Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

This study aims to investigate the potential role of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) in
metabolic changes associated with type 2 diabetes, particularly insulin resistance and lipid disorders. The study involved analyzing 90 blood samples from patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes,
in addition to 30 samples from healthy individuals who served as a control group. The study was
conducted at Al-Hawija General Hospital in Al-Hawija District, from October to December 2024.
Laboratory tests measured a range of biochemical parameters, including fasting blood glucose
(FBG), fasting insulin, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), in addition to total cholesterol, lipids (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TG). MPO levels were also measured in all samples. The
results showed a significant increase in MPO enzyme levels in patients compared to healthy controls. This increase was accompanied by significant increases in fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR,
total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meanwhile, a decrease in HDL
levels was observed in patients.
These results support the hypothesis that MPO enzyme may contribute to the progression of
type 2 diabetes and its complications

Industrial wastewater containing dyes and toxic pollutants represents an increasing environmental challenge, necessitating the adoption of sustainable and efficient treatment technologies.
In this study, K₂Fe₄O₇, CoFe₂O₄, and g-C₃N₄ were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, in
addition to the preparation of a ternary nanocomposite CFO/KFO/g-C₃N₄. The synthesized materials were characterized using FT-IR, FE-SEM, and XRD techniques. The characterization results
confirmed the successful formation of a heterostructured composite, where CoFe₂O₄ exhibited a
spinel structure and K₂Fe₄O₇ showed a hexagonal crystalline phase, while the incorporation of
g-C₃N₄ enhanced interfacial contact and improved the effective separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The ternary CFO/KFO/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite displayed a favorable morphology
and a high surface area, which positively influenced its photocatalytic activity. Its performance
significantly surpassed that of the individual oxides in the degradation of methylene blue dye under
visible-light irradiation, achieving nearly complete degradation within 80 minutes. Moreover, the
highest photocatalytic efficiency was obtained at neutral pH, a moderate catalyst dosage, and a low
dye concentration. These findings indicate that the ternary CFO/KFO/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite is a
promising and reusable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, owing to the high crystallinity of
K₂Fe₄O₇, the enhanced visible-light response imparted by g-C₃N₄, and the magnetic recoverability
provided by CoFe₂O₄.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared as a bio-based adsorbent under mild reaction
conditions by acid hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose (MCC) using sulfuric acid. A new nanocomposite was then prepared, consisting of cellulose nanocrystals modified with trimethylpropyl ammonium, and tested as an adsorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) dye from its aqueous solution.
The properties of the prepared nanocomposite, named CNC_N, were determined using FTIR, BET,
DRX, SEM, AFM, and Zeta potential analysis. The effects of the initial dye concentration, adsorbent quantity, contact time, pH, and temperature were also studied. The removal efficiency reached
91.85% at an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L, a quantity of CNC_N of 30 mg, and a contact
time of [missing information]. After 45 minutes of contact at pH 10 and a low temperature (25°C),
the results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneously exothermic. The adsorption capacity of the modified cellulose was found to be higher than that of other adsorbents. Furthermore,
the adsorption study demonstrated that the experimental data agreed well with the Freindlich model (R² = 0.9969) compared to the Langmeier model (R² = 0.9586), indicating that adsorption occurs
on a heterogeneous surface with the potential for the formation of more than one adsorption layer.
These results suggest the promising potential of CNC-N as an adsorbent for the efficient removal
of anionic dyes from contaminated water

In this study, the melting method was used as an environmentally friendly approach to prepare Schiff
base derivatives by reacting the compound 9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine with benzaldehyde precursors and then reacting the resulting compounds with phthalic anhydride to prepare 1,3-naphthooxazepene-4,7-dione derivatives by melting without the use of a solvent. The accuracy and validity of the results
were confirmed by spectroscopic measurements such as FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H&13C-NMR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated against two species: Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli. The results showed that compound [E7] possessed significant antibacterial
activity against the tested bacteria, with a clear increase in the inhibition diameter with increasing concentration. Inhibition diameters against E. coli reached (20, 24, and 25 mm), respectively, while against
S. aureus, the inhibition diameters were (20, 26, and 26 mm). The remaining compounds showed negligible activity at the tested concentrations. When the liquid crystal phases of compounds [E8 and E12] were
studied using polarized light microscopy, compound [E8] exhibited monophase liquid crystal behavior
only during heating, with the appearance of smectoid and nematode phases, while compound [E12[ did
not show any Mesogenic behavior, and the results of the laser activity showed that the studied compounds ]E7,E9,E12] have good stability at short irradiation periods, while longer irradiation led to changes
in physical properties, indicating the effect of laser energy on the molecular structure of the compounds.

