Dijlah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Plants respond to localized attacks by herbivores or various pathogens by producing compounds
that reduce or prevent further damage by these threats and the spread of infection. These responses
occur both at the site of the initial attack (local response) and in distant, unaffected parts of the plant
(systemic response). Systemic resistance is classified into two types: Induced Systemic Resistance
(ISR), which is activated in plants through inoculation with beneficial soil-dwelling microorganisms
or their plant growth-regulating metabolites, including Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and
Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF), in addition to certain synthetic or biogenic chemical
compounds. This type of resistance relies on the jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling
pathways and typically leads to the production of non-specific defense proteins.
The other type is Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), which is triggered following pathogen
infection. SAR provides protection not only against the current infection but also against future attacks.
It is mediated through the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway and results in the accumulation of
specialized proteins that act against a broad spectrum of pathogens .
This study aims to elucidate the different types of systemic resistance and their critical role in protecting
plants from various diseases, with particular emphasis on the importance of hormone-mediated
signaling pathways.

The Internet of Things (IoT) expression refers to leveraging network connectivity and computing
power to extend to objects, sensors, and everyday items not typically considered computers, allows to
generate, exchange, and consume data with minimal human intervention. The most important feature of
the Internet of Things is that connected devices get dynamic sensing and real-time response capabilities.
This study highlights the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in scientific research and
agricultural work, where climate, laboratory, agricultural production, and scientific research data are
received directly, instantly, and electronically documented. By this technology, improve the efficiency
of the management of irrigation equipment, enhance laboratory workflows and ensure that equipment
works smoothly under reliable and safe conditions, control and watch the environment of greenhouse and
animal farming remotely, and ultimately enhance reliability and improve yields and profits.

The purpose of this research is to identifying the level of application of management by objective
in agricultural extension services in Sulaimani Governorate, as well as to arrangement of the main
fields of application of management by objective, and determine the correlation between of the
application of management by objective and a group of independent variables. The research population
comprised all agricultural extension personnel employed at the extension centers within Sulaymani
Governorate, totaling 94 workers in agricultural extension. The research results showed that the
application of management by objectives is medium level, additionally, the results of the research
revealed that Sustainable Development field was the highest-ranked discipline when compared to other
fields. It also findings indicated a significant correlation between the application of management by
objectives and certain research variables, specifically (organizational culture, motivation to work, and
leadership style), However, no correlation was identified concerning other variables, such as (Age,
Academic attainment, Academic specialization, Work position, Duration of agricultural extension
service, training program and Desire and openness to change) Therefore, researchers recommend to
Developing the capabilities of extension leaders in management by objectives by organizing training
programs specifically for extension center managers on the concepts of planning by objectives, interim
evaluation, and results-based motivation.

The research aimed to identify the level of farmer's use of information and communication
technology in agricultural marketing in plain of Shahrazur- Sulaimani Governorate, additionally
arrangement of the main fields of marketing for use information and communication technology, as
well as determining the correlation of the use information and communication technology in the
agricultural marketing with the independent variables. The data were collected using a questionnaire
and using a personal interview method from a simple random sample of 305 farmers, who represent
23% of the size of the research population. The results of the research fiend that the level of use
information and communication technology in agricultural marketing for farmers was low, also to
arranging the fields (Buying, Transportation, Storage, and Selling) of marketing the result fiend that
transportation ranked first in all fields , while storage got the last of ranking ,and that there is a
significant correlation between the level of information and communication technology use and each
of the following variables: (Age, Education level, Duration of agricultural service, Farmers' attitudes
to agricultural technology, Information sources, Openness to change, Hours of using technology), while
there is no significant correlation between the level of information and communication technology use
and each of the variables (Farm size, Type of farm ownership, Training courses). Therefore, the
researchers recommended intensifying specialized training courses and awareness campaigns on the
use of information and communications technology when preparing a future extension plan in this field .

