Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Development

Psoriasis (PSO) is an immune-mediated dermatological disorder marked by thick, erythematous, scaly plaques resulting from rapid, excessive cellular growth. Anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, and additional pharmaceuticals serve as the principal therapeutic strategy for psoriasis to alleviate symptoms, diminish inflammation, and inhibit the proliferation and division of epidermal cells. Nevertheless, these drugs generally include disadvantages that impose significant physiological and pathological burdens on patients, including inadequate targeting, brief half-lives, limited absorption rates, and severe toxic side effects. Researchers have recently concentrated significant effort on employing delivery systems for the topical administration of drugs to affected psoriatic skin regions. These systems increase pharmacological efficacy, stability, and penetration. More therapeutic concepts for the treatment of PSO are made possible by the ongoing development of numerous multifunctional topical delivery technologies. This publication reviews various delivery strategies, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, microneedles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and vesicles, for topical therapy of PSO and delineates their current developmental status in clinical treatment. It is expected to facilitate the progression of PSO treatment methodologies and provide a benchmark for the development of novel topical delivery systems.

Vital cellular processes such as, proliferation and tumor progression were reported to be centrally controlled by histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes which make them an interesting therapeutic target. Recently, a new paradigm has attracted researches to combine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and a zinc binding group (ZBG), presenting a synergistic impact on HDAC activity and inflammatory process. In the current study, a novel series of hybrid compounds (A1-6)were designed and evaluated for their HDAC binding affinity by molecular docking technique along with conducting an in-silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) profiling to assess their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Compound A6 displayed the highest binding energy score (-9.539 kcal/mol) with the active site of HDAC 8 enzyme compared with the reference ligand, SAHA (-4.606 kcal/mol). It's worth mentioning that compound A6 has comparable coordination to the catalytic zinc ion with SAHA along with engaging additional hydrophobic and aromatic interaction within the active site of HDAC 8 enzyme. ADME analysis predicated high gastrointestinal absorption for A2, A5, and A6, which also comply with Lipinski's rule, indicating good oral bioavailability. Conversely, A1, A3, and A4 showed moderate absorption, suitable for parenteral or localized/colon-targeted delivery, potentially advantageous for colon cancer treatment. These results highlight these hybrids’ potential as HDAC inhibitors and support further synthesis and biological testing.

Objective: To consolidate current knowledge regarding the diagnostic challenges associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibition, to describe reported clinical infections occurring during tocilizumab (TCZ) therapy, and to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy and safety profile.Methods: A retrospective case series was conducted at Tel Aviv Medical Center (Helsinki Committee approved). Nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving tocilizumab who developed confirmed infections between 2022 and 2025 were included. Data collected included C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell (WBC) count, and clinical outcomes. Infection was confirmed based on clinical findings, laboratory investigations, and imaging studies.Results: Nine hospital admissions that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Seven patients were receiving tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis, while two were treated for giant cell arteritis. TCZ was administered intravenously once monthly inseven patients and subcutaneously once weekly in two patients.Conclusion: Tocilizumab is effective in rheumatoid arthritis but may mask inflammatory responses by suppressing CRP levels. Clinicians should not rely solely on CRP for infection detection and should incorporate clinical assessment and alternative biomarkers to avoid delayed diagnosis.

