The Arab Gulf

This research aims to study the Iraqi archives held in American institutions from multiple perspectives, including the processes of their transfer, documentation, repatriation, access, and the epistemic issues surrounding them. From the Iraqi people’s uprising against the Baath regime in 1991 until the U.S. invasion in 2003 and thereafter, enormous numbers of Iraqi state documents were transferred to American academic and security institutions, foremost among them the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the Conflict Records Research Center (CRRC) at the National Defense University of the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), in addition to the University of Colorado.
The research seeks to examine three main axes: first, the routes through which Iraqi documents were transferred and the nature of the institutions that housed them; second, the use of these documents and the methodologies employed in documenting them; and third, the issues surrounding the archives. The research concludes that the Iraqi archives in American institutions constitute an epistemic, ethical, and political problem, and that addressing the difficulties of actual access for Iraqi researchers remains an urgent issue that has not yet been resolved.

This research examines the Saudi position following Mohammad Khatami’s accession to the presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1997, within a regional context marked by tension in Saudi–Iranian relations during the 1980s and the early 1990s, as a result of ideological, political, and security disagreements between the two countries. Khatami’s election, given his reformist discourse and his call for a “Dialogue of Civilizations,” represented a relative turning point in Iranian foreign policy, which was reflected in the nature of Saudi interaction with Tehran.
The research concludes that the Saudi position on Mohammad Khatami’s assumption of power was characterized by positive caution and political pragmatism. Riyadh indirectly welcomed the shift in Iranian discourse, particularly with regard to calls for improving relations with neighboring states and respecting the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. At the same time, it sought to invest in this shift in order to achieve a degree of regional stability, while maintaining strategic caution toward the structure of the Iranian regime and its long-term policies.

The Tangeh Var sculpture is considered one of the most important Assyrian sculptures located in Iran, yet it has not been seriously examined by researchers to date. This sculpture is also known as the Uramanat Cuneiform Inscription. It was first identified in 1968 by a team from the Iranian Center for Archaeology, headed by Mr. Ali Akbar Sarfaraz. Since then, it has not been studied in depth due to harsh natural conditions. Although it has been briefly mentioned in some writings, the text of the sculpture and the inscription has not been translated in detail. In general, only broad impressions and general references to this sculpture have been provided.

The Al-Qusaibi family emerged as one of the prominent families of the Arabian Peninsula and the Arabian Gulf due to its economic and political influence, in addition to the good reputation and sharp insight that distinguished the sons of Hassan Al-Qusaibi and their maternal brothers. These qualities enabled them to gain the trust of Ibn Saud, with whom they enjoyed a distinguished status. Hence, Abdulaziz Al-Qusaibi was chosen as an agent to manage King Abdulaziz’s business affairs in the Arabian Gulf and beyond, assisted in this task by his brother Abdullah Al-Qusaibi. Their third brother, Abdulrahman Al-Qusaibi, excelled in trade, particularly in the pearl trade, and because of his commercial standing he also developed a close relationship with Ibn Saud.
Among the regions connected to this relationship was the Emirate of Bahrain, which represented a prestigious commercial center, in addition to being a place of residence for the British authorities, who maintained relations with Ibn Saud due to their interests in the Arabian Gulf. Owing to the importance of this region, Abdulaziz Al-Qusaibi was appointed as Ibn Saud’s representative and agent to manage his business affairs in Bahrain. Accordingly, Abdulaziz Al-Qusaibi became a member of the Manama Municipal Council from its establishment in 1920. Because of his communication with the British authorities and his growing influence in Bahrain, they began to take him seriously and sought to win him over to their side, granting him the title of Khan Bahadur.
However, this situation did not last long, as the relationship between Al-Qusaibi and Ibn Saud became strained due to the latter’s accumulated debts. As for Britain, it was provoked by the influence attained by the sons of Al-Qusaibi and began to plot schemes to remove them from Bahrain. The last of these was the strained relationship among the brothers themselves, which led to the division of trade and property among them

This study examines the “phenomenon of luxury” as an inevitable divine law and a strict principle governing the destinies of states. The study reveals that luxury functions as a silent disease that eats away at the body of the nation: it begins with the corruption of hearts and morals and ends with the collapse of civilization and the disappearance of authority. Divine laws have made luxury a point of no return in the life of peoples; whenever the affluent become dominant and transgressive, the divine law of replacement and destruction becomes inevitable, as a realization of divine justice on earth.

