Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Praise be to God for granting me success in completing this research, and blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and all his companions.
This study examines selected literary texts—both short poetic pieces and full poems—from ʿAjāʾib al-Ashʿār wa-Gharāʾib al-Akhbār by Muslim ibn Maḥmūd al-Shayzarī (d. after 622 AH), through a rhetorical approach. The research analyzes these literary texts rhetorically, with an attentive appreciation of their aesthetic qualities.
The study begins with a theoretical introduction that defines this rhetorical art for the reader before delving into the depths of the texts themselves. It draws on the most renowned classical works of rhetoric and the contributions of leading scholars who addressed rhetoric in all its branches, while also benefiting from the views and studies of contemporary researchers.
The research then proceeds to analyze the literary texts selected in advance for this rhetorical art, relying on the insights of rhetoricians who explored the aesthetics of literary texts in their own works through close analysis and discerned their rhetorical effects.
This chapter highlights the aesthetic dimensions of simile in all its forms, revealing the rhetorical imagery intended by poets in their verse.

This research addresses the origins of the differences in the readings in the book "Al-Ibanah in al-Waqf and al-Ibtida" by al-Khuza'i (d.408AH). It also identifies the places to pause, the related sciences, and the implications resulting from them. It has become clear to us that the origin of the differences in the readings mentioned by al-Khuza'i does not extend beyond the difference in the wording of the readings and the similarity of their meanings, or the difference in the wording of the readings and the difference in their meanings, whether through diversity or variation. It has become clear to us that reciters consider the beginnings of verses when determining the places of pause, and they consider the pause in terms of pronunciation, and they consider the pronunciation in terms of meaning.

This research sheds light on the phenomenon of phonetic substitution in the scholar Saad al-Din al-Taftazani's commentary on the interpretation of al-Kashshaf, which is a commentary of great scientific value that has won the admiration of later scholars; as it contained within it various phonetic and linguistic issues. The research reached a number of results, the most prominent of which were: that most of al-Taftazani's directions for phonetic substitution issues revolve around the orbit of Quranic readings, and that most of the readings that al-Taftazani addressed were directed linguistically without rejecting or preferring one over the other, which indicates his great care to choose the highest and best phonetic aspects to carry the Quranic reading on it, especially in his direction of reading (S) with the sukoon of the dal, its kasra and its damma. In addition to his position on al-Zamakhshari, as al-Taftazani did not accept everything that al-Zamakhshari went for, as he opposed and disagreed with him on some issues and added to him on other issues.

Praise be to God, who made praise the first verse in His Book of Mercy and the final supplication of the inhabitants of His Paradise. May blessings and peace be upon the best of creation, Muhammad, who brought the best of paths and guided us to the most correct paths. And now:
Sheikh Al-Sharqawi, may God have mercy on him, has many books and classifications in every field, indicating his high status, lofty position, and sublime mention. Among his printed books are: (Fath Al-Mubdi), ..in which he explained Al-Zubaidi’s Mukhtasar, edited and punctuated its words, clarified the aspects of grammar, explained the words, extracted the rulings contained therein, and cited the opinions of the jurists. So this explanation of his came in an easy and moderate manner between lengthiness and brevity, and he called it (Fath Al-Mubdi bi Sharh Al-Zubaidi’s Mukhtasar), in which he mentioned many of the evaluative rulings for the grammatical directions, and he mentioned the preferred rulings contained, which are the most likely, the permissible, the most eloquent, and the most famous.
My plan, after the introduction, consisted of two sections: the first: an introduction to Imam Al-Sharqawi, his method, an introduction to his book (Fath Al-Mubdi), the reason for writing it, an introduction to the evaluative rulings, and the second section: the evaluative rulings between acceptance and rejection. Then I concluded with a conclusion in which I mentioned the most important results I reached.

Abstract
The poetic themes in the diwans of the poet Osama Kamel Al-Khuraybi are diverse, including ghazal, elegy, fakhur, praise, poetry for national and pan-Arab occasions, and others. This diversity, if it indicates anything, reflects the poet’s literary skill and his command of the Arabic language. In this study, entitled Poetic Themes in the Diwan of Osama Kamel Al-Khuraybi: A Study of the Themes of Ghazal and Fakhur, the focus is limited to highlighting these two themes in the poet’s work in order to explore their objective and artistic aspects. The research is structured into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section is titled The Theme of Ghazal: Its Concept, Significance, and Categories, while the second section is titled The Theme of Fakhur: Its Concept, Significance, and Categories. In conclusion, we ask Allah Almighty for success and guidance, for He is the One capable of granting it.
Arabic poetry is metered and rhymed speech that conveys a specific meaning. It is considered the Arabs’ diwan and holds great importance as it encompasses all the characteristics of the Arabic language and embraces much of the Arabs’ linguistic heritage. Poets appear across most poetic themes, including ghazal, which is among the themes closest to the heart and to human nature. In this theme, the poet often focuses on women, celebrating enchanting eyes, while carefully avoiding obscene expressions.
Fakhur, on the other hand, involves celebrating glory and expressing pride in noble virtues, such as courage and generosity.

Nostalgia is one of the most prominent emotional impulses in poetry, as it connects the poetic self to its past and enables the recovery of lost moments through the reconstruction of time within the text. In modern Arabic poetry, nostalgia goes beyond mere remembrance to become a mechanism for producing emotional time, where personal experience intertwines with the artistic structure of the poem, creating an imagined emotional space of memory, place, and human relationships. The poetry of the Saudi poet Jassim Assaker offers a rich model for examining nostalgia and emotional temporality, as he reorganizes emotional experience and transforms it into a comprehensive rhetorical act based on imagery, repetition, and musical language.
This study explores how the rhetoric of nostalgia is formed in Assaker’s poetry and the mechanisms through which emotional time is reproduced. It reveals that nostalgia in his work unfolds through three interrelated paths: childhood, place, and human relationships with lost time. Childhood represents the initial consciousness and a source of psychological balance, where memories restore images of innocence and openness to the world. Place functions as a living memory that embraces early experience and emotionally regenerates it, making its recall a reconstitution of the poet’s self. Human relationships reflect the peak of loss and absence, transforming into emotional energy that revitalizes the text and allows the poet to re-explore past time and recover lost feelings. Through these paths, nostalgia evolves into an integrated poetic rhetoric that reshapes time within the text, making language a tool for producing emotional time and embodying memory, place, and relationships. Thus, his poetry becomes a space for re-establishing the self and reviving emotional experience.

