Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

Arab consumers are facing hundreds of different product advertisements, many of which are trying to dominate their cognizance by using themes such as sex, comfort, fantasy, beauty, and attraction on daily basis. In the last two years, the rise of artificial intelligence has further transformed the advertising landscape, enabling the rapid production and personalization of AI-generated advertisements that intensify visual appeal and promotional messaging. The aim of this study is to converge on textual-visual language of discounts and the advertising communication process through which such advertisements contents, including AI-generated ads, have become an operative and a cognitive tool to attract attention and to influence Arab purchasing behavior. The study also highlights the recent advertising contents in Arab markets and the role these play in shaping Arab consumers' awareness today. It is constructed through Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) multimodal analysis to unfold the textual-visual choices in ads. Findings show that the language of discounts have been the most influential images and texts that are mostly used as an object to upsurge effectiveness and awareness and to increase sales rate of these products and the growing integration of AI-generated advertising visuals contributes to the intensification of persuasive strategies through its automated design. Specifically, the findings reveal that discount advertisements rely heavily on visually striking elements such as typography, bright colors, numerical symbols, AI-generated imagery, and strategic image placement to highlight promotional offers and capture consumer attention.

The dialogue, which is presented in research and analysis, is one of the most interactive methods presented in the Quranic texts and has been employed in a number of them to develop evidence and proof of the oneness of the truth and to support the prophecy of His messengers. Society. Therefore, the Holy Quran gave it great importance, so that it brought it to the style of the stories of the nations, the approach of the prophets, and their tools to help spread their messages.


This modest reading does not comprehend or capture all the narratives that are listed, and they distance themselves from giving definitive interpretations or providing a comprehensive analysis of them. It is a simple partial study that stands at certain borders, without reaching definitive indications of the text. It aspires to address a series of dialogues in a specific Koranic context.


The research focused on the formation of the dialogue, its patterns and its significance, and the extent of its psychological effects, taking from the wall (Ibrahim, the stone and the bees) a procedural model, educationally reinforced by several dialogue images, explaining the concepts that the recipient is ignorant of. In several images, they have misguided beliefs and ideas, to refute the argument by argument, to provide evidence and proof, to break the argument with truth, and to give the personality an area of ​​presence, to exercise its universal role as it lives the event.

This study examines the irony and tragedy of motherhood as depicted in Emecheta’s novel The Joys of Motherhood (1979). It emphasizes the central issues critiqued in Buchi Emecheta’s work, including the socio-cultural and economic challenges faced by women. These issues are identified as feminist concerns rooted in the ideological realities of African society. These ideologies shape African women within a patriarchal system, especially in colonial and post-colonial Nigeria, where the patriarchal emphasis on motherhood becomes a tool of oppression and alienation for the protagonist. Buchi Emecheta highlights the gap between cultural norms and reality by examining the traditional veneration of motherhood in Igbo society, illustrating how it leads to the exploitation and tragic fate of Nnu Ego. Using a postcolonial feminist perspective, the analysis underscores the transformation of the Ibuza concept of motherhood as it conflicts with the new, harsh capitalist economy of colonial Lagos. The study demonstrates that the novel portrays motherhood not as a constant source of joy but as a primary means of female oppression and a failed investment for women like Nnu Ego, who are left with neither personal fulfillment nor solace in old age.

Cuba is a Latin American country located in the Caribbean region. Cuba has been unique among Latin American countries in its support for the Palestinian cause. This has been evident since the decision to partition Palestine in 1947. It has continued to support Palestine, as it condemned the Zionist aggression (the setback) in June 1967, supported the permanent presence of Palestine in all its international speeches, and demanded a comprehensive withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian territories and from the occupied Syrian Golan Heights. It also confiscated the Israeli cultural center in Havana in 1972, as it was considered a headquarters for broadcasting Zionist propaganda, and converted it into the headquarters of the Arab Union in Cuba, which included all the Arab immigrant communities there.