Objective: This study aims to propose a novel multimodal therapeutic framework for movement disorders that extends beyond symptom control toward functional reorganization of motor networks, enabling more stable and meaningful long-term recovery. Methods: A network-based conceptual model was developed consisting of three integrated components: pharmacological optimization within network physiology, non-invasive and invasive neuromodulation strategies, and task-specific motor retraining at optimized therapeutic doses to promote adaptive circuit reorganization. The model is grounded in systems neuroscience and functional imaging evidence involving basal ganglia, thalamocortical, and cerebellar networks. Results: The proposed approach targets not only symptom reduction but also normalization of abnormal connectivity, oscillatory activity, and maladaptive plasticity within motor networks. Although direct clinical validation is still required, theoretical and experimental evidence supports the potential of combining pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and motor training interventions to enhance long-term functional outcomes. Conclusions: A multimodal, network-based therapeutic strategy may offer advantages over conventional approaches by facilitating adaptive motor network reorganization in addition to symptom relief. This integrated approach may reduce variability in treatment response and improve long-term functional recovery.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most common analytical techniques used in pharmaceutical testing and in many other scientific fields. It is widely used because it can analyze different types of materials and give accurate and reliable results. HPLC is considered an important and trusted method in many laboratories. This narrative review gives a general explanation of HPLC, including its basic principles, simple instruments, and how the technique works with different samples. In pharmaceutical analysis, HPLC is mainly used in quality control laboratories. It is applied for drug assay, titration tests, impurity analysis, solubility studies, and stability testing. Many studies show that HPLC helps in ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products. In addition, HPLC is used in pharmacovigilance and toxicology to detect degradation products, identify counterfeit drugs, and find harmful or toxic compounds. These applications are important for protecting patient safety and supporting regulatory requirements. HPLC is also used in other fields such as environmental analysis, forensic science, and food analysis. In environmental studies, it helps detect pollutants and trace chemicals in water and soil samples. In forensic laboratories, HPLC is used to identify unknown substances in biological or chemical samples. In food analysis, it is applied to detect additives, contaminants, and residues. Although HPLC instruments have developed over time, proper method development, validation, and correct interpretation of results are still necessary to obtain reliable data for routine laboratory work and pharmaceutical regulatory use.

Dandruff (pityriasis simplex) chronic and recurring scalp condition that characterised by excessive flaking, itching, and reduced quality of life ,Overactive sebaceous glands, microbial imbalance, impaired skin barrier function, and susceptibility to infection are among the overlapping causative factors that distinguish it from seborrheic dermatitis, which is limited to the scalp. Malassezia fungi, particularly Malassezia pityriasis, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of dandruff by metabolizing lipids, releasing inflammatory mediators, and disrupting the stratum corneum barrier. Antifungal, exfoliating, and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, and salicylic acid are frequently found in conventional anti-dandruff shampoos. However, these formulations are limited by their low bioavailability, short duration on the scalp, poor penetration into the hair follicles, and the potential for irritation with prolonged use. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of novel drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid nanocarriers, polymer nanoparticles, microemulsifiers, and advanced exosome-based systems, significantly improving the effectiveness of anti-dandruff shampoos. In addition to reducing discomfort and the frequency of application, these nanocarriers enhance drug deposition in the scalp, target hair follicles, ensure controlled release, and stabilize active ingredients. Furthermore, herbal enhancers, including coconut oil, aloe vera, green tea and rosemary, possess synergistic antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and scalp barrier-repairing properties when added. Thus, by simultaneously addressing microbial overgrowth, inflammation, and scalp barrier damage, multifunctional, nanotechnology-enhanced shampoos offer an effective approach to tackling the multifactorial nature of dandruff. This review underscores the potential of nanoparticle-based anti-dandruff shampoos to increase therapeutic efficacy and patient adherence by highlighting recent developments, formulation considerations, evaluation techniques, and regulatory hurdles related to these products.

Schiff bases have been a very important category of chemical molecules in medicine and pharmacology over the last several decades. Their structure contains an azomethine functional group (-C=N-).This group is typically formed by the condensation of primary amines with aldehydes or ketones. Schiff bases are relatively easy to synthesize, and their structural versatility allows modification for diverse biological applications. From a medicinal standpoint, Schiff bases have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects.Multiple studies suggest that even small alterations in chemical structure, such changes in substituent characteristics or the introduction of heterocyclic groups, may substantially affect biological efficacy. Schiff bases are also recognized for their ability to coordinate with metal ions, which has led to the development of numerous metal complexes with new or improved pharmacological characteristics.The medicinal significance of Schiff bases is further supported by their proposed mechanisms of action, including enzyme inhibition, interaction with microbial cell membranes, DNA binding, and modulation of oxidative stress pathways.These characteristics make Schiff bases attractive frameworks for the development of novel therapeutic agents.This review aims to highlight the pharmaceutical importance of Schiff bases by focusing on their chemical characteristics and key antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities, while also discussing their potential applications in drug discovery and development.