Social rituals are a fundamental pillar of Iraqi heritage and folk literature, They have been preserved by the collective consciousness through oral transmission from generation to generation, Oral literature, preserved in people's memories and conscience, has been an effective tool in documenting and sustaining these rituals, thus becoming a pivotal element in shaping the cultural and social identity of the Iraqi people.
The novel "Intended Mistake" is also significant because it focuses on multiple social issues that reflect the features of Iraqi reality in the shadow of war and its repercussions, The author depicts the horrors of war in a moving literary style that deeply engages the reader, prompting them to contemplate the Iraqi experience from a human and cognitive perspective .

Fadwa Tuqan is renowned for the strength of her poetic voice and her remarkable ability to articulate her emotional experiences as well as the psychological and social challenges she faced. This study highlights the psychological dimensions reflected in her poetry and sheds light on the ways in which personal and political circumstances shaped her inner world and poetic expression.

The novel "Endful Beginnings" explores character development and setting as integral elements in shaping narrative meaning. Characters evolve through a psychological and social trajectory that reveals their transformations and internal conflicts, ultimately leading to fates that reflect the harshness of reality and the pressure of circumstances. Setting plays an active role in the narrative, transcending its descriptive function to become an influential element in character formation. Enclosed spaces symbolize oppression and suffocation, while open spaces evoke the dream of liberation. The dialectical relationship between character and setting is highlighted, reflecting the duality of beginning and end in the human experience.

Performance techniques in protest theater enhance the objective of creating excitement in the theatrical performance, thereby establishing and conveying meaning to the audience. Therefore, the researcher studied performance techniques and their application in spaces other than those of theatrical performance. The concept of protest was further reinforced through the theatrical performance and the actor's performance actions, including the performance techniques that guide the course of the theatrical action and organize its effectiveness within the theatrical framework. The greater the flexibility of the techniques in expressing the intended action, the more effective they are in producing meaning.
The research began with an introduction in which the researcher emphasized that protest theater relies on performance techniques in most theatrical experiences, including Iraqi ones. This is due to the political and social transformations Iraq has undergone, resulting in numerous problems that have been addressed through theatrical discourse. This discourse serves as an indicator that defines an important aspect of performance forms, varying across different theatrical spaces. The study also included a problem statement, from which the researcher derived the main research question: How can performance techniques be employed in Iraqi protest theater productions? In the theoretical framework, the researcher adopted the title "The Concept of Performance Techniques in Actorship" in the first section and "Performance Formations in Protest Theater" in the second section. The researcher then established the indicators of the theoretical framework and the research procedures, which included the play "Eight Witnesses from My Country," written and directed by Majed Darandash. The researcher concluded with a set of results, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, and finally, listed the research sources.

Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (d. 1402 AH/1981 CE), one of the most prominent Muslim scholars of the twentieth century, approached the miraculous nature of the Qur'an with a profound philosophical and mystical perspective, focusing on the balance of interpretation between the apparent and the hidden. Sayyid Tabataba'i believes that the miraculous nature of the Qur'an is the characteristic that demonstrates the uniqueness of the Qur'an as divine speech, and it manifests itself in multiple aspects: linguistic, scientific, legislative, and metaphysical.
Sayyid Tabataba'i's view of the miraculous nature of the Qur'an reflects a comprehensive vision that combines linguistic eloquence, scientific allusions, a legislative system, and knowledge of the unseen. He asserts that these aspects demonstrate that the Qur'an is the word of God and reinforce faith in the truth of the Prophet Muhammad's message. His approach is characterized by precision and caution, with a focus on guidance as a primary goal.

The study of body language and its connotations in Arabic poetry through selected models is a study that works to integrate two human specializations (literary and psychological) by focusing on the importance of clarifying the poets’ intentions by focusing on body language.
And their great knowledge of its connotations, even though it is a modern science and interest in it is not far away, the poets’ insight enabled them to understand its connotations, and this is what became clear through their depiction of the body language and its movements which they depicted, and they worked to strengthen it with metaphors and similes that explained these movements.
Hence, this study aims to explain the physical signs contained in Arabic poetry and to investigate what these poems added in terms of gestures, signs, and physical movements that were depicted in a literary manner.

The story of Bilqīs—the Queen of Sheba—as presented specifically in Sūrat al-Naml, stands as one of the most prominent Qur’anic narratives bearing significant and profound theological implications. It is closely linked to fundamental issues such as the absolute omnipotence of God, the affirmation of supernatural phenomena, the distinction between miracles, saintly wonders, and sorcery, as well as the delimitation of the capacities of created beings, whether jinn or humans. This narrative also reveals the divergent positions of major Islamic theological schools and philosophers regarding the interpretation of extraordinary events, ranging from those who affirm them to those who deny or reinterpret them.
This study further aims to examine the theological dimensions embedded in the account of the throne of Bilqīs by presenting the Qur’anic text and the statements of classical exegetes, ultimately clarifying the sound methodological approach to understanding this narrative and the faith-based truths it conveys. The research also explains how Bilqīs had previously worshipped the sun instead of God, and how she eventually submitted herself to God—Exalted is He—alongside Prophet Sulaymān son of Dāwūd (peace be upon him) upon realizing that worshipping God alone is the truth.

One of the most important pillars of the Islamic religion is the issue of divine revelation. This is because the Islamic religion is based on the primary legislation, the Holy Quran. The Quran was taken from the mouth of revelation, and then the Quran empowered us to take the other half of the legislation from the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family). The source of revelation and its sole origin, emanating from God Almighty, has been addressed in books of interpretation and Quranic sciences. Sayyid Abbas al-Musawi mentioned some of its issues in his interpretation. This research is of great importance in the scientific field in the religious arena in general, and of utmost importance in particular in the field of interpretation and Quranic sciences. It is the cornerstone upon which research into the issues of Quranic sciences and interpretation is built.

The concept of "the good" in the Qur’an reflects everything that is free from impurity and harm, embodying elements that have a positive impact on the human soul. It stands apart from negative or bleak thoughts, offering a vision of purity and optimism. Rooted in this perspective, the study aims to shed light on the intricate connection between the Qur’an and human psychology, exploring how spiritual truths intersect with daily life and divine teachings.
The study, titled "Verses of Goodness in the Qur'an: A Thematic Approach," focuses on interpreting the meaning of "the good" while comparing it to similar terms and concepts present in the Qur’an. Additionally, it seeks to illustrate the relationship between the Qur’anic methodology and its interpretations, emphasizing how this dynamic unfolds within verses pertaining to goodness. The study asserts that the Qur’an serves as a foundational source for all fields of knowledge, ranging from ethics to legislative rulings derived from its teachings.
Moreover, it delves into the impact of these verses on human psychology from varied perspectives. By relying on interpretations provided by scholars and insights from experts in the field of religious psychology, the study aims to achieve a deeper understanding of the positive influence such verses exert on an individual’s spiritual and material life.