This research scrutinizes the relation between "Muwallad" generative poetry and the disciplines of Arabic rhetoric, considering it a foundational correlation that shaped the nature of poetic language, which is substantiated in deviation (displacement), metaphor, and the expansion of semantics. The research traces the evolution of Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic era and the early Islamic period, where the association between the signifier (lafẓ) and signified (maʿnā) was organic and closely tied to reality, to the Abbasid era, which catalyzed the emergence of the poetry of the Muwalladūn. Furthermore, it highlights the role of ʿIlm al-Badīʿ (the science of rhetorical figures) in codifying the poetics of this "generative" movement and in contributing to formulating the concept of arbitrariness in Islamic heritage, a concept that later extended into modern linguistics with Ferdinand de Saussure. The study concludes by reaffirming the epistemological and cultural value of the organic bond between expression and meaning in the Arabic linguistic tradition.

The concept of necessity and co-occurrence has served as a cornerstone in Arabic logical, jurisprudential, and rhetorical scholarship—from the earliest efforts of classical Arab scholars to those of contemporary thinkers. Accordingly, the study of semantic co-occurrence in Arabic rhetoric holds great significance in investigating how this concept was perceived and developed both in classical and modern discourse. It also highlights the concept's intrinsic value within rhetorical texts and explores its potential semantic expansion beyond its original logical framework. This study, titled “Semantic Co-occurrence in Arabic Rhetoric: An Analytical Approach”, examines the interrelation of meanings in Arabic rhetoric through a descriptive-analytical methodology. The research addresses the definition of co-occurrence in both linguistic and technical terms, explores its application in the terminology of logicians and its influence on Arabic rhetoric, analyzes its use within jurisprudential contexts, and clarifies its function in rhetorical discourse. Furthermore, the study discusses two principal types of semantic co-occurrence: figurative collocations and metonymic collocations. The research concludes with a synthesis of its key findings, followed by a compilation of sources and references, and affirms the consistent application of a descriptive-analytical method aimed at unveiling the rhetorical roles and theoretical dimensions of semantic co-occurrence in Arabic eloquence.

The study aims to examine the implicit cultural structures embedded in the speeches delivered by the delegations of Al-Nu‘mān ibn al-Mundhir to Khosrow Anushirwan, the Sasanian ruler, who was surrounded by delegations from various non-Arab nations. Through this gathering, he attempted to diminish the Arabs, belittle their status, and favor other nations over them by highlighting qualities he claimed the Arabs lacked. This stance stemmed from royal pride and overt tribal partisanship. Yet his hidden structure contradicts the overt discourse and undermines it. Pride and chauvinism were only part of the motives that pushed him toward marginalizing and excluding the Arabs. The study will show additional reasons rooted in the Arabs’ position toward Khosrow and the Persians.


The cultural observer attempts to trace the fissures within the discourse by examining aesthetic–critical expressions and their contradictions within the cultural subtext. A single phrase or sentence may carry an aesthetic meaning on the surface while simultaneously allowing an opposing, hidden structure to pass beneath that surface.


The selected text is narrative. The point of focus lies in the cultural product consumed by its audience, embedded within a social system that contains deep-rooted, implicit structures often in tension with established cultural norms, given that every society possesses its own cultural reservoir.


The speeches reflect a set of implicit cultural structures underlying systems of values, customs, traditions, and ethical and civilizational norms. These include the authoritarian structure, the counter-authority structure, and the structure of blindness, in accordance with the patterns embedded within the delegation speeches.

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This study examines antithesis as a structural and semantic mechanism in the Iraqi prose poem , one that goes beyond more lexical opposition to reveal the internal confliuct within the textual structure and its relationship to a tense human reality . Antithesis reflects the contradictions of modern life and the Iraqi context marked by wars , alienation , and ruptures , thereby functioning as an aesthetic and cognitive element in shaping poetic vision . The study also highlights meaning and activating the reader , prompting an interpretive engagement through its various patterns – existential , temporal , spatial , and psychological . It demonstrates that employing antithesis endows the text with semantic density and artistic tension , enriches meaning , and opens the horizon of reading in a manner consistent with the nature of the prose poem as a poem of meaning rather than meter . consequently , antithesis is shown to be an aesthetic and cognitive strategy that transforms the text into an open dialogic space between text and reader , reinforcing the specificity of the Iraqi prose poem and affirming its effectiveness within the achievement of modern poetry

