance of judicial accountability, which affects the resolution of financial violations. Therefore, the most important recommendation is to establish a separate entity for adjudicating financial disputes in coordination with the Iraqi Society of Certified Public Accountants to identify them and use them to help provide legal support to the courts in Iraq when presenting financial disputes and violations.

This study aimed to demonstrate the nature of the correlational and influential relationship between the banking marketing mix and customer relationship management. The research variables were the banking marketing mix with its seven dimensions: service, price, promotion, distribution, individuals, process, and physical evidence as an independent variable, and customer relationship management with its three dimensions: customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and customer value as a dependent variable. The research problem is answering the following question: Is there a role for the banking marketing mix in managing customer relationships? To what extent is the bank sample of the research interested in managing customer relationships? The International Development Bank was chosen as a site for implementing the research. The questionnaire form was adopted as a tool for collecting data, and the descriptive analytical approach was used to analyze the responses of the sample members. The research sample consisted of (43) responses from the bank’s employees. The data was analyzed using the statistical analysis program SPSS v.26. Some appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze the data in order to reach the results. The research showed a correlation between the banking marketing mix and customer relationship management. The results also showed that the International Development Bank seeks to localize the relationship of customers with the bank by relying on marketing mix tools, especially quality—service, and promotion in customer relationship management. The bank also pays great attention to the service providers and the general atmosphere within the bank to make the service experience comfortable and enjoy the customer’s satisfaction and interest, and to simplify the procedures in the processes of providing banking services to add value to the customer and improve the management of the relationship with them

The research aims to determine the role of strategic awareness as a variable exploited in organizational success as a responding variable in the Fallujah Teaching Hospital for Women and Children. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach and attempted to develop a set of recommendations that enhance the role of strategic awareness in organizational success in the organization under investigation. The research community included administrative leaders represented by (the director, the assistant director, the head of a department, the director of a division, and the director of a unit). The research sample reached (60) respondents, and the questionnaire was adopted as the basis for collecting data. Also, the researcher utilized the statistical program (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel in the data analysis process. Finally, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most significant of which was that the management of Fallujah Teaching Hospital possesses strategic awareness that affects success. The recommendations included consolidating strategic awareness through holding workshops, educational seminars, and training courses.

The state's interest in the sporting aspect is distributed among the various segments and groups of society, and it also focuses on the youth since they constitute one of its pillars and a strategic tributary to its renaissance. In addition, they represent the most beautiful images of its outputs and the fruit of its efforts. Among these institutions that sponsor youth are sports clubs that play essential roles in their work, the nature of their goals, the diversity of their activities, and the beneficiaries of their various sports services for all sporting events. Therefore, the significance of this study is evident in identifying the characteristics of organizational health, which is a recent topic, and employing them in one of the sports institutions represented by sports clubs. Also, this study clarifies the quality and nature of the relationship and influence between the characteristics of heads of sports institutions in building the pillars of the health of the sports organizations and institutions in which they work. The total study population is (54) individuals from the administrative bodies of sports clubs operating in Nineveh Governorate, which number (40) clubs. The study sample included (10) clubs from the administrative bodies working in sports clubs. They were chosen intentionally, and their percentage reached (25%). The researchers utilized the questionnaire prepared by (Noor Taher Muhammad, 2010), which consists of (74) items. Then, the researchers adapted it to the work environment of sports clubs in the city of Mosul in a manner consistent with the nature of the sample. Scientific studies were also conducted using the questionnaire. Then, the organizational health scale that the researchers arrived at was applied to an application sample of female athletes working in sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate. After providing them with instructions on answering, the application period was extended from (11/11/2022 - 3/31/2023). Moreover, the researchers utilized the following statistical methods to obtain the research (percentage - arithmetic mean - simple correlation coefficient - test for two independent samples - simple regression coefficient - gradual regression coefficient). In the end, the researchers concluded the following: Sports club officials in Nineveh Governorate have a high level in most dimensions of organizational health, and in general, from the point of view of their sports administrative members working in these clubs - managers in sports clubs are distinguished by their initiative in putting forward ideas to develop the work of their clubs and expand their services

The fluctuations in oil prices and the emergence of the oil shock created burdens on the economic development process through its impact on the gross domestic product. The planning process becomes difficult for government policies, which generates confusion in formulating development policies. The Iraqi economy depends mainly on oil imports, which affected the global crises and shocks and made the government's mission in implementing the reform program face challenges and obstacles represented in financing investment projects. This research aims to neutralize the impact of oil price fluctuation shocks on the level of Iraqi economic performance and to demonstrate the adverse impact these shocks cause through their effects on the gross domestic product. Also, this work focuses on analyzing the impact of oil shocks on the gross domestic product using the ARDL distributed time lag model. The research reached an analysis of the response and an estimate of the indirect impact of oil shocks on the gross domestic product, as the effect was positive, which reflects the Iraqi economy's dependence on oil at a rate of more than 95% of external stocks of foreign currency. It reaches a rate of up to 60% of the domestic product in Iraq. Finally, the research recommends reducing reliance on oil revenues as they represent a permanent source of shocks due to their connection to oil prices, which represents an external variable susceptible to fluctuations in market prices, and moving to rely on other alternative sources of activating other sectors to achieve development.

This research aims to identify e-marketing's role in activating the tourism sector to achieve communication and success, which requires companies to have e-marketing to contain and absorb all the changes surrounding them. Nowadays, electronic marketing represents the informational cover to accommodate the environmental changes that link companies with their external environment and internal, leading to the validity of its approved decisions.
The research problem was identified based on an extrapolation of the reality of the companies researched and given the lack of electronic marketing channels available to tourists on the Internet and electronic channels, especially in Iraq. Through the field study, researchers found a marked weakness in using E-Marketing in a way reflected in the revitalization of the tourism sector. (Travel and tourism companies in the city of Mosul) were chosen as a research community, and a group of workers was intentionally selected as a sample for research. After ensuring its validity and stability as a primary tool for collecting field-side data, the researchers approved the questionnaire form. The five-point Likert scale was used to measure the research variables. The primary data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Applications (SPSS). The following statistical methods were used (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and weighted mean multiple simple correlation coefficient and simple and multiple regression.( The research was strengthened by a set of hypotheses tested through a set of statistical analyses that reflected the reality of those hypotheses, positive or negative, to arrive at a conclusion supporting the main hypotheses. The researchers reached a set of conclusions. The most significant of these conclusions is that electronic marketing reduces the time required to transmit information, identifies customers' needs and desires, and responds quickly and effectively, reflecting positively on customer satisfaction and improved organization performance. In line with the content of the conclusions, the researchers reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which was the need to increase government support for the tourism sector by issuing legislation and laws related to marketing activities via the Internet in a manner that ensures the transfer of companies' business from traditional work to the electronic.

The research aims to analyze the credit policy of Iraqi commercial banks by investigating the role of credit granted to the private sector by government and private banks and its impact on poverty. The Distributed Self Deceleration Model (ARDL) was utilized to show the effect of private credit on reducing the poverty rate in Iraq for the period under consideration. The research has concluded several conclusions, the most important of which is that government and private banks and the poverty rate in Iraq grant a long-term equilibrium relationship between private credit. Moreover, the researchers have suggested a number of recommendations, the most important of which is combating all forms of bureaucracy and facilitating the granting of small and medium loans and precisely directing them to support the creation of productive projects. as well as reducing the phenomenon of the rise in directing cash loans towards the consumer aspects that characterize Iraqi commercial banks.