The Mamluk era was one of the most responsive eras to transformations and interventions in literature. This indicates the desire of Mamluk writers to innovate and develop in breaking away from old restrictions, especially since it was an era in which non-Arab speakers proliferated, so classical Arabic became heavy on their tongues, and the need arose to search for lightness and elegance that would keep pace with their mixed society. Perhaps the attempt to search among the arts and poetic purposes helped many poets to find light words and meters that would be lyrical and somewhat free from the restrictions of Arabic meter and rhyme. The squares and quintuplets appeared in the Abbasid era, and the muwashshah appeared in Andalusia. Then, poetic genres appeared one after the other, little by little, so Arabic poetry began to move away from the poetic form for which it was designed towards a kind of prose liberation. This is what we will see in this research of the arts and purposes of modern poetry. I divided the research after the introduction and the preface, in which I mentioned a historical overview of the Mamluk era, and a definition of terms. It came in two sections: The first section included: The newly emerging poetic arts: In it I mentioned.

The interpretation of Mulla Ali al-Qari, entitled "Anwar al-Quran wa Asrar al-Furqan," was part of this great legacy. With the help of God Almighty, I resolved to extract the issues related to the sciences of the Qur'an and to address them comprehensively and study them. Therefore, I made the subject of my research "A Biography of Imam Mulla Ali al-Qari and an Introduction to the Interpretation (Anwar al-Quran wa Asrar al-Furqan), hoping for success from God.
The reason for my choice of the topic was to serve the interpretation of Mulla Ali al-Qari, entitled "Anwar al-Quran wa Asrar al-Furqan," given that Mulla Ali al-Qari devoted a considerable amount of discussion to important topics in the sciences of the Qur'an in his interpretation. Furthermore, his scholarly standing among scholars and their praise of him made it necessary to become acquainted with this eminent scholar and the most important topics in the sciences of the Qur'an that he mentioned in his interpretation, as his leadership in this field has been established.

The science of Tarjiḥat (preferential interpretations) is among the key disciplines that aid in understanding the Qur’anic text. This field held great significance for al-Ijī (may Allah have mercy on him) in his exegesis Jami al-Bayan fī Tafsir al-Quran. Al-Iji’s methodological approach to tarjiḥ relied primarily on the Qur’anic context when preferring certain interpretations. His stance toward Isra’iliyyat (narratives of Judeo-Christian origin) was characterized by caution and a firm adherence to the apparent meaning of the Qur’anic text, while supporting his views with Qur’anic verses, prophetic traditions, and statements of the Companions and the Successors. His tafsir often reflects an emphasis on the generality of Qur’anic expressions unless specific evidence restricts them.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the Master of the Messengers, and upon his pure and noble family, and upon those who follow his path until the Day of Judgment.
This research is entitled: “The Interpretation of Irregular Qur’anic Readings and Their Impact on Exegesis and Legal Rulings.”
It sheds light on the importance of understanding irregular (shādh) Qur’anic readings and their influence on Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr) and Islamic legal rulings (aḥkām). These readings were once recited as part of the Qur’an but later lost one of the conditions of canonical authenticity and were thus classified as irregular. As a result, the devotional act of reciting them in prayer was lifted, yet their interpretative and legal significance remains.
These readings continue to hold value in terms of meaning and may be acted upon in legal contexts, being treated similarly to solitary reports (khabar al-āḥād). Additionally, they are used as linguistic evidence.
This study aims to clarify the reality and ruling of irregular readings, outline the criteria for classifying a reading as shādh, introduce the most prominent transmitters of these readings, and highlight how jurists and exegetes have used them.
The research further illustrates the interpretive impact of shādh readings through examples that include:
• The new meanings they add;
• Interpretations by the Companions based on these readings;
• How these readings may support one of the possible meanings found in the canonical readings;
• The way they expand and enrich meaning.

This study, entitled Surat al-Masad: An Exegetical, Analytical, and Rhetorical Study, seeks to uncover the exegetical dimensions of the surah through a detailed analytical and rhetorical examination of its vocabulary, structures, and stylistic features. It aims to highlight the subtleties of its figurative and rhetorical imagery and to demonstrate how analytical and rhetorical approaches work together in interpreting this blessed chapter.
The surah portrays a facet of the doctrinal struggle between truth, represented by the Prophet and his message, and falsehood, embodied by Abu Lahab in his obstinacy, arrogance, and fear for his worldly interests.

Since the emergence of human existence on earth, accountability has been an integral part of human self-awareness and awareness of others. Standards have served as a decisive measure in determining one’s position between right and wrong, justice and injustice, and righteousness and deviation. In the complexity of daily life and its challenges, human beings require a stable reference that regulates their behavior, evaluates it, and redirects it toward the purpose for which they were created. The Holy Qur’an comes as this reference, carrying within it a comprehensive system of values and principles that govern the relationship between human beings and their Creator, themselves, and the universe around them. Among the most prominent of these values are accountability and evaluation.
The importance of this research lies in addressing a fundamental concept within the Qur’anic system, namely the concept of accountability, due to its profound impact on shaping the Islamic worldview of human existence and responsibility in both this life and the hereafter. The study aims to uncover the fields and purposes of accountability in the Holy Qur’an and to demonstrate its role in building the Muslim personality on foundations of self-awareness, behavioral discipline, and continuous consciousness of God’s oversight.
It also examines the types and stages of divine accountability. The study adopts the analytical thematic approach by analyzing relevant Qur’anic verses in light of linguistic and exegetical contexts, referring to authoritative Qur’anic interpretations and Islamic exegetical heritage. The study concludes with several findings, most notably that the Holy Qur’an establishes a comprehensive vision of accountability that enhances moral awareness and affirms human responsibility for both outward and inward actions. It also establishes a holistic concept of justice that encompasses both this world and the hereafter.