yusif alsaayigh shaeir wa'adib mueasir wyed wahdan min 'ahami alshueara' aleiraqiiyn almuhdithin aladhin 'asasau taqalid shieriatan hadathiatan wayamathil 'ahad al'aswat al'adabiat albarizat fi alshier alearabii alhadith aitasamat tajribatuh alshieriat bialeumq alfikrii walwijdani, hayth eakas min khilal nususih humum al'iinsan waqadaya almujtamaei, mstkhdmaan lughatan shieriatan raqiatan tajmae bayn aljamaliat alfaniyat waldiqat altaebiriat waqad 'azharat 'aemaluh qudratan mutamayizatan ealaa almazj bayn altaqlid walhadathati, ma 'aksabah makanatan mumayazatan dimn almashhad al'adabii alearabii wa'abraz 'atharih fi tatwir altajribat alshieriat almueasirat wakhalq fada' jamaliin jadid yataki ealaa ailtiqanat aldiramiat walmasrahia.

The term cultural references requires great awareness on the part of the recipient. In this regard, the researchers attempt to identify the closest concept to it, starting with the gradual development of this term, which is the main concern in the contemporary critical arena. The researchers attempt to focus on taking from the old schools and Arabic usage. To her and to search for its origins in heritage books to settle on a material that can be relied upon in their analysis of the poetic text, especially with our poet Ibn Hani. This paper shows Cultural references in Ibn Hani's poetry: From the point of view of researchers, this poet needs a new reading that reveals the depth of his text, investigates his awareness and words, and seeks to uncover the origins of his culture and its sources. Through our reading, we find him influenced by the school of Al-Mutanabbi, who is called the Mutanabbi of Andalusia.

The concept of the global city in late Stoic thought represents a comprehensive moral unity, where the Stoics developed this idea and transformed it into a practical philosophy guiding their daily thoughts and actions. The Stoic idea is characterized by its simplicity and brilliance, based on the principle that all humans live in one cosmic city, interconnected like an extended family, and the Stoic acts accordingly for the common good. The ambition of late Stoicism aims to confront the divisive and the Hellenistic era by adopting a universal and holistic vision where humans coexist as brothers. The Stoic perceives the entire cosmos as his city and all people as his siblings, helping the individual face life’s challenges. Modern accounts of Stoic politics have attributed to Zeno the ideal of an isolated community of sages and to later Stoics such as Seneca a cosmopolitan utopia transcending all traditional states. By returning to the Cynic background of both Zeno\'s Republic and the Cosmopolitan tradition, this paper argues that the independent tendencies that were prevalent in both suggest that the distance between the two is not as great as is often supposed. This account, it is argued, is more plausible than trying to offer a developmental explanation of the supposed transformation in Stoic political thought from isolated community to cosmopolitan utopia.

This research aims to study how contemporary prose literature represents the Morisco issue through a literary reading of selected examples of narrative and novelistic works that dealt with this tragedy in various artistic styles. The focus will be on the way in which writers reconstructed the Morisco event, and the extent to which they employed it in contemporary perceptions related to issues of identity, civilizational conflict, displacement, resistance, and belonging.

This research addresses the topic of the symbolic representations of the female body, seeking to analyze how the female body is reconstructed as a social and cultural symbol rather than merely a biological given. Different cultures project diverse systems of meaning onto the female body, associated with fertility, honor, identity, power, ideals of beauty, and mechanisms of social control. The study also illustrates how the female body is invested in rituals, myths, and religious and media discourses as a site for the reproduction of dominant values and norms. Cultural anthropology emphasizes that these representations are neither fixed nor universal, but rather historical and mutable, shaped by structural forces such as patriarchy, colonial legacies, globalization, and contemporary social transformations.