Objective: Mitoxantrone is a chemotherapeutic very effective against a variety of human malignancies. Administration of Mitoxantrone is associated with hepatotoxicity. It's impossible to find an effective therapeutic option against chemotherapy-induced liver injury. Zinc is considered a mineral that is required for cell division as well as the creation of DNA and proteins; moreover, such mineral has a protective effect in liver illness. This study aimed to determine the role of zinc gluconate as a hepatoprotective agent in Mitoxantroneinduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: For this investigation, there were twenty-four male and female rats used. Rats were divided up Into three groups, each consisting of eight animals. Distilled water is in Group I (negative control). Group II: Mitoxantrone was delivered intraperitoneally with a dosage of 2.50 mg/ kg in order to achieve a cumulative complete dosage of 7.50 mg /kg by day 20. Group III: Zinc gluconate was orally provided at a dosage of 20 mg/ kg/day, and Mitoxantrone was injected intraperitoneally at a rate of 2.50 mg/kg. The goal was to attain a cumulative total dosage of 7.50mg/ kg by day 20.After 48 hours following the completion of the treatment period, diethyl ether was used to euthanize each animal (i.e., on day 22). Following cervical dislocation, blood was drawn via intracardiac puncture, and serum was used to determine the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes. Each animal's liver was removed in order to perform a terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated-deoxyuridine-triphosphate, necked labeling (TUNEL) test to detect DNA fragmentation. Results: Zinc gluconate significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood ALT and AST, and group III showed a higher percentage of normal hepatocyte cells and a lower percentage of apoptotic cells than group II. Conclusions: Zinc gluconate may have a protective effect against the hepatotoxicity induced by Mitoxantrone in rats.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the pharmacological effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (dovramilast) in a psoriasis mice model induced by imiquimod, and to estimate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in skin tissue (IL-17A, IL-23 and TNF-α). Furthermore, histopathological scores for skin tissue were determined. Methods: Fifty BALB/c male albino mice aged 8 weeks were used in this study. The mice were classified into five groups each group contain ten mice (n=10) as the following, group I (control) contained healthy mice, group II (induction) involve application of imiquimod 5% cream once daily for five consecutive days to produce inflammatory lesions that resemble to plaque psoriasis, group III, IV and V involve application of imiquimod 5% cream then three hours later treatments were applied for five consecutive days were, group III received clobetasol 0.05% ointment, group IV received dovramilast 0.3% ointment and group V utilize combination of formula contain both dovramilast 0.15% with clobetasol 0.025% ointment. Results: The dovramilast-treated group showed a significant reduction in all inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IL-23 and TNF-α) compared to induction (P<0.05) and not significantly differ from clobetasol effect. Furthermore, dovramilast/clobetasol combination providing significant reduction in all measured inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05) when compared to induction and non-significantly differ from clobetasol-treated group. Conclusions: Topical dovramilast, alone or in combination with clobetasol, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of psoriasis

Background: Volkameria inermisis a medicinal plant traditionally used for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Owing to the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics, there is a growing interest in exploring plant-derived compounds as alternative therapeutic agents. Ethanol extracts of medicinal plants, in particular, are known to contain a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals that may exhibit strong antibacterial effects. Objectives:The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an ethanolic extract of Volkameria inermis leaves by using an ethanolic solvent that was eighty percent strength. Methods: Samples of leaves were gathered from the center area of Iraq (Al-Musayab), and washed, sorted, and dried in a shaded environment. Through the use of 800 milliliters of 80% ethanol, an extract of Volkameria inermis leaves was created and dried using a rotary evaporator, it was stored in petri dishes that had been sterilized, and one milligram of the extract was dissolved in one milliliter of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To conduct the antibacterial test using the agar well diffusion technique, the solution was serially diluted to a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The efficacy of an ethanol extract against bacteria as assessed by well diffusion method. Results:When tested against both (Staphylococcus aureus) and (Salmonella typhi) bacteria, the ethanolic extract of Volkameria inermis demonstrated a notable antibacterial effect at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, which resulted in more inhibition zones than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study demonstrated that the Volkameria inermisplant outperformed the drug ciprofloxacin in its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureusand Salmonella typhi