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Indeed, all praise is due to Allah; we praise Him, seek His help, and ask His forgiveness. We seek refuge in Allah from the evil within ourselves and from the consequences of our bad deeds. Whomever Allah guides, none can misguide; and whomever He allows to go astray, none can guide. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah alone, without partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.
After that, the best way to face the trials and tribulations that sweep through people in this age is to hold fast to the Book of Allah, the Almighty, and the Sunnah of His Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). This, however, can only be achieved through a correct understanding of them according to the methodology of the righteous predecessors (the Salaf) — the path of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama‘ah. For many hearts have deviated, and many feet have slipped away from this path.
The enemies of Islam have exerted all their power to turn Muslims away from their religion, posing a great danger and severe temptation to them. Yet, those who are even more dangerous are the ones who bear Muslim names, whose appearance might please the eye, but their reality is otherwise.
Among these misguided contemporary groups is the Qadiani (Ahmadiyya) sect, which falsely claims to be the saved group. Their danger is immense, and their evil far-reaching. They are known for their loyalty to the enemies of Islam and for promoting suspicious ideas and distorted understandings aimed at undermining Islam and stripping it of its noble teachings. They have spread doubts and misconceptions in an attempt to infiltrate the beliefs of some Muslims and have worked tirelessly to disseminate their deviant ideology and confuse people to this very day.
One of their most significant false beliefs is their doctrine concerning Jesus, the son of Mary (peace be upon him), and the erroneous ideas and doctrines that stem from it — beliefs that contradict the fundamental Islamic view of the Messiah (peace be upon him). From this, other dangerous creeds have also emerged.
This work aims to clarify the true Islamic belief concerning him (peace be upon him) and to refute the misconceptions that oppose it. I ask Allah Almighty to make it beneficial to His servants, to guide through it those who are confused or misguided, and to make it a treasure in our scales of good deeds on the Day of Resurrection.
May Allah’s peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions in abundance.

This research, titled "The Methodology of al-Khazin and Ibn Ajiba in Qur’anic Exegesis: A Comparative Study,” examines the approaches of al-Khāzin (d. 741 AH) in his tafsīr Lubāb al-Taʾwīl fī Maʿānī al-Tanzīl and Ibn ʿAjība (d. 1224 AH) in his tafsīr al-Baḥr al-Madīd fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-Majīd. The study identifies the points of similarity and difference between their methodologies and explores the extent to which each was influenced by the scholarly and Sufi environment of his time.The research adopts a comparative descriptive approach, providing a general introduction to both exegetes and their works, as well as to the methods each employed in interpretation—such as their sources, reliance on linguistic analysis, use of Isrāʾīliyyāt, and the degree of Sufi inclination.The study concludes that al-Khāzin’s tafsīr is traditional, relying mainly on transmitted reports and the sayings of the early generations, with limited spiritual indications. In contrast, Ibn ʿAjība’s tafsīr is characterized bycombining the exoteric and esoteric dimensions, with a predominance of Sufi symbolic interpretation. The comparison highlights the diversity of exegetical schools, ranging from tafsīr based on transmitted reports to tafsīr founded on spiritual insight and Sufi intuition.Keywords: al-Khāzin, Ibn ʿAjība, Sufi exegesis, tafsīr based on transmitted reports, exegetical methodologies, comparative study.

The Prophet's biography is a central source through which a deeper understanding of the personality of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) can be achieved, as well as his religious, political, and social role in the formation and development of Islam. The Holy Quran is considered one of the most important sources of the Prophet's biography, despite its privileged position as a sacred text for Muslims.
Western Orientalists have been interested in studying the Prophet's biography through its various sources, foremost among them the Holy Quran. Among the most prominent of these Orientalists is Michael Cook, a leading figure in contemporary Islamic studies and an academic researcher specializing in early Islamic history studies.

Historical evidence and testimonies have proven that the history of modern Iraq is replete with figures who left a clear mark in all fields, including the parliament during the monarchy. Despite the prominent roles of these figures, they have not received sufficient attention, particularly their social contributions. One such figure is the lawyer Fadhil Mualla. Accordingly, we have chosen the topic, "Fadhil Mualla and his social activity in the Iraqi parliament until 1958," as the title of this research. The research consists of an introduction, four main sections, and a conclusion. The first section provides a brief overview of MP Fadel Ma'alla's social background, his academic achievements. The second section highlights his activities in the health sector, focusing on his most significant interventions and solutions for this important field. The third section examines his work in education, including the solutions he proposed concerning the Ministry of Education in general, and specifically regarding educational staff and curricula. It also addresses his views on youth and their role in shaping the country's future. The fourth section focuses on MP Fadel Ma'alla's stance on the housing crisis and his efforts to address the plight of the poor and improve their living conditions. The research concludes with a summary of its key findings.

The parliamentary opposition made its presence felt in the Iranian Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis), it is undoubtedly a continuation of all previous parliamentary opposition movements the country has witnessed since the establishment of the first parliament in 1906. The conflict was between two factions within the same party, the Islamic Republican Party: a left-wing faction represented by Mir Hossein Mousavi and a right-wing faction comprised of veteran figures of the Islamic Revolution. This conflict was a natural consequence of the war with Iraq, which negatively impacted the economic situation, leading to high inflation and a reliance solely on a resistance economy..

Abstract
This research deals with an important period in the history of contemporary Iraq, which is the period of Iraqi-Saudi relations (1921-1931), as Iraq at that time submitted to the authority of the British mandate and was at the beginning of the formation of its national rule on August 23, 1921, as the Saudi authorities, headed by Abdulaziz Al-Saud, tried to incite the eternal hostility between the Hashemite and Saudi families, using the Ikhwan movement as a pretext to incite this hostility, despite all the peace treaties concluded between the two countries, as a force from the Ikhwan, headed by Faisal Al-Duwaish, attacked the Iraqi police stations, and invaded, looted, plundered and shed the blood of the Iraqi tribes residing within the Iraqi borders.

Abstract
Central Asia's position in the geopolitical balance between East and West is paramount, as it forms the heart of Eurasia, where the interests of major powers intersect. The region's significance lies in its role as a meeting point of geography and politics. Its location between Russia, China, Iran, and Turkey has made it a focal point for competition over influence, resources, and strategic corridors. Furthermore, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 paved the way for the emergence of five independent republics possessing vast oil, gas, and mineral resources. However, this also posed a challenge to Russia, which lost its direct control over the Eurasian space. Despite maintaining its military and cultural presence in the region, Russia now faces a series of regional and international challenges that are reshaping its sphere of influence. Therefore, the researcher employed an analytical approach to arrive at the study's conclusions, which reveal the existence of real regional and international challenges to Russia in Central Asia. This region has become an influential power, exploiting the competitive landscape of regional and international forces and leveraging this competition to advance its policies in the region.