The present study aims to examine the nature of the preaching and juridical discourse in Andalusian society during the Almoravid period and to clarify its role in shaping the religious, social, and political structure of the state. This discourse served as a central instrument for guiding public behavior and reinforcing adherence to Islamic law, especially in light of the political fragmentation and social disturbances that characterized al-Andalus prior to the Almoravids’ intervention. The Almoravid rulers relied on scholars, jurists, and preachers as essential pillars that granted legitimacy to their authority, strengthening the link between religious leadership and political governance. The research traces the rhetorical methods, themes, platforms, and leading figures associated with this discourse while analyzing its impact on consolidating the Maliki Sunni identity and confronting opposing intellectual currents. The study concludes that preaching and juridical discourse were not mere religious advisory activities but rather powerful tools in the construction of a morally disciplined society, the reinforcement of political authority, and the enhancement of social cohesion, thereby enabling the Almoravids to stabilize their rule and restore balance to al-Andalus during a critical historical phase.

Through its four chapters, the study attempted to give intellectual extremism its due importance in light of the changes occurring in the vast majority of societies. Terrorist organizations have become more capable of movement and reaching individuals through optimal exploitation of social media, which is accessible to all. The intensity of extremist ideas has escalated, leading to an exacerbation of the risks of intellectual extremism. The first chapter extensively reviewed the concept of extremism and intellectual extremism from multiple perspectives, highlighting concepts that share similarities in their general content. The second chapter focused on the causes and motivations that led to the unprecedented rise in intellectual extremism and the rapid growth of terrorist organizations. This is not limited to a particular religion or ethnicity, but rather these organizations now occupy a vast space that cannot be reduced by traditional formulas. This was followed, through the third chapter, by explaining the role of the social environment and social media in this escalation and growth, which has become a threat to all societies. At the same time, we endeavored, from an anthropological perspective, to demonstrate methods. Addressing this phenomenon, which has become so widespread that it has become an existing condition, requires measures and policies commensurate with its seriousness.

The competition among European powers in the Arabian Gulf, and their attempts to impose complete hegemony over its political and tribal entities, took several forms. These ranged from direct military control to the rise of the British, Dutch, and French East India Companies, which consolidated their monopoly on trade. For decades, these companies also engaged in multifaceted activities against Arab ships, trade, and navigation in the Arabian Gulf. Consequently, the fierce competition among these companies contributed to reshaping the policies of European states in the East, India, and the Arabian Gulf in particular. Despite Britain's insistence on non-interference in the internal affairs of the Gulf sheikhdoms and emirates, limiting itself to protecting its commercial activities and securing postal routes, events proved that Britain worked to deepen tribal divisions and fuel political conflicts. It also deliberately strengthened some powers at the expense of others, its primary objective being to weaken and exhaust these powers in order to achieve its own influence and consolidate its interests. Several tribal organizations emerged on the eastern coast of the Arabian Gulf, capitalizing on the changes that swept the region following the fall of the Yarubi dynasty in Oman and the assassination of Nader Shah in Persia. The Qawasim and Bani Yas were among the most prominent of these alliances, building land and sea forces to consolidate their presence in the region. They began targeting European ships, which, in turn, sought to undermine the burgeoning commercial role of the Qawasim and other Arab powers in the Arabian Gulf. The Qawasim engaged in naval resistance against European powers, particularly the British, who refused to recognize Arab sovereignty over their territorial waters.

The present paper aims to discover and deconstruct the mathematical foundations of Plato's metaphysics, focusing on the concept of Forms as its fundamental structure. Plato found in mathematics a model of certain knowledge, capable of transcending the relativism of the Sophists and the contingency of the sensory world. At a time when opinions on ethics, justice, and truth differed and clashed, mathematical truths asserted themselves with the force of intellectual intuition and logical proof. From the outset, Plato sought to develop Pythagorean mathematics, which was not merely a science based on numbers but a geometric system that considered and proceeded from the geometric dimension of numbers as forms organized according to an eternal harmony, allowing for the understanding and preservation of existence simultaneously. This is what made mathematics for Plato more than just a foundation for science; it is a cognitive model that philosophy cannot do without in its pursuit of absolute truth.