Water pollution stands as a major environmental challenge that the world is facingat
present. Dyes are one of the biggest pollutants of water due to their widespread use in
our daily lives. The development of purification methods has made adsorption one of the
most effective purification techniques. In this study, a nanocomposite of Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ was
synthesized with an alcoholic extract of wormwood using green chemistry methods. This
composite was used as an adsorbent surface to adsorb methylene blue dye, which causes
numerous harms to living organisms. The kinetics of surface adsorption with the dye were
found to be consistent with pseudo-second-order reactions and are affected by temperature, with the adsorption mechanism decreasing as the temperature increases.

This research involved the preparation of several pyrimidine precursors by reacting azo substituents with acetone to synthesize chalcones, which serve as the basis for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Sodium hydroxide was used as a catalyst, and ethanol was used as a cofactor.
The chalcones were then reacted with urea in an acidic medium using the same solvent to synthesize the pyrimidine precursors. The accuracy and validity of the results were confirmed through
physical measurements such as melting point and color, as well as spectroscopic measurements
such as FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-13C-NMR spectroscopy. These measurements demonstrated the
successful formation of the pyrimidine ring, evidenced by the disappearance of the carbonyl band
and the double bond in the chalcones and the appearance of a characteristic band and signals for
the azomethine group and other functional groups in the pyrimidine ring. The bactericidal activity
of the compounds was also evaluated against two types of bacteria: one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and the other Gram-negative (Escherichia coli). The results showed that some compounds, particularly [S6, S7], exhibited inhibition diameters superior to those of ciprofloxacin and
imikacin at the studied concentrations, with a clear increase in inhibition diameter with increasing
concentration. The remaining compounds showed negligible activity at the tested concentrations.
This is attributed to the influence of the substitutes on the structural and biological properties of
the compounds.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint
inflammation, leading to significant morbidity. Identifying reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis,
disease progression, and treatment monitoring remains an area of active research. The 14-3-3η protein has emerged as a promising biomarker for RA. Objectives: This research aims to explore the
serum levels of 14-3-3η in Iraqi patients with rheumatoid arthritis, evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic significance, and compare it with other established biomarkers in RA. Methods: This study
is a case-control investigation involving 80 participants. They were divided into 2 groups. Group
1: 20 healthy controls matched for age and sex, Group II: includes 60 patients with Rheumatoid
arthritis, is divided into 3 subgroups by assessment of disease activity in RA patients, all done by
the RA Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS 28). Serum 14-3-3η was measured for
all participants by Sandwich ELISA. Radiological examinations, in the form of plain X-rays, were
performed on all patients for the hands and feet.
Results: Serum levels of 14-3-3η were significantly higher in RA patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: 14-3-3η could be a valuable marker for the diagnosis of RA
patients, and it may have prognostic value.

This article aims to review recent advances in adrenal function testing, focusing on
how new biochemical assays, imaging techniques, and multimarket approaches improve
the diagnosis and monitoring of adrenal disorders. This highlights the importance of adrenal
function evaluation in the diagnosis of conditions such as adrenal insufficiency and Cushing’s syndrome. The article also discusses the evolution of testing methods, from clinical
observation to advanced techniques such as ACTH stimulation tests and dexamethasone
suppression tests.
Biochemical markers and imaging techniques diagnostic accuracy, whereas emerging
technologies such as genomics and machine learning contribute to personalized testing.
Despite progress, challenges remain in standardizing reference ranges and improving assay
precision. The goal of this research is to increase the accuracy of adrenal function tests and
make them more accessible and precise worldwide, with a focus on new technologies and
ongoing challenges in the field.