This study examines the Banu Ghanim family and their contributions to the fields of judiciary and administration in Egypt and the Levant from the sixth to the tenth Hijri centuries as a model. The significance of this family lies in their contemporaneity with both the Ayyubid and Mamluk states, as well as the administrative and judicial responsibilities they undertook, which contributed to the management of state and societal affairs. Accordingly, the study seeks to clarify the efforts and status of the Banu Ghanim family in these two fields through identifying the family’s origins and development, followed by highlighting the most prominent contributions of its members to the judiciary and administration in Egypt and the Levant, concluding with the main findings reached by the research.

Abstract
Geographical diversity, social disparity, and population diversity are among the characteristics of Sudan, in addition to the succession of diverse political regimes in power, as the governments were both civilian and military, which led to political instability in Sudan, which led to a significant deterioration of the situation, which led to the occurrence Of the coups, Some of them succeeded and most of them failed, which greatly deteriorated the conditions of the Sudanese street in political, economic and social terms, the last of which was the coup of May 25, 1969, which was carried out by a group of Free Officers led by Muhammad Jaafar Numeiri. It was a military coup that was preceded by a crisis political atmosphere headed by conspiracies and alliances eager for power and followed it. Many events are considered among the most important political events in the history of Sudan.

The Seljuk state was one of the largest states that emerged in the Islamic East. The Seljuks were of the pastoral Turkish element, known for their strength and resilience. This state was able to overthrow the emirates with which it entered into conflict with, until it reached Baghdad and overthrew the Buyid emirate. This vast state's rulers were interested in the scientific and cultural aspects of it by supporting scholars and thinkers and establishing many schools known as the Nizamiyya, which are similar to universities in our current era. In these pages, we have presented some of the human sciences and their most prominent scholars, such as jurisprudence, interpretation, hadith, and linguistics.

The New Baghdad Municipality provides a range of services to its residents, including educational services—particularly at the kindergarten level. The municipality includes 30 kindergartens distributed across its various neighborhoods, of which 22 are public and 8 are private, with a total enrollment of 6,454 children (boys and girls).
This study aims to shed light on the reality of kindergartens in the New Baghdad Municipality by analyzing data related to the number of kindergartens, buildings, children, classrooms, and teachers, in light of the local standards issued by the General Directorate of Educational Planning at the Ministry of Education.
The research includes an introduction that outlines the importance of the topic, along with the research problem, hypotheses, objectives, and the spatial and temporal boundaries of the study. It also examines the geographical distribution of kindergartens and the patterns of this distribution, focusing on spatial planning and the criteria used in selecting kindergarten locations. Furthermore, it evaluates the spatial distribution of kindergartens within the New Baghdad Municipality according to educational standards and estimates the municipality’s future needs for public kindergartens.
The study concludes with a set of findings and recommendations aimed at improving the current situation, followed by a list of references used in preparing the research.

The research aims to monitor the changes occurring in the forest area during the period (1982-2022) in the northeastern region of Sulaymaniyah, which has an area of 4,217.64 km², between the latitudes of ("0 '30 35º and "0 '30 36º) north and the longitudes of ("0 '45 44º and "0 '25 46º) east. Using the NDWI and BSI indices and remote sensing technology from Landsat satellites 3, 5, 7, and 8, and relying on ArcGIS 10.8 and Erdas 2014 software, over two seasons: spring and autumn, the study results showed an increase in the forest area due to the afforestation of large areas of forests to enhance the reality and improve air quality and soil properties. The decline in the forest area is attributed to decreased rainfall, and human behavior plays a significant role in causing changes to the forest area through various incorrect methods, including logging, arson, or mining.

The research aims to develop a modern and integrated topographic database for Al-Fallujah District that contributes to supporting urban planning, resource management, and improving the production of updated maps with high accuracy to serve developmental aspects.
The concept and importance of topographic maps lie in their detailed representation of the Earth’s surface, its terrain, and natural and human features with high accuracy. They provide essential spatial information that supports urban and engineering planning, slope analysis, route determination, and efficient management of resources and development projects.
Updating topographic maps is considered essential due to continuous changes in land use and geographical features. It contributes to providing accurate and up-to-date spatial information that supports decision-making in urban planning, infrastructure design, and the management of environmental risks and natural hazards.
The study relied on remote sensing data, using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery with high spatial resolution, and Landsat-9 imagery for spectral analysis including vegetation index (NDVI), desertification index, and built-up index. Additionally, SAS Planet software was used to obtain high-resolution recent satellite scenes. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with 30 m and 12.5 m resolution were also employed to produce accurate terrain models, along with using Differential GPS equipment to collect highly accurate field coordinates.
The study resulted in the production of modern topographic maps for Al-Fallujah District at three scales: 1:100,000 including three topographic map sheets, 1:50,000 including seven sheets, and 1:25,000 including seventeen sheets.
Based on the findings, the study recommends the adoption of national programs in Iraq for the periodic updating of topographic maps through integrating remote sensing technologies, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and modern field surveying equipment to ensure the production of comprehensive topographic databases that support spatial development goals.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors due to its pivotal role in achieving food security and sustainable development. This research focuses on studying the factors influencing forage crop mixtures cultivation in Abi Ghraib District, which is considered a major agricultural area in Iraq. The cultivation in this area exhibits significant spatial variation due to the interplay between natural and human factors. The research addresses the cultivation of various forage crops, including alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Egyptian clover, barley, and forage mixtures, with an analysis of cultivated areas and their economic productivity.
The study revealed that alfalfa is the leading forage crop in the district, with a cultivated area of 2,858 dunums and a production of 20,399 tons in 2023. The highest productivity was recorded in Subdistrict 17, Western Radwaniyah, at 7,591 kg/dunum. Barley occupied an area of 1,244 dunums, with a total production of 720 tons, and the highest productivity was noted in Subdistrict 8, Mahmoudiyah and Maftiya, contributing 31% of the total production.
As for Egyptian clover, the cultivated area reached 796 dunums, with a production of 2,284 tons. Subdistricts 8 (Mahmoudiyah and Maftiya) and 10 (Abbadi and Hor Al-Basha) ranked highest in productivity.
The results also showed that the cultivation of forage crop mixtures, including legumes and grasses, accounted for 11.4% of the total forage crop area, with a production of 1,253 tons. Subdistrict 14 (Aqarquf) was distinguished by the highest proportion of forage mixture cultivation, representing 20% of the total area.