Thus, we can say that Plato's metaphysics is—in one of its deepest dimensions—a mathematical metaphysics. This is a bold attempt to reinterpret the universe, the mind, beauty, and goodness in the language of number, form, and proportion. The world of Forms—when read in this language—is not a realm of mystery or pure mysticism, but rather a world ordered by rigorous intellectual laws, akin to an eternal geometric universe whose symbols the mind seeks to decipher and whose absolute beauty it strives to grasp.

This study attempts to answer the following question: Is the image of masculinity in sons affected by the absence of the father in the family?


Therefore, the current study aims to:


First: To reveal the stereotypical image of masculinity from the perspective of mothers who are the primary breadwinners for the family.


Second: To reveal the acceptable aspects of the stereotypical image of masculinity from the perspective of sons.


The current study relied on several theories, including:


Role Theory: This theory posits that social behavior is expected as a result of a set of agreed-upon social roles, in light of social learning theory and the modeling process.


Gender Theory: This theory distinguishes between biological sex and gender as a cultural and social construct formed through interaction.


. Bandura's Social Learning Theory: This theory suggests that observational learning can be identified by observing a model and learning new behaviors.


The second section presents analytical results from studies that addressed gender development and gender stereotypes. The third section discusses the methodology and procedures. The scale was administered to 100 divorced and widowed women with sons. This required developing a scale and determining its psychometric properties. After completing the application procedures and using appropriate statistical methods, the study concluded that female breadwinners often hold negative stereotypical masculine views. The study found that male children believe financial strength and empowerment are among the most important aspects of masculinity. Based on these findings, the study offered several suggestions and recommendations.

The study examines the concept of the patriarchal system as defined by Palestinian critic Hisham Sharabi. It also examines the origins of this system and its relationship to modernity, it’s most significant manifestations in education, culture, politics, and language, and how this system has had a significant impact on the reality of Arab societies. It also examines the underdevelopment these societies experience and how this system is at the root of the renaissance they experience.


The research aims to shed light on one of the contemporary intellectual approaches that addresses the problem of backwardness and underdevelopment in the Arab world from a perspective different from the prevailing approaches in Arab thought.

The problem of methodology in Islamic philosophical studies and Arab heritage is a fundamental problem, as it is no longer possible to define science and philosophical issues except through the methodologies on which it is based. The methodology of Islamic philosophy is a multifaceted methodology, as each work has its own field of research, and the study must take the philosopher within his environment. In light of this understanding, our research had to address first the term Islamic philosophy, then define the concept of methodology, leading to an introduction to the thinker Hassan Majid Al-Obaidi. After that, we moved on to discuss the methodology of Hassan Al-Obaidi, and the types of methodologies he used in his study of the issues he addressed in Islamic philosophy.

As a result of the disputes that Sudan experienced between the central government in Khartoum and religious minorities in the south, international church bodies were called upon to intervene, whose humanitarian activities represented a humanitarian mission. The position of the Sudanese Council of Churches during the First Civil War (1955-1972) was humanitarian and peaceful, defending the rights of southerners, with limited involvement in politics and a constant call for dialogue and peace, and rejecting violence at first. Later, it expanded into the southern region, contributing to supporting southerners in all areas. It also worked to convince them of the idea of ​​secession and the necessity of forming a state that would preserve the rights of southerners and protect their dignity, relying on a set of strategies and methods through giving the issue an international dimension, which has received widespread support and acceptance from regional and international parties. Many researchers believe that despite the humanitarian work carried out by international church organizations in assisting religious minorities in South Sudan and contributing to the revival of development in the southern region, their role serves external political objectives.