This research examines the political position of the Gulf Cooperation Council states toward the U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003 by studying their official positions until the end of the operation. Reactions varied between publicly declared political reservations and the provision of military and logistical facilities to U.S. forces. Kuwait served as a primary base for the invasion, while Qatar and Bahrain were used as command and support centers. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman adopted more cautious positions, accompanied by indirect cooperation.
The study reveals a duality between rejecting political discourse and the security considerations that compelled cooperation with Washington. The findings also show that the occupation led to the strengthening of Iranian influence and increased the fragility of regional security, alongside rising popular criticism of Gulf regimes. The paper concludes that the Gulf position was marked by pragmatism, prioritizing security and economic interests at the expense of Arab unity.

Al-Baqi Cemetery is considered one of the most prominent historical landmarks in Medina. Its establishment dates back to the first year after the Hijrah, during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Al-Baqi became the main burial ground for the people of Medina, including the Companions and the Followers. Among the most notable figures buried there are several of the Mothers of the Believers and members of the Prophet’s Household.
Throughout the Islamic eras, the cemetery witnessed architectural developments, as domes and mausoleums were erected over it during different periods, particularly in the Abbasid and Ottoman eras, as an expression of its religious status. It was also a destination for visitors and pilgrims across the centuries. In the modern era, the structures built over it were removed, restoring the cemetery to its simple character. Al-Baqi thus remains a living witness to Islamic history and to the spiritual status of Medina across the ages

Intellectual studies are considered an important source of historical awareness and possess great value in any scholarly study, as they remain far removed from the classical approach that does not go beyond the familiar narrative. The study of Al-Mukhtar’s revolution in Orientalist thought contains renewed ideas of considerable depth, granting the subject significant value and an additional dimension.
Hence, the importance of this topic arises from its being a new intellectual subject in terms of its treatment within Orientalist studies, which involve different dimensions and ideologies. This requires accuracy, research, and investigation into new and useful information relevant to the study. Such studies require collecting the largest possible amount of information in order to verify it and compare it with other Islamic sources, so as to determine the extent of its accuracy and objectivity.

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The historical study of banks is one of the topics of great importance in all countries, including Iraq, given the vital role banks play in the course of economic and social development. Banks, particularly specialized banks concerned with the industrial sector, constituted a central axis in the transformation of traditional economies into advanced industrial economies through the loans they provided to support industrial projects and improve the industrial sector, which had long suffered from backwardness and low levels of production.
In view of this importance, the Iraqi government was keen to support the industrial sector through the establishment of the Industrial Bank. Its establishment was based on encouraging and investing capital in important industrial projects through the financial facilities it provided and by directing such funds toward desired investments. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the Industrial Bank’s work and its impact is essential for contributing to the achievement of industrial development.

The Tawwabin were a Shiite group who launched an important revolution in Islamic history. This revolution took place after the killing of Imam al-Husayn (peace be upon him), when the Tawwabin regretted not having participated in supporting Imam al-Husayn (peace be upon him) in the Battle of Karbala. Their movement was launched under the slogan of demanding vengeance for his blood and rejecting injustice.
It may be said that this revolution represented a stage in the development of Shiite jihad-oriented consciousness and in the cultivation of a culture of repentance and loyalty, through which guilt was to be expiated by fighting. Although the revolution ended in their defeat, its positive aspect lies in the fact that it had an effective impact in awakening the social conscience, paving the way for further revolts against Umayyad rule and threatening its regime, in addition to breaking the barrier of people’s fear of that rule.
In this study, we offer a new reading of the historical events related to the Tawwabin and their revolution, while explaining the motives from which the revolution emerged and examining its impact on Islamic history, particularly its indirect influence on subsequent history.

This research examines preventive medicine in Islamic civilization, with a focus on the experience of quarantine as a pioneering applied model in disease prevention. The study seeks to highlight the theoretical foundations and basic principles upon which preventive medicine in Islam relied by tracing its emergence and development, as well as the role of Islamic medical schools and prominent physicians in consolidating its concepts.
The research also sheds light on the applications of preventive medicine in Islamic society through religious and educational institutions, hospitals, and governmental and administrative policies that gave considerable attention to public health. In another aspect, the second section is devoted to studying the emergence of quarantine in Islamic cities, explaining its organizational methods and the cases and epidemics that necessitated its application, in addition to analyzing its impact on public health and society.
The research concludes that the experience of quarantine in Islamic civilization presented an advanced model for managing health crises and contributed, through its lessons and accumulated experience, to enriching modern preventive medicine. The findings of this research confirm that preventive medicine in Islamic civilization was not merely a medical aspect; rather, it was an integrated system with religious, social, and administrative dimensions that contributed to protecting society and establishing the foundations of public health on scientific and ethical bases.