Objective: Angiogenesis is the biological process that creates new capillary blood vessels from existing ones. This process is a big part of how tumors grow, spread, and spread to other parts of the body. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities of different extracts of Juglans regia L. green husk and to explore their potential therapeutic relevance. Methods: The rat aortic ring angiogenesis experiment used albino male rats that were twelve to fourteen weeks old. The ethanolic extract of Juglans regia L. was prepared and solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to form a stock solution. The rat aortic ring assay was employed ex vivo to evaluate the anti-angiogenic characteristics of the plant extract. Results: The aqueous extract showed the highest extraction yield (4.46%), followed by the ethanolic (2.15%) and chloroform extracts (1.9%). In the rat aortic ring assay, the ethanolic extract demonstrated the strongest anti-angiogenic activity (52.92% inhibition), followed by the aqueous (32.90%) and chloroform extracts (30.98%) compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). In the CAM assay, the ethanolic extract significantly reduced vascular density, producing approximately 65.4% inhibition of angiogenesis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ethanolic extract exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, with a maximum scavenging activity of 83.7% at 100 μg/mL and an IC₅₀ value of approximately 23.3 μg/mL. Conclusions: Juglans regia L. may represent a potential natural source of anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activity for the management of angiogenesis-related disorders.

Objective: This study seeks to examine the anti-angiogenic characteristics of Aristolochia maurorum seed extract through various methodologies, including the extraction process, rat aortic ring assay, chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, and DPPH assay for antioxidant assessment. Methods: We used Soxhlet extraction with chloroform, ethanol, and distilled water to get the seed extract of Aristolochia maurorum. The rat aortic ring assay was used to find the extract that had these effects on stopping neovascularization. The RAR results showed that the ethanol extract had the strongest effect, so it was selected for further testing using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to confirm its anti-angiogenic properties in a more complex biological model. The DPPH experiment was done to see how well the ethanol extract worked as an antioxidant. Results: The screening through the rat aortic ring assay revealed that the ethanol extract of Aristolochia maurorum shows significant inhibition of blood vessels growth. This was followed by confirmation in (CAM) assay, where the ethanol extract continued to show significant inhibition of new blood vessel formation. Furthermore, the ethanol extract demonstrated antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, confirming its additional therapeutic potential. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of Aristolochia maurorum exhibits potent anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties. These findings suggest its potential for therapeutic applications in diseases associated with abnormal blood vessel growth, such as cancer and chronic inflammation.

Objective: Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor growth and progression, and thus it represents a promising therapeutic target. Lawsonia inermis (henna) is a widely-used traditional medicine with different biological applications, and its bioactive components, especially lawsone, showed anticancer activity. The objective of this research was to measure the anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties of Lawsonia inermis leaf ethanolic extract in ex vivo and in vivo systems. Methods: Soxhlet was used to prepare the ethanolic extract of the Lawsonia inermis leaf. The ex vivo rat aorta ring assay was used to test the anti-angiogenic activity at the concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 μg/mL. The in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was employed to confirm the anti-angiogenic effect at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity with a concentration range of 3.125 to 100 μg/mL. Results: The ethanolic extract demonstrated high anti-angiogenic activity in the rat aorta ring with 65.82% inhibition at 100 μg/mL and dose-dependent inhibition with an IC 50 of 54.2 μg/mL. In the CAM assay, acetylsalicylic acid (positive control) resulted in complete suppression of vascularization, validating the assay system. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent radical scavenging ability of DPPH radical with an IC 50 value of 0.05 μg/mL. Conclusions: Lawsonia inermis ethanolic extract has strong anti-angiogenic and antioxidant properties, which implies its possible application as a treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders, such as cancer. The anti-angiogenic effect was confirmed in both ex vivo and in vivo models.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential in food generation and the maintenance of good health. There is a growing interest in these species in order to learn more about the many health advantages they may provide. LAB's activities are dependent on the number of bacteria present in the gastrointestinal system and their species and strain specific. Chemical preservatives and processed meals are causing a lot of anxiety among consumers. Products containing or treated with LAB, on the other hand, are widely acknowledged as a normal approach to keep food and enhance health. The current publication intended to summarize the research on the function of probiotic LAB in food preservation, gastrointestinal immunomodulation, and health benefits. In food science and associated researches, the identification and categorization of helpful bacteria is critical. Traditional phenotypic techniques have several drawbacks, including the possibility of misidentification of a target, which limits their use. Genotyping techniques have a larger chance of succeeding, and they are commonly employed to differentiate microorganisms. The techniques used to genotype lactic acid bacteria (LAB) varies somewhat from each other, and each instrument has a set of benefits and drawbacks. This reviewing study covers different fingerprinting approaches used to identify and characterize LAB at the species, sub-species, and strain levels. The majority of such methods rely on restriction digestion, polymerase chain reaction amplification, as well as sequencing. Concerning cost, technique, and throughput DNA sequencing technologies have advanced significantly in recent years. A worldwide research effort is underway to produce enhanced versions of broadly usable and commercially feasible fingerprinting analysis technologies.