In order to know the effect of irrigation with wastewater on some chemical properties of soil and availability
of macronutrients NPK, a pot experiment was conducted in one of fields affiliated with Karbala Governorate
sewage station using soil with a silty loam texture. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with two
types of irrigation water (wastewater and tap water) and six replicates. Zeya maize seeds of Sumer variety were
planted on 1/9/2024. Experiment continued until the male inflorescences appeared on 3/12/2024. Plant and soil
samples were taken after the experiment ended. Results showed the following: Soil reaction, electrical
conductivity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and Sodium adsorption rate increased in soil irrigated
with wastewater compared to soil irrigated with tap water. They were 6.80, 7.58 dS m-1, 18.13 g kg-1, 13.15
C.mol kg-1, and 1.286 (mmol L-1) ½, respectively. Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in
soil increased as a result of irrigation with wastewater, reaching 10.70, 22.10, and 98.00 mg kg-1, respectively.

In order to improve the qualitative and sensory characteristics of the ice cream product, the
percentages of the main chemical components of the product were determined, which included
moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates and total solids, which amounted to 65, 5, 16, 20 and 40%,
respectively. Different concentrations of pistachios (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) were added to the main
ingredients of the ice cream. Adding peanuts to ice cream at a rate of T4 (30%) showed a high rating
in Color and texture and flavor were 6, 7.5 and 7.5 point respectively compared to other treatments.
The viscosity of the product decreased with increasing peanuts. The best sample was the one with 30%
pistachio added to it. However, in the 40% and 50% treatments, the product was very dense and
resembled dough. 30% Peanut ratio: This ratio emerged as the best, balancing both physical and sensory
properties effectively. In conclusion, the study highlights that a 30% Peanut addition provides the
optimal balance for ice cream, maintaining desirable sensory characteristics while offering potential
health benefits.

his study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture,
University of Basrah, during the 2024–2025 academic year. The objective was to document the types
of pollinator insects visiting the flowers of different faba bean cultivars, which belong to various insect
orders.
The results showed that Syrphid flies recorded the highest visitation rate (41.6 visits), significantly
surpassing other pollinator species. Among the cultivars, the New Zealand cultivar exhibited the
highest average number of visits (34.4 visits).
Regarding the interaction between insect species and cultivars, the Mahali cultivar recorded the highest
number of visits by Syrphid flies, reaching 50.1 visits per five minutes. The results also revealed
differences in residence time of pollinators on the flowers. Apis mellifera (honeybee) ranked first with
an average of 11.4 seconds, whereas Syrphid flies had the shortest duration, averaging 5.8 seconds.
When analyzing the interaction between cultivar and insect species, Apis mellifera showed the longest
residence time on the Veto cultivar (14.4 seconds), while Syrphid flies had the shortest time on the
Mahali cultivar (4.8 seconds).
As for the number of transitions between flowers, Syrphid flies again led with an average of 6.1
transitions, compared to only 2.6 for honeybees. The Mahali cultivar recorded the highest overall
transition rate (6.2 transitions), while the New Zealand cultivar had the lowest (2.8 transitions). In terms
of the interaction between cultivar and insect species in transitions, Syrphid flies achieved the highest
rate on the Mahali cultivar (8.7 transitions), whereas the lowest rate was observed for honeybees on the
New Zealand cultivar (1.8 transitions).
These findings indicate that pollinator behavior—including visitation frequency, residence time, and
transition rate—is influenced by their nectar and pollen needs, which vary among cultivars due to
physiological differences. This highlights the importance of selecting cultivars that are well-adapted to
local environmental conditions, promoting beekeeping, and reducing pesticide use to sustain pollinator
populations and enhance the productivity of crops that depend on them.

This study was conducted in the northern part of Dhi Qar Governorate, covering the areas of Al-
Rifai and Al-Qalat Sukkar, with the aim of evaluating the agricultural fertility of their soils and their
suitability for cultivating wheat (Ibaa 99 variety) during the winter season of 2024, using Geographic
Information Systems (GIS).
Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–30 cm prior to planting and subjected to physical and
chemical analyses to determine key fertility parameters, including: pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
soil texture, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium carbonate content,
exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and the concentrations of N, P, and K.
The standard multiplication method was used to estimate fertility ratings, and fertility maps were
generated for each area using ArcGIS Pro. Soil fertility levels were also correlated with wheat
productivity and physiological traits, which were measured during the flowering stage. These traits
included plant height, leaf area, biological yield, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index.
The results showed that Al-Rifai outperformed Al-Qalat Sukkar in terms of soil fertility and recorded
higher values in all studied plant parameters. Nitrogen concentrations ranged between 24.1 and 44.4
mg/kg, phosphorus between 10.9 and 20.5 mg/kg, and potassium between 100 and 204 mg/kg.
The findings of this study indicate that variations in soil fertility between locations had a direct impact
on wheat productivity. The study recommends the use of GIS technologies as an effective tool for
agricultural decision-making and for determining optimal fertilizer recommendations.