The study aims to assess the efficiency of the road network through the use of quantitative methods, focusing on factors such as connectivity between administrative areas, ease of access, and facilitation of movement between regions. This is achieved by applying precise statistical methods to analyze the road network. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing quantitative techniques to evaluate the road network in the study area for the year 2023.
The study reached several key findings, including: Qadaa Badra recorded the highest road density in relation to the population, with a value of (102.1) persons/km², while Nahia Al-Zubaidiya recorded the highest road density in terms of area, with a value of (130.1) km². The study also showed that Al-Kut Center ranked first in terms of accessibility according to the degree of centrality index, while Nahia Al-Bishayr and Nahia Zurbatiya ranked last. Additionally, the connectivity degree of the rural road network in Wasit Governorate varied according to the Beta, Gamma, and Alpha indices, where the Beta index recorded a value of (1.23), the Gamma index (0.42), and the Alpha index (0.72).
These findings indicate a significant variation in the efficiency of the road network in the region, reflecting its impact on the movement of transportation and the connectivity between different areas.

This study aims to conduct a spatial assessment of soil erosion risk in the Shirin Mountain area, Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. The analysis integrates the principal factors controlling water-induced soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), vegetation cover factor (C), and conservation practice factor (P), based on remote sensing data, a digital elevation model (DEM), rainfall records, and soil maps.
The results indicate that annual soil loss rates range between 1.79 and 41.2 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with high-risk erosion classes concentrated mainly on the northern and eastern slopes characterised by steep gradients and sparse vegetation cover. Conversely, low-risk erosion classes (1.79–5.19 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) dominate approximately 30.41% of the total study area, whereas high-risk classes account for only 5.89% of the overall area.
The findings contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by supporting the protection of agricultural land, SDG 13 (Climate Action) by mitigating land degradation associated with intense rainfall events, and SDG 15 (Life on Land) through the conservation of soil resources and fragile mountainous ecosystems. The study confirms that the integration of the RUSLE model with GIS provides an effective decision-support tool for environmental planning and sustainable land management in mountainous regions.

This research aims to study the geographical distribution of educational services in the city of Al-Latifiyah in order to determine their efficiency in meeting the educational needs of the population and to reveal the spatial disparities among the city’s neighborhoods. The study relied on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the locations and spatial distribution of schools according to educational planning standards, population density, and distance criteria. The results indicated a clear variation in the distribution of educational services among the neighborhoods, where some areas are well-served while others suffer from a noticeable shortage, which affects spatial equity and the overall quality of education. Based on the analysis, the research proposes a spatial redistribution of schools that aligns with population growth and future urban expansion to achieve spatial balance and improve the educational reality in the city.

The research aims to (analyze the efficiency of spatial distribution of food industries in the city of Fallujah) to diagnose the most important indicators resulting from the trends of the industrial distribution process in its direct form on spatial development in the city of Fallujah, and also focused on identifying the center of a problem that the study area suffers from, which is how the spatial distribution of food industries affects the emergence of a group of economic, social and urban problems. As for the study hypothesis that the study adopted, which will be an uncertain matter to answer the questions of the study problem, it is to contribute to the distribution of food industries in a balanced manner that contributes to achieving economic stability in the city of Fallujah.

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The study and analysis of road networks and their density has become one of the most important modern trends in transport geography, relying on quantitative methods in the spatial analysis of transport networks. A number of theories and studies have emerged that have given accurate results, in addition to other methods such as prediction. This is one of the important criteria for providing a picture of the service provided by the road network to the residents of the area. The higher the score, the more adequate the road network, and conversely, the lower the score, the more areas are deprived of this service. Regarding the road network in the study area, it was found that the road density relative to the area was moderate compared to the global average. However, the road density relative to the population was very low compared to the average. Through the analysis of the degree of connectivity, the Beta index value was (2.10), indicating the presence of more than one integrated network and complete connectivity. The Gamma index value was (0.77), indicating a fully integrated network, while the Alpha index value was (1.38), indicating maximum connectivity between multiple networks. The overall curve index for the districts was (109.7%). Comparing the curve index values ​​for all districts with the road efficiency classification, we see that the road is highly efficient, indicating that curves do not negatively impact the road's ability to avoid natural obstacles, but rather have a positive impact.

Abstract

The contemporary educational arena is witnessing a fundamental shift in the philosophy of education. The objective is no longer confined to the mere transmission of knowledge to the learner, but has rather expanded to develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. In the context of physics education—as a science based on observation, experimentation, and inference—modern teaching methods such as project-based learning, active learning, and scientific inquiry emerge as the most appropriate approaches to achieving these noble goals. These methods place the student at the heart of the educational process, transforming them from passive recipients into active and engaged researchers.
However, the weakness of the infrastructure and the scarcity of educational resources and teaching aids act as major constraints hindering teachers' performance in adopting modern methods. The absence of well-equipped laboratories, coupled with the difficulty of accessing digital education technologies, limits their ability to provide interactive and effective learning experiences. On the other hand, many teachers face difficulties in planning and execution, particularly regarding classroom management and addressing the diverse levels among students. This requires the preparation of flexible and varied lessons, which doubles the workload and hinders compliance with set timelines.
Among other challenges is the low level of digital competence, which reduces teachers' ability to utilize educational technology efficiently, consequently reflecting negatively on teaching quality and student engagement. Furthermore, psychological and pedagogical challenges, such as resistance to change and fear of failure, lead some teachers to adhere to traditional methods, thereby reducing professional development opportunities and obstructing innovative teaching patterns. This intersects with the lack of administrative support and the absence of effective training programs, which impedes the process of adapting to modern teaching methods and making optimal use of technology.
Overall, numerous studies indicate the importance of accurately diagnosing these difficulties to formulate appropriate strategies that contribute to supporting teachers and empowering them to implement modern methods with greater confidence and efficiency, thereby enhancing the quality of student learning and achieving the desired educational goals (S. Almzidi & H. Al Shuaili, 2017; Maarouf & Kouhila, 2001). The current research was undertaken to achieve a realistic formulation through a scientific questionnaire designed to measure the level of difficulties facing physics teachers in Iraqi schools.

The current research aims to identify self-acceptance and academic achievement and the relationship between them among middle school students, and to identify statistically significant differences in self-acceptance and academic achievement among middle school students according to the gender variable (males - females), specialization (scientific, literary). The research sample consisted of (250) male and female students from middle and secondary schools in the Baghdad Education Directorate / Al-Karkh II for the academic year (2023-2024) for morning study, with (125) male and female students from the scientific specialization and (125) from the literary specialization, as for gender, it amounted to (125) males and (125) females, who were chosen by the equal stratified random method. The researcher adapted the Imaging Scale (2022) to measure the concept of self-acceptance on the research sample. The self-acceptance scale consists of (35) paragraphs distributed over five dimensions, and the five-point Likert scale was adopted. By setting (5) alternatives to answer the self-acceptance scale, which are (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never), the validity and reliability of the scale items were calculated. As for academic achievement, the researcher used the students' results for the first semester of the year (2023-2024), where the students were divided into levels according to their academic grades through the results of the semester tests. The researcher used the statistical methods that were calculated by the computer program (SPSS): Chi-square test (Ka2), T-test for one sample, T-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Alpha-Cronbach's equation for internal consistency, simple regression analysis, and the most prominent results were as follows: The research sample has a good degree of self-acceptance, there are no statistically significant differences in self-acceptance between the specialization (scientific-literary), the research sample has good grades in academic achievement, there are no statistically significant differences between (males and females) in academic achievement, The academic achievement in the scientific specialization is higher than the academic achievement in the literary specialization, and there is a positive correlation relationship with a good degree of significance between the research variables (self-acceptance and academic achievement).

Migration and conflict are social phenomena with negative impacts on various aspects of society. Their most significant negative impact is the direct effect on different ministries and institutions, including educational institutions. These phenomena have existed since the beginning of humanity and are driven by both intrinsic and societal factors related to belonging. Humans constantly strive to adapt to their natural circumstances in a way that ensures a decent standard of living. Therefore, migration was an endeavor to achieve this, through their efforts with their people or tribe to form groups with the aim of preserving their existence and achieving the best possible life that fulfills the group's aspirations. Therefore, this group may be forced to move from its original place to other places, abandoning its areas due to the oppression, humiliation, and deprivation of rights it suffered there, and other conditions, whether social or living conditions. Therefore, migration is a phenomenon that has been associated with humans since ancient times, as they seek to preserve their existence, their entity, and their bonds in safe places. The importance of this research lies in its pursuit of two objectives: theoretically, to serve as a reference for numerous researchers and to utilize its proposals and recommendations to mitigate the phenomenon; and theoretically, to contribute to a clear understanding of the impact of migration and conflicts on exacerbating educational problems, including dropout rates and other issues. The other practical aspect involves identifying the number of academic problems generated by migration and conflicts, other than school dropout, and its impact on students. It also highlights the importance of educational institutions adopting a quality service approach to ensure the efficient and effective utilization of their resources to achieve their goals. The main research objectives focused on. This study aims to understand the meaning of migration, its types, and its impact on the emergence of societal problems; to identify the types and forms of conflict; to recognize indicators of school dropout; and to explore solutions that mitigate this phenomenon. The first chapter addresses the research problem, the importance of the study, and its objectives, while the second chapter covers the study's key concepts and terminology. Theories explaining the study, and Chapter Three (Causes and effects of migration, Section One, Effects of trends on the educational aspect, Section Two, Indicators of school dropout, Section Three, Chapter Four: Methodological framework of the study, and Chapter Five: Results, recommendations and suggestions of the study).

Abstract
Objectives of the current research: The current research aims to identify:
1 - Psychological abuse among middle school students from the teachers’ point of view.
2- School dropout among middle school students from the teachers’ point of view.
3- The correlation between psychological abuse and school dropout among middle school students from the teachers’ point of view. The current research was limited to middle school teachers in the second Baghdad Rusafa Education Directorate for the academic year 2024-2025.
Theoretical framework: The current research reviewed the relevant literature and theories regarding the research variables.
Search procedures:-
1 - The researchers will adopt the psychological abuse scale for the researcher (in 2019) after ensuring its validity and reliability.
2- Building a school dropout scale and verifying its validity, reliability, and method of answering it.
3 - The above two measures were applied to a sample of middle school teachers, which amounted to (100) teachers and schools, and the researchers used the statistical package to analyze the data.
Search results: -
1. It turns out that middle school students suffer from psychological abuse from the point of view of teachers.
2. The results showed the diversity of reasons for school dropout among middle school students from the school’s point of view
3. The results showed a relationship between psychological abuse and school dropout among middle school students from the teachers’ point of view
The researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals

This research aims to examine the relationship between psychological security and death anxiety among the elderly, in light of the psychological, social, and health changes associated with aging. The study draws on several theoretical frameworks—such as those proposed by Jung, Maslow, Erikson, Bühler, Horney, and Sullivan—highlighting the essential role of fulfilling basic human needs, particularly psychological security, as a prerequisite for mental health and personal adjustment. Death anxiety is recognized as one of the most common and impactful psychological challenges among older adults. The significance of this study emerges from the global rise in the elderly population and the accompanying psychological and health challenges that require professional interventions based on a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics. The research seeks to measure the level of psychological security among older adults, assess their levels of death anxiety, and explore the relationship between the two variables, in addition to identifying differences according to gender, age, and living conditions. The expected findings aim to provide a scientific foundation for developing preventive and counseling programs that enhance psychological security and reduce death anxiety, thereby improving the overall quality of life for the elderly.

The study aims to identify the role played by the central library at the University of Technology in promoting open access to information, to determine the level of implementation of open access practice within the library, and to analyze the strength of the relationship and impact between the role of university libraries and the application of open access to information. The study adopted a descriptive – analytical approach and employed several statistical methods, including frequencies, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The study sample consisted of 20 staff members from the central library, including the library director, heads of departments and units, and other employees. The findings revealed that the dimension related to the role of university achieved a high level of acceptance (agree), while the dimension of open access to information achieved a high level of acceptance (strongly agree). The results also confirmed the existence of a significant correlation and impact between the role of central libraries and open access to information. Among the most important recommendation of the study are the need to archive and digitize all forms of scientific information resources and make them available online to enhance their effective use, as well as to establish a dedicated digital repository for the university of technology under the supervision of the central libraries to ensure sustainable and free access to open information resources.

The principle of "no harm" constitutes a cornerstone of international law governing the management of transboundary water resources, as articulated in the 1997 United Nations Watercourses Convention. However, its application in the context of the Tigris and Euphrates disputes faces significant challenges. Iraq relies on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as lifelines for agriculture, drinking water, and ecosystem sustainability. Yet, Turkish dam projects, such as the Ilisu Dam within the Southeastern Anatolia Project, have substantially reduced water flows, leading to the desiccation of southern marshes, declining agricultural productivity, and threats to food and environmental security. These impacts constitute a violation of the no-harm principle, which obliges states to prevent causing significant harm to other riparian states.Legal challenges include the absence of a precise definition of "significant harm," Turkey’s non-ratification of the 1997 Convention, and the lack of binding regional agreements. Additionally, political tensions among Iraq, Turkey, and Syria represent prominent obstacles, while Turkey’s economic priorities favor its developmental interests over the shared interests of the Tigris and Euphrates riparian states. Other challenges include the lack of shared hydrological data and the absence of environmental impact assessments, which undermine the effectiveness of the no-harm principle. Furthermore, climate change exacerbates the complexity of managing transboundary water resources.

This study examines the massive phonological challenge that is faced in the form of the Iraqi undergraduate college students in differentiating and proper production of the English plosive consonants /p/ and /b/. The glance at it shows too much inconsistency in the exchangeability of those sounds, which is mostly explained by the influence of the first language (L1) especially, the lack of the phoneme /p/ in the Arabic phonological system. It has been argued that this means that learners often replace /b/ with /p/ and exhibit ad hoc aspiration of /p/ in the same manner it is produced. In addition, there is a constant problem with the voicing test /p/ (unvoiced) /b/ (voiced). The results emphasize the importance of specific phonetic training and consciousness-raising exercises within the English language coaching programs in the Iraqi better education to enhance the accuracy of pronunciation and the normal communicative competency of the rookies.

There are some of English teachers mainly focus on developing their students' four language skills, often neglecting to introduce cultural components related to learning English. As a result, students may have low understanding of the accompanied culture as cultural background or materials is basically not instructed directly. Otherwise, it can be contained through the use of textbooks. Therefore, it is essential for teachers to select proper textbooks that vitally integrate cultural representation side by side with language instruction.
This study scrutinize how cultural background is represented in the English textbooks with the title “English for Iraq,” which is published by Olivia Johnston and Caroline Messieres for six-grade students in high schools of Iraqi preparatory. A content evaluation was performed through using two cultural features as the evaluation structure: ‘cultural categories’ and ‘cultural dimensions.’ The evaluation discussed 8 elements including 43 texts in the reading passages.
The findings reveal two primary features. The first one denotes to the cultural categories discussed by Cortazzi and Jin (1999), while the leading category is the local culture. The other categories contain intended culture which refers to countries where English is an official language, and is stood for to a lesser extent, and global culture, which has the smallest representation.
The next aspect is taken from Moran’s (2001) five dimensions of culture. The dimension with the most portrayal is ‘output’ , which is followed by ‘individual’ and ‘society.’ The dimensions of ‘activity’ and ‘perspective’ are formed as a lesser degree in the textbook.

This paper examines Margaret Atwood's novel The Blind Assassin from a feminist narratological perspective. It argues that the novel critiques patriarchal control over women's stories and identities. Its complex, multi-layered narrative structure, with interconnected stories, serves as a metaphor for how women's histories are often hidden, altered, or erased by dominant male perspectives. Iris Chase Griffen, whose posthumously published memoir challenges the official narrative of her life, is largely shaped by her husband Richard. Her story is an intentional act of rewriting history from a woman's perspective, which is central to the novel's larger social and philosophical themes: the ongoing fight for voice and independence by women in a society that seeks to silence them. The analysis highlights how the decline of the Chase family reveals the moral and economic fragility of a privileged class built on leverage. The Blind Assassin symbolizes resistance—a way for the abused female character to reclaim her history and gain some power, even within a fictional framework. Therefore, this study considers the novel an important contribution to feminist literature. Additionally, the themes of sisterhood and sacrifice critique patriarchal systems that silence female voices and stories. The Blind Assassin functions as a double metaphor; the title alludes to the sci-fi story within the novel, which highlights themes of sacrifice and betrayal in the main plot. Simultaneously, it symbolizes the unseen and unacknowledged forces of violence and exploitation within patriarchal society, which harm marginalized or victimized individuals, especially women, without recognition. The "assassin" is not a literal killer but a social and systemic force of oppression.

The study uses the critical stylistics concept presented by Lesley Jeffries (2010) to analyze how media discourse can construct social portrayals and enforce language hegemony in the media by the depiction of a figure as Donald Trump and Kamala Harris. The study identifies a gap in understanding how media discourse shapes public perception of political figures by reinforcing ideological hierarchies and linguistic hegemony As part of the discussion, the research uses analytical tools like naming and describing, transitivity analysis, modality, and evaluation to common news coverage and political commentary to show how these news outlets have a subdued influence on the thinking of the general public. The informal style of Trump, which is still populist, is often portrayed as something sincere but erroneous, the media meeting his simplicity with the issue of his right to be president. On the other hand, formal and controlled language used by Harris is proposed as polished, but sometimes overcalculated, which helps to unveil the impact of gendered and racialized norms on political speech. Such opposing images form conflicting notions of credibility, authority, and relatability as they support linguistic hierarchies. The study highlights the role of language, power, and ideology in media language and how the interactions affect the population opinion of political leaders. In addition, the study reflects the current debate on media framing and political communication with the focus on how media discourse perpetuates or constitutes political legitimacy.

The proposed study will examine linguistic interference and discourse issues in the fourth-year writing of English majors in the College of Basic Education of Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, in the academic year 2024-2025. The study considers 50 research papers, which are undergraduate research projects in various fields such as language, literature, teaching methodology, and translation in order to establish trends of errors and faults in textual cohesion. The importance of the study is related to the fact that it fills a large gap in the pedagogical aspect of the analysis in the Iraqi EFL environments, where students cannot create coherent, linguistically correct, and academic texts. The primary hypothesis presupposes that the linguistic interference of Arabic has a negative influence on grammatical and discourse structure. The research question is as follows: What is the effect of Arabic interference on the textual cohesion and discourse effectiveness of the Arabic EFL students on writing their academic papers? Based on a mixed-method study (quantitative frequency analysis and qualitative discourse analysis), the study outcomes indicate that the most prevalent types of errors include grammatical and lexical, followed by the use of cohesive devices and paragraph structure. The statistical test shows that 47 percent of the entire error is direct transfer of Arabic syntax. The results highlight the immediate necessity of discourse-based grammar teaching, cohesion training, and combined writing feedback training in Iraqi EFL higher education.