With the increasing applications of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment and medical delivery, it has become necessary to study the biological effects of gold nanoparticles. The study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of gold nanoparticles against the cancer cell. Gold nanoparticles were characterized using several analytical techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM).. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of high purity quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 38 to 59 nm. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AuNPs was investigated using the Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines at six different concentrations. The results indicated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of gold nanoparticles on both cancer cell lines, with a high cytotoxic activity observed against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The results of this study indicate the potential use of gold nanoparticles against various types of cancer cell lines, as well as in treating cancerous diseases with in vivo cells.

Objective: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, a basic and tightly controlled biological process. Angiogenesis is essential for tissue regeneration, wound healing, and embryonic development under normal physiological conditions. However, under pathological conditions, dysregulated angiogenesis contributes to several diseases, including cancer, making it an important therapeutic target.
Accordingly, natural products, including Capparis spinosa L. have attracted considerable attention as promising anti-angiogenic agents. C. spinosa is rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds that have been reported to possess anti-angiogenic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities of Capparis spinosa leaf extracts using complementary ex vivo and in vivo models.
Methods: The rat aortic ring anti-angiogenes15 assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University.
Results: The ethanolic extract demonstrated significant inhibition of microvessel outgrowth in the rat aortic ring assay, with an ICso value of 16.2 ug mL and reduced neovascularisation 1n the CAM model, with an mhibition zone of 1241.83 mm. The extract also exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay.
Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of Capparis spinosa L. exhibits significant anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities and represents a promising natural source of compounds capable of modulating angiogenesis and oxidative stress, supporting its potential therapeutic applications.

Objective : To find the potential anti–angiogenic and antioxidant effect of Anabasis setifera extracts.
Methods: . The rat aortic ring anti-angiogenesis assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology, College of pharmacy, Al-Nahrain University.
Results: The aqueous extract of Anabasis setifera demonstrated significant inhibition of microvessel outgrowth in the rat aortic ring assay by 71% , with 86.5% reduction of blood vessels growth In the CAM model, treatment resulted in a marked reduction in neovascularization compared with the control group. The extract also exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in the (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay.
Conclusions: The water extract of Anabasis setifera . exhibits significant anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities and may represent a promising natural source angiogenesis agents .

Objective: Histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC-2) has emerged as an important molecular target in cancer therapy because of its role in gene silencing, regulation of the cell cycle, and resistance to apoptosis in several cancer types. In the present study, a series of novel 4-aminoantipyrine-based derivatives incorporating semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, and hydroxylamine pharmacophoric groups were rationally designed and evaluated for their potential HDAC-2 inhibitory activity using in silico approaches. Methods: The binding affinity of the newly designed compounds toward the HDAC-2 enzyme and their interactions within the catalytic pocket were investigated using molecular docking analysis. The three-dimensional structure of HDAC-2 (PDB ID: 4LXZ) was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank and prepared for docking studies. Results: Docking indicated that ligand stability within the enzyme active site was mainly achieved through coordination with the catalytic zinc ion, in addition to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with essential amino acid residues located in the HDAC-2 catalytic domain. The reference inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) was used as a standard compound and produced a docking score of −5.445 kcal/mol. Among the designed compounds, Compound Ia exhibited the most favorable binding energy with a calculated ΔG of −9.711 kcal/mol. In addition, Compound IIe and Compound Ib demonstrated promising docking scores of −8.285 and −8.147 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using the QikProp module, revealing that most designed compounds exhibited acceptable drug-likeness according to Lipinski’s Rule of Five. These computational findings suggest that the designed derivatives may represent promising candidates as HDAC-2 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity.