The research includes for the assessment of ligands as raw materials and in pharmaceutical
preparations, the research entails the development of a sensitive, cost-effective, and specific
spectroscopic analytical approach. The suggested technique uses a nucleophilic substitution
mechanism to create an orange-red complex that exhibits distinctive absorbance at 450 nm. The optimal
experimental conditions for the reaction were studied, with the best conditions being the use of 1.4 ml
of reagent at a concentration of 2.2% w/v, in the presence of methanol as a solvent, and heating to 90°C
in a water bath for 22 minutes. The stability of the product and the ratio of the reactants involved in its
formation were also studied, according to the Job method and the molar ratio method. The results
showed that the resulting complex was stable for up to two hours, and that the reaction ratio was one
to one for each reagent. The analytical method was evaluated according to ICH rules under optimum
reaction conditions. Lambert-Beer's law was applied within concentrations (30-110 M) with a
correlation coefficient of R=0.99 and recovery values ranging from 99.39-99.59%. The method was
successfully used to determine the ligand in tablets, as no obstruction was observed from the excipients
included in the composition of these preparations or metformin in the participating pharmaceutical
forms. It was found that there were no statistically significant differences when comparing the results
with the results of the assay by HPLC and UV-vis absorption methods in terms of t-test and F-test. The
finding results of the docked compound Gliclazide with binding affinity – 7.7 kcal/mol, the results
show us the compound's ability to inhibit the enzyme UNC, which promises to inhibit and treat
inflammation in the udder of cows, thus achieving the highest possible levels of milk production.

The labor market determines the type of skills required of agricultural college students. They
must be prepared to meet the comprehensive educational requirements with skills and a comprehensive
understanding of agricultural work, including a broad understanding of design theory through the
application of course material, not just the study of it. Therefore, appropriate flexibility must exist
between agricultural education and the curriculum to ensure that the academic plan achieves the desired
change. Public schools have worked to develop agricultural education in various classrooms. The
primary goal of education was more precisely defined, focusing on various aspects of agricultural
production and advanced agricultural mechanization. This change was intended to adapt to the rapid
change in the contemporary world. Curricula became more adaptable, including the teaching of fields
indirectly related to agriculture, curriculum integration and coordination across post-secondary
institutions, advances in information technology, and the constant pursuit of high academic
achievement. The emergence and spread of online education are a significant development since the
invention of writing. Undoubtedly, online education has been criticized for the failure of educational
policies and strategies in many countries to keep pace with the widespread use of information
technology.

he objective of this study was for selecting the optimal nozzle type for the application of
pesticides within greenhouse environments. This experiment was implemented on winter season
tomato crop planted inside a greenhouse facility affiliated with the College of Agricultural Engineering
Sciences (Baghdad University, Aljadiryah campus). Two nozzles were used APS80R 03C and AP120
03C and both were tested at 2 pressures (3.5 – 5 bar) and two operational speeds (1.54 – 2 km/hr)
during the spraying operations. The results proved the AP120 03C nozzle took the first place, which
could most probably be related to the lowest droplet size and droplet rate showed in the study. The
highest coverage percentage was achieved when operating at pressure levels of 3.5–5 bar and speeds
ranging between 1.54–2 km/hr. additionally, the lowest drift tendency was observed at the initial
pressure level, with a drift rate of 18.33 droplets, and at the initial speed, with a drift rate of 32 droplets
per test paper. These results highlight the effectiveness of the AP120 03C nozzle in optimizing spray
application while minimizing undesirable drift. The second pressure level 5 bar and speed2 km/hr also
influenced the number of droplets that exhibited drift tendencies from the same nozzle. For the AP120
03C nozzle, the total number of drifted droplets at the second pressure level was obtained as 50.17 and
36.50.