The research aims to determine the level of cognitive skills among students of the Department of Information and Knowledge Technologies and to show the relationship between cognitive and technical skills and the possibility of accessing available information. To achieve the objectives, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, using the questionnaire tool to collect data, as shown in Appendix No. (1) The study population included all students in the Department of Information and Knowledge Technology across its four stages, and the response was from 61 students. The percentage was used in analyzing the first axis of the questionnaire, which includes gender, academic level, and students' ownership of a personal computer. As for the second axis, the researcher used the arithmetic mean and percentage weight as a statistical method to analyze and interpret the results. The research axes (cognitive skills and the knowledge gap in the digital environment), which include (29) indicators, led the research to several results, including:


1-The arithmetic mean for the item related to computer usability among students of the Department of Information and Knowledge Technology, across all four levels, was (3.5246) with a percentage weight of (70.4), indicating that their level of computer use is good.


2- Students should keep up with the latest developments and participate in specialized courses that enhance their cognitive skills and bridge the knowledge gap in dealing with modern technologies and applications.


The most important recommendations were as follows:


1- Enhancing students’ software and computer skills and the use of technologies by supporting modern curricula to continuously strengthen their educational and applied aspects to keep pace with ongoing developments and changes for all educational stages.


2- Designing training and development programs and involving all professors in the department to keep up with developments in the field.

The current research aims to analyze the level of professional commitment and political bias among political analysts in Iraqi satellite channels from the perspective of media professionals working in these institutions. It seeks to identify the factors influencing the selection of analysts and to examine the impact of these factors on public awareness and trust in them. The study belongs to the category of descriptive–inferential research and adopts the explanatory survey method, which combines description and analysis to interpret the phenomenon. The research tool consisted of a questionnaire applied to a purposive sample of 122 media professionals, including program presenters, anchors, reporters, and editors in Iraqi satellite channels. The findings revealed that the policies of satellite channels clearly influence the performance and selection of political analysts and those political considerations often prevail over professional standards. Moreover, the results showed that scientific competence and academic presence of analysts occupy a secondary position. The study also concluded that weak professional commitment leads to a decline in public trust, whereas analysts with higher professionalism and commitment contribute more effectively to enhancing the political awareness of the audience.

The current research aimed to identify: the strength of wisdom and knowledge in the personality of children and adolescents according to the following variables:


A-Age (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) years. B-Gender (male, female).


To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the Personality Strengths Scale (Wisdom and Knowledge) by Park and Peterson (2017), which is based on the theory of (Seligman, 2002). Seligman and Peterson define Personality Strengths (Wisdom and Knowledge) as: Cognitive strengths that require the acquisition and use of knowledge.


The scale consisted of (24) items and five alternatives. The researcher selected a sample from the six education directorates using stratified random sampling, consisting of (240) children and adolescents. The validity of the scale was verified by extracting discrimination and the relationship of the item to the total score of the main domain and the subdomain to which it belongs. Reliability was also verified through two methods: test-retest and Cronbach's alpha. The results showed the presence of wisdom and knowledge in the personality of children and adolescents aged (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) years. This strength has a developmental path from the age of (10-17) years. There is no effect of gender on this strength in children and adolescents. In light of these results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

In this research, we will examine and clarify the nature of the reciprocal relationship and its influence between divine love and passion and the Sufi path and conduct. We will first explore divine love and its origins in ancient man, in whom the concept of fear was ingrained instead of divine love. Subsequently, that fear transformed into love and passion for the Sufi through his knowledge of God, as the Sufi believes that the more his knowledge of God increases, the more His love and affection for him increased, and this love and this journey are embodied through a moral, devotional and cognitive journey for the Sufi called the Four Journeys. After this study, we concluded a set of results that were the summary of that effort.

This study aims to identify the attitudes of media professionals towards the use of artificial intelligence technologies in media manipulation by Iraqi satellite channels. The study used the survey method, using a questionnaire and measurement tool on a purposive sample of media professionals working in Iraqi satellite channels, consisting of (100) respondents. The study reached a number of results, the most prominent of which is: that media professionals acknowledge the actual use of artificial intelligence in media manipulation, but its use is characterized by fluctuation between “sometimes” and “often” rather than being rare. This result is consistent with what was stated in Tables (7 and 8), as it reflects a growing awareness that the technology constitutes a dangerous tool if used in the absence of legislation and oversight. Attitudes towards the use of artificial intelligence in manipulation exist, but they are not very high.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent and disabling psychiatric disorders worldwide, exerting significant adverse effects on functional capacity, social relationships, and physical health. Although antidepressant medications and psychotherapy remain first-line treatments, a substantial proportion of patients exhibit inadequate therapeutic responses or experience adverse effects that hinder treatment adherence. This study aims to review the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for major depressive disorder. rTMS has been utilized for several decades in clinical and research settings, both to enhance cognitive functions in healthy individuals and to rehabilitate cognitive deficits in patients with depression.