stract :
Viruses are the primary pathogenic agents responsible for severe illnesses in humans
and other organisms. Antiviral drugs as a therapeutic class have attracted significant attention from the global public. It is essential to establish accurate and precise analytical
techniques for detecting antiviral drugs in different matrices. Chromatographic methods
are commonly employed for quantification purposes due to their ability to simultaneously
determine antiviral compounds, including Acyclovir, Amantadine, Emtricitabine, and Oseltamivir. Significant focus has been directed toward the specific elements of chromatographic assays essential for ensuring the selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision
of the various methods. This review discusses analytical methods during the period from
2013 to 2025, including a variety of chromatographic techniques. HPLC with UV detection was found the favored method for many researchers, with methods developed using
LC-UV.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), affecting 537 million adults worldwide, drives demand for effective therapeutics
like empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor renowned for its cardiorenal protective benefits.
However, prevailing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for its quantification impose substantial
costs and generate excessive hazardous waste, limiting accessibility in resource-constrained settings.
This study developed and validated a sensitive spectrophotometric method for empagliflozin determination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices (plasma and urine). Employing a diazotization-coupling reaction with
metoclopramide as the diazotizable reagent—optimized via Central Composite Design—the protocol yields an orange azo
dye complex with maximum absorbance at 455 nm. Comprehensive validation adhered to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines, encompassing multi-matrix assessment and interferent testing against commonly co-prescribed ACE inhibitors (lisinopril,
enalapril, ramipril).
The method exhibited excellent linearity (R2=0.9994; 0.5–60 µM), with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification
(LOQ) of 0.15 µM and 0.45 µM, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD <1.65%) and accuracy (plasma recoveries: 98.5–101.2%; urine: 97.2–102.1%) satisfied ICH criteria. Structural confirmation via FT-IR and ¹H-NMR verified
ortho-coupling. No interference arose from tested ACE inhibitors, and Bland-Altman analysis against reference HPLC
confirmed method equivalence (mean difference = 0.07 µM; ICC = 0.95).
This spectrophotometric approach offers a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative to chromatography, with proven clinical utility for therapeutic drug monitoring in low-resource environments

In this research, the creation, characterization via spectroscopy and thermal methods as well as the electrochemical testing of the lanthanide-polyiodide compounds that were synthesized with the purpose of probing
the structure-property relationships responsible for iodine speciation and redox behaviour have been disclosed.
The solid samples were fabricated in a manner that ensured a controlled templating process by utilizing the
coordination centers of the lanthanides(III) and the donor frameworks with their coordinating properties. The
analysis of the structure by EXAFS/XRD reveals that the coordination numbers for the lanthanides are approximately eight and the distances of the Lanthanide-O bonds are between 2.35 and 2.45 Å. Spectroscopic
characterization (Raman, FT-IR, UV–Vis and time-resolved luminescence) has shown the presence of wide
bands of charge-transfer corresponding to polyiodide groups (λ max ≈ 330–410 nm) along with the sharp lanthanide 4f-4f transitions; the luminescence lifetime measured for representative ions was 0.72 ms (Eu), 0.18
ms (Nd) and 0.095 ms (Dy), which is in agreement with the ligand-field and vibronic quenching effects. The
thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) showed that there were several steps in the mass losses (the first about 45-100 °C;
the largest one 200-350 °C) and by 700 °C only inorganic matter was left. The electrochemical tests (CV, EIS,
galvanostatic) indicated that the iodine is actively involved in the redox process (I⁻ ↔ I₃⁻ ↔ I₂) as evidenced
by quasi-reversible voltammetry (Epa ≈ 0.31–0.36 V; Epc ≈ 0.19–0.21 V vs Ag/AgCl; ΔEp = 120–160 mV)
and also the Rct values were sample-dependent with a range of 220–480 Ω. The drawn correlations imply that
the coordination geometries of the host, the hydrogen-bonding patterns and the channel designs determine the
topology of polyiodides, their thermal stability and redox kinetics. The outcomes give us the direction of the
required properties when it comes to the shaping of materials based on lanthanide-templated polyiodide for
electrochemical applications and also point out the methods that can be used to reach the objectives—operando
spectroscopies, conductive host integration and atomic modeling

Chitin of arthropod exoskeletons is the most abundant biopolymer found after
cellulose. Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin by strong alkaline treatments. Nano-chitosan (NC) offers enhanced physicochemical properties compared to its bulk counterpart due to its
high surface area-to-volume ratio, improved solubility, and ability to interact more effectively with
biological systems
Material and methods: Chitosan was prepared in three steps: demineralisation, deproteination,
and deamination in strong alkali media. Nano-chitosan (NC) was prepared using 1% acetic acid,
with a solution of tripolyphosphate added dropwise under magnetic stirring at room temperature, at
a 2.5:1 (v/v) ratio, of TPP vs chitosan. The result of the participant was dried for 24h at 60 °C.
Results: A 8.3 gram of chitosan was prepared from 50 gram of exoskeleton. 93% of chitosan
was converted to NC, The UV-Vis spectra of NCs observed at 228 nm. The XRD analysis exhibits
broad pick at 2Ɵ = 28.2, and 21.8 with d-spacing 3.1 ˚A, and 3.9 ˚A. The morphology has exhibited
the spherical shape of nano-chitosan with root mean square 19.5 nm.
Conclusion: Each 50 grams of crude exoskeleton produces 8.3g of chitosan (16.3% yield). 93%
of chitosan was converted to nano-chitosan without using any dispersing agent, which requires a
further filtration step

The article investigate the role of sulfamethoxazole in relieving and alleviating dental pain
and discusses its broader implications in clinical practice. Sulfonamide antibiotic functions
by inhibiting folic acid synthesis in the bacteria, which is paramount for DNA replication and
cell viability. This characteristic goes a long way in supporting its efficacy against infections
by different species of bacteria In dentistry, the scope of its application includes treating
odontogenic infections, prophylactic measures during oral procedures, and management of
systemic complications arising from dental disease .Its dual activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria makes it an important alternative, particularly in cases of
resistance to conventional antibiotics. This study highlights the role of sulfamethoxazole in
treating dental pain. The active ingredient in the drug, with its unique chemical structure,
exerts a therapeutic effect on improving dental health. This study provides an overview of the
drug’s pharmacological properties, therapeutic application, and clinical outcomes, reinforcing the continued importance of sulfamethoxazole in modern dental practice.

Pyrazole derivatives are among the most important heterocyclic compounds due to
their wide range of pharmacological and biological applications. Numerous recent studies
have demonstrated that the incorporation of the pyrazole ring with other heterocyclic systems such as thiazole, imidazole, triazole, and pyrimidine leads to compounds exhibiting
high efficacy against various types of bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells. Several newly synthesized metal complexes, azo, and pyrazoline derivatives have shown strong antibacterial
and antifungal activities, in addition to antimalarial and anticancer effects particularly iron
and cobalt complexes, which exhibited promising cytotoxic properties.Moreover, molecular docking and computational studies revealed that some of these derivatives possess
good compatibility with biological receptors and exhibit acceptable pharmacokinetic and
drug-like properties. In addition, certain derivatives demonstrated multitarget potential as
antioxidants and as antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer, and anti-arthritic agents, making them
strong candidates for the development of multifunctional drugs. These findings confirm
that the development of pyrazole derivatives remains a promising field for discovering new
drugs with high efficacy and reduced side effects .

A simple and sensitive colorimetric method was developed for the indirect determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the oxidation
of amoxicillin by potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), where the excess oxidizing agent reacts with methyl red dye, leading to an increase in its light absorption with increasing drug
concentration. The unoxidized dye showed maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 516
nm in an acidic medium. The optimal reaction conditions were established in terms of oxidation time, temperature, and the concentrations of oxidant, dye, and acid. The method’s
linearity was up to 1–35 µg/mL with an R² = 0.9997, a molar absorptivity of 26272.26 L/
mol
·cm, and a Sandell’s sensitivity of 0.0139 µg/cm². The limits of detection and quantification were 0.0245 µg/mL and 0.0743 µg/mL, respectively. The method also showed good
recovery values (97.20–103.09%) and low relative standard deviation (%RSD 1.5%),
confirming its accuracy and sensitivity. It was successfully applied for the determination
of AMX in pharmaceutical formulations.

In this study, the compound 4,4’,4’’-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline was used
as the core material for Schiff base preparation using a modern and environmentally
friendly microwave irradiation method. This compound was reacted with benzaldehyde
derivatives to obtain a tertiary Schiff base, which was subsequently reacted with the
amino acid alanine to form several imidazole-derived cyclic compounds. This method
proved to be highly efficient and environmentally friendly, yielding good product quality
with short reaction times. The validity and accuracy of the results were confirmed using
spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H, 13C-NMR), which showed the disappearance of the
characteristic azomethine (C=N) group of Schiff bases and the appearance of characteristic imidazole ring groups. The pharmacological efficacy of the prepared compounds
was also evaluated against two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus. The results showed that compound [E1] possessed the highest inhibitory activity
against both types, with the diameter of the inhibition zone reaching approximately 3.0
cm for Gram-negative bacteria and 3.1 cm for Gram-positive bacteria. This high activity
may be attributed to the presence of a high molecular weight bromine substitute, which
improved membrane permeability in the bacteria.

This research aims to investigate the kinetics of the photodegradation of paracetamol using a nanophotocatalyst composed of silver oxide hybridized with polyaniline. The variation in absorbance at a wavelength of 243 nm was monitored using a
UV–Vis spectrophotometer to determine the reaction behavior and establish its order.
The results revealed that the reaction follows a pseudo–first-order kinetic model, as
evidenced by the linear relationship between (ln At/A₀) and time (t), with a correlation
coefficient of R² = 0.98. This indicates good agreement between the experimental data
and the first-order kinetic model. These findings highlight the importance of kinetic
studies in evaluating the efficiency of nanocatalysts employed for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from water.

In the current study, the chemical composition of sand and cement was examined in relation to
the plasticiser admixture for concrete. Three types of sand and cement were used, on which additives from different origins would be dosed and incorporated into various mortars for evaluation.
This study used three additive technologies to determine the admixture quality. The Methylene
blue value (MBV) test was performed on five sand samples, and the influence of temperature and
rheological parameters was also tested for the selected cement and sand samples. From the results,
it was identified that the Concrete and River sands are those with the highest clay content since
they have a methylene blue value (MBV) of 10.00 mg/g and 8.50 mg/g, respectively; the mortars
designed with coarser sands obtained more excellent resistance, both at 7 and 28 days, regardless
of the type of cement and additive.
The Coarse and Utility sands present an MBV of 7.75 mg/g and 7.50 mg/g, respectively, which
could also be considered within the range of the maximum permitted limit. When it was observed
in the rheological investigations, the ambient temperature can easily vary from 5ºC to 30°C without
causing apparent changes in the behaviour of the mortars. The investigated cement had a C3A content that varied between 1.5 and 12.6 and a soluble alkali content between 0.48 and 1.44. The influence of these two parameters can only be compared with different cements or simulated by adding
similar materials. It can be concluded that when the sand is very fine (its particles almost reaching
the limit size, close to that of clays), it has a larger surface area and can more easily attract the
particles to the additive, generating a sand-additive interaction (which does not improve plasticity);
avoiding the cement-additive interaction, which will subsequently decrease the plasticity of the
mortar since it is precisely this interaction that generates the increase in fluidity and workability

A new sensitive method was developed for the determination of carbamazepine using an organic reagent, and this method showed good and rapid results.
Carbamazepine and the organic reagent (hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) react
in an acidic medium at laboratory temperature ., resulting in a yellow compound.
Maximum absorbance was observed at a wavelength of 450 nm using vanillin as
a reagent . It was Obeyed Beer’s law (linear concentration) in the range of (5-60)
µg/mL, while the molar absorptivity was (4229.22) L/mol.cm, the detection limit
was (1.54) µg/mL, and the quantitation limit was (4.67) µg/mL. Thus, the method
was effective for the spectrophotometric estimation of carbamazepine in its pure
form and in its pharmaceutical preparation.