This research focuses on studying the political dimensions experienced by the poet Abbas ibn al-Ahnaf and the extent to which these dimensions influenced his creative texts and were reflected in them. It also examines the social dimension and its direct and indirect impact on the details of textual reading.
The research highlights the influence of the events witnessed during the Abbasid era, as well as the maturity and development that characterized this period in the social and political aspects of life.
The study also reveals forms of intersection and convergence between the political dimension and the social mirror. The findings demonstrate the ability of classical Abbasid poetry to keep pace with the renewal that took place during that era.

This research examines the development of the translation movement in the First Abbasid Era as one of the fundamental pillars in the construction of Islamic civilization. It sheds light on the political, cultural, and scientific factors that contributed to the emergence and flourishing of this movement, particularly the support provided by the Abbasid caliphs to knowledge and scholars.
The research also addresses the role of scientific institutions and translators in transmitting the sciences of earlier nations, such as Greek, Persian, and Indian sciences, into Arabic. This process resulted in the enrichment of human knowledge and a remarkable advancement in various fields of science

This research aims to analyze the status of women in the medieval Islamic era by comparing the legal texts found in the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, with their principles of justice and equality, to the historical and social reality in which women lived during that period. The research shows that there was a clear gap between the texts and their application, resulting from the influence of tribal customs, the dominance of patriarchal structures, and the use of religious discourse by authority to consolidate social policies that restricted women.
The research also presents illuminating examples of women who played active roles in the fields of scholarship, administration, politics, and Sufism, despite the restrictions imposed upon them. It recommends the necessity of rereading the texts with historical and rights-based awareness, distinguishing between the essence of Islamic law and the interpretive judgments that shaped it across the ages, and moving beyond the confusion between religion and religiosity, and between text and interpretation

Relations between Iran and China date back to long historical periods and were predominantly commercial in nature. Due to the geographical distance between the two countries, no military confrontation occurred between them throughout history. Rather, their contact took a cultural form, owing to the location of Iran and its ancient civilizations along the Silk Road, through which silk was transported from China to Europe.
In the modern era, there were no official relations between the two countries because China had adopted communist ideology, which was strongly rejected by the United States, the ally of the Shah’s regime in Iran. However, from the mid-twentieth century onward, the People’s Republic of China attempted to enter the Middle East through Iran, which remained apprehensive of the leftist ideas upon which that republic had been founded. Iranian policy was influenced by several factors, the most important of which were fear of communism and a strong desire to ensure political and military stability. Iran therefore sought to maintain economic and military support from the United States, which led it to follow the American position regarding the People’s Republic of China, established in 1949, which initially pursued policies aligned with those of the Soviet Union.
However, the thaw in Sino-American relations had a significant impact on the establishment of official diplomatic relations between Iran and China in 1971. Thereafter, relations between the two sides developed and shifted toward economic cooperation due to oil and China’s need for this commodity in its modern industrial renaissance, which coincided with the global energy crisis. Their relations soon entered a period of coolness, however, as a result of the events of 1979 in Iran, which led to the fall of the Shah’s regime

The scholars of Arabic have left us a vast treasury containing a rich scholarly heritage that has greatly enriched the Islamic library and made it independent of other sources. For this reason, we had a strong desire to serve this great heritage and bring it out from the obscurity of preservation as manuscripts into the light of libraries, so that it may be examined, read, and taught through critical editing and study.
We therefore began preparing for the process of critical editing and study. The nature of the research required that it be divided into two sections. The first section is the study, which includes verifying the author’s name and the attribution of the manuscript to him, examining his works and sources, and identifying his method in writing the manuscript, together with a precise description of the manuscript copy and an explanation of the editorial methodology. The second section is devoted to the critical edition. In editing the text, we relied on sources and references, some of which were specified by the author, while others were consulted for documentation. These included works related to rhetoric, grammar, and exegesis, in addition to biographical dictionaries. Success is granted by God

The Abbasid era witnessed a remarkable flourishing of intellectual, literary, and scientific debates. These debates emerged as a faithful mirror reflecting the deep ideological conflicts among sects, schools of thought, and cultural and social currents of that period. They were not merely intellectual or literary exercises; rather, they constituted a living representation of the struggle over identities and affiliations, as well as an expression of political, sectarian, class-based, and nationalist positions

This research addresses the issue of facilitating Arabic grammar in Iraq in light of descriptive linguistics, beginning with a theoretical foundation that clarifies the concept of facilitation and its limits. It then traces the most prominent modern trends in grammatical facilitation, before focusing on contemporary Iraqi efforts—particularly university-based efforts—to simplify concepts, reduce reliance on implicit estimation and grammatical disagreement, and employ insights from phonetics, context, and Qur’anic readings in understanding and teaching grammar.

Phonetic harmony is an old term addressed by Raḍī al-Dīn al-Istirābādhī (d. 686 AH) in his book Sharḥ al-Shāfiyah. It refers to phonetic compatibility and to bringing one sound closer to another adjacent sound as a result of mutual influence among these sounds. The research has found that the phonetic phenomena in which phonetic harmony occurs are phenomena that belong exclusively to assimilation. These include imālah vowel inclination, the substitution of a silent nūn with mīm, and the substitution of a geminated yāʾ with jīm, in addition to other phenomena that al-Istirābādhī analyzed and clarified in terms of the degree of phonetic harmony involved.

This research is concerned with exploring the rhetorical structure that shaped the poetic discourse of Yazīd ibn Mufarrigh al-Ḥimyarī as an oppositional voice representing the margin in confrontation with the political and social center of the Umayyad era. The study proceeds from a central hypothesis: that the poetry of Yazīd ibn Mufarrigh does not fall within the framework of traditional satire; rather, it establishes a conscious rhetoric of protest that employs language as a tool of resistance and as a means of exposing the falsity of authority. Through this rhetoric, it reshapes the relationship between utterance and power, and between rhetoric and reality.
The study adopts a rhetorical-pragmatic method with a cultural dimension in order to reveal the mechanisms of poetic discourse that granted the margin the ability to represent itself in the face of official discourse. The research is structured around four levels. The first is the rhetoric of irony and sarcasm, manifested in the use of diminutive forms, paradox, exaggeration, and the inversion of standards as tools for undermining the symbols of authority. The second is the rhetoric of challenge and confrontation, which appears in transforming the poem into a space of direct confrontation with the ruler, stripping him of the awe of authoritative discourse through explicit address and deliberate mockery. In the section on the rhetoric of poetic imagery, the study reveals the transformation of the image from an aesthetic device into a symbolic means of dismantling prestige and breaking the center, relying on deviation and derogatory simile as two mechanisms for expressing the consciousness of the margin. As for the argumentative structure, it highlights the rational character of the discourse, as the poet employs question-and-answer techniques, analogy, and reasoning based on reality to justify his position and persuade his audience.
The study concludes that the rhetoric of the margins in the poetry of Yazīd ibn Mufarrigh al-Ḥimyarī represents an integrated rhetorical project that goes beyond the limits of linguistic ornamentation into the sphere of consciousness and resistance. The poet was able to transform the word into a symbolic authority parallel to the sword and to make poetry a tool of protest against social and political hierarchy. Accordingly, the experience of Yazīd ibn Mufarrigh constitutes a turning point in the development of Arabic rhetoric, as it moved discourse from ornamental eloquence to positional rhetoric that establishes a new critical and cultural awareness within classical Arabic poetry.

This research seeks to examine the interpretation of lexical items in Qur’anic discourse. The inclusion of multiple meanings in a given word may divert attention from the rhetorical purpose for which that word was employed, and such semantic inclusion may even lead to a change in the intended meaning of Qur’anic discourse. Accordingly, this research, entitled “The Semantics of Lexical Items in Qur’anic Discourse and Their Cultural References: Laʿalla in the Dialogue of Tyrants as a Case Study,” examines the particle laʿalla in Pharaoh’s dialogue in order to show that its intended meaning is “expectation” or “hopeful anticipation,” not wishful desire.
This meaning results from Pharaoh’s intellectual frame of reference, making laʿalla a revealing device that exposes the psychological rupture and cognitive confusion experienced by the “tyrant” when confronted with absolute truth. At the same time, the lexical item unveils and reveals the weakness of Pharaoh’s arrogant discourse when read in light of his cultural reference and through cultural criticism, as will become clear in the course of the research.

This research aims to examine the phenomenon of antonymy in nouns in proverb books of the fifth Hijri century by tracing words and their opposites in discourse, analyzing their lexical and contextual meanings, and demonstrating their role in deepening meaning and reinforcing the moral and social values conveyed by proverbs.
The significance of this phenomenon lies in revealing the richness of Arabic and the precision of its semantic system, as well as in deepening the semantic understanding of texts.
The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method through the following procedures:
Identifying antonymous adjectival expressions occurring in proverb books.
Analyzing their lexical meanings by referring to Arabic dictionaries.
Studying the contexts in which the proverbs occur in order to reveal the intended and implicit meanings embedded in these proverbs. These proverbs carry both explicit and implicit meanings, particularly through the antonymy of nouns.
Distinguishing between types of antonymy, such as explicit linguistic antonymy and implicit antonymy