The technique involves the placement of stimulation coils on the scalp, delivering focused magnetic pulses to targeted brain regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These magnetic pulses painlessly penetrate the scalp and skull to modulate cortical neuronal activity, inducing short-term neuronal excitation that may lead to sustained neurophysiological changes in brain function

This study investigates the impact of integrating Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies into television broadcasting, exploring their role in reshaping the audience experience in the Arab media context. While immersive journalism using VR has gained global attention through institutions such as BBC and The New York Times (2025), Arab studies remain limited, creating a significant research gap. The research problem stems from the absence of a comprehensive framework that connects technical applications, audience perception, and ethical challenges in Arab television broadcasting. To address this, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, combining literature review, content analysis of Arab and global case studies (e.g., Sudan TV, Al Shorouk, Emirati channels, BBC, NYT), surveys targeting university students, and semi-structured interviews with Arab journalists. Expected findings indicate that VR enhances audience engagement and credibility (University youth study, 2022; Al Jazeera, 2025), reduces production costs compared to traditional studios (Sudan and Al Shorouk study, 2016), yet faces technical and ethical challenges (Sirkkunen et al., 2021; Hardee, 2021). The study contributes to bridging the gap in Arab media research and offers practical recommendations for gradual adoption of VR/AR technologies, positioning Arab broadcasting within global trends of immersive journalism and extended reality (XR).

Nietzsche's critique, or rejection, of previous philosophies marks a turning point between contemporary philosophy and those that preceded it. In other words, Nietzsche critiqued Greek and modern philosophy, and his critique was embodied in his overturning of the prevailing values ​​of that time (moral and religious), which Nietzsche called "slave morality." He criticized and replaced traditional values ​​(Christian values) that express man's submission to God with creative values ​​that elevated the human self. Nietzsche rebelled against all moral science based on weakness and tyranny with a moral science that grants the highest value to the affirmation of man. That is, Nietzsche rebelled against religion, especially Christianity, and criticized traditional metaphysics. In this research, I will examine the life of the German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche, the events of his intellectual life, as well as the most prominent of his highly valuable philosophical output. I will also clarify his critique of religious and moral values, especially Christian ones, concluding the research with the most prominent concept, which is nihilism, clarifying the meaning of nihilism and mentioning our philosopher's view on nihilism.

This research analyzes the period of direct British rule in Northern Ireland (1972–1989), a critical turning point in the Anglo-Irish conflict. It begins with the historical and constitutional background leading to the suspension of Stormont in 1972, then examines three main dimensions: the constitutional framework of direct rule, the political and military activities of the Irish Republican Army, and the British security and military responses. The study concludes that direct rule neither ended the armed conflict nor secured political stability, but it reshaped the political and security landscape and indirectly paved the way for peace negotiations in the 1990s.

In my research, I discussed the life of the Austrian Orientalist Eduard Glaser, how he collected and translated ancient Yemeni inscriptions, and his exploratory journeys to southern Arabia, which had a great impact on the knowledge of the history of ancient Yemen in general and of the southern kingdoms in particular. These journeys consisted of four successful trips through which he was able to collect many writings, inscriptions, and geographical maps, which provided valuable information about the kingdoms of southern Arabia. I also discussed his inscriptions in which the ancient Yemenis recorded their history and important events in the Musnad script or the South Arabian script, which were about Saba, Qataban, and Awsan. They documented different aspects of their political, religious, social, economic, and military lives. Herein lies their importance, as these inscriptions are not just texts, but represent documented historical evidence of daily life, social relations, and the political systems of southern Arabia.