Objective: Examine how transdermal drug delivery systems can yield advantages over conventional methods, especially in terms of maximizing efficacy while reducing toxicity and by-passing hepatic metabolism. The study also aims to review ethosomal systems as a novel nano carrier for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Methods: A comprehensive review of transdermal drug delivery systems with an accent on ethosomes. Three types of ethosomal systems were studied based on their composition, which are transethosomes, binary ethosomes, and classical ethosomes. These methods were explored to determine how the differences in preparation techniques and formulation methods influenced system properties including vesicle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, skin penetration and stability. Results: Ethosomes are emerging as potent transdermal drug carriers. They can encompass drugs with a broad diversity of physicochemical properties, and due to their high ethanol levels, ethanol has been used to increase thepenetration of the drug molecules by disrupting the lipid structure of the stratum corneum. (Due to the deeper skin layers may include the subcutaneous layer but the target for transdermal drug delivery that the drug systemically absorbed before reaching to this layer). The variations in composition and preparation techniques impacted key parameters such as particle size, entrapment efficiency, and stability. Transethosomes and binary ethosomes exhibited better flexibility and permeation than conventional ethosomes. Conclusions: Ethosomal systems have better drug penetration, lower toxicity, and higher therapeutic efficacy. This makes them a promising new way to give drugs through the skin. The performance of formulation ingredients and preparation methods has a big effect on how well they work. More research and improvements to these systems could make them more useful in medicine and pharmacology.

The quality control of chlorphenamine maleate (CPM) and paracetamol (PCM) in pharmaceutical preparations needs a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective analytical technique. The study aimed to develop and optimize a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination and separation of these two frequently utilized pharmaceuticals. To do chromatographic separation on a C18 column (250x4.6 mm, 5mm), an isocratic mobile phase of phosphate buffer (pH 6), water, acetonitrile, and ethanol (70:15:15 v/v) was used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, with justification in terms of λmax and sensitivity. Even though chlorpheniramine maleate and paracetamol had absorption maxima of 262 nm and 249 nm respectively, 228 nm was chosen as a compromise wavelength since it gave both analytes good absorbance and good detector response since it has good absorbance and good response characteristics of a stable baseline. The procedure was confirmed with pure substances as well as pharmaceutical preparations using standard guidelines, which evaluated linearity, accuracy, detection limit (LOD), and quantification limit (LOQ). The process had the capability of separating CPM and PCM with a 3.2 min retention time and 5.3 min retention time respectively and analysis time was below 10 minutes. The procedure exhibited a good linearity in the concentration ranges of 10-120 μg/mL of CPM (R2=1) and 10-110 μg/mL of PCM (R2=0.9999). It showed high accuracy and reliability. The LOD was 0.06 μg/mL for CPM and 0.27 μg/mL for PCM, while the LOQ was 0.18 μg/mL for CPM and 0.82 μg/mL for PCM. The developed HPLC method is rapid, sensitive, precise, and economical. It is therefore suitable for routine quality control analysis and for the simultaneous quantification of chlorphenamine maleate and paracetamol in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and specific anticancer effects of a novel 5- bromo-indole-derived carbothioamide (BTIC) on several malignant and non-cancerous cell lines.
Methods: After a 48-hour treatment, BTIC's antiproliferative effectiveness against human breast cancer (MCF- 7), lung cancer (A549), & normal endothelium (HUVEC) cell lines was evaluated using the MTT assay. Data
shown as dose-response curves were subjected to nonlinear regression analysis to determine IC₅₀ values. Preferential cytotoxicity was evaluated using the selectivity index (SI).
Results: In every cell line examined, BTIC had a cytotoxic impact; furthermore, this toxicity was concentrationdependent.
This compound exhibited the most powerful activity against A549 cells (IC₅₀ = 3.5 μg/mL), followed by MCF-7 cells IC₅₀ (5.4 μg/mL), and significant cytotoxicity was recorded in HUVEC cells (IC₅₀ = 10.4 μg/mL).
A selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells was suggested by these reported SI values (2.97 and 1.93 for A549 and MCF-7, respectively).
Conclusions: BTIC was also a lead chemical with potent anticancer action against lung cancer cells in vitro, which exhibited high specificity. Therapeutic translation requires additional mechanistic and in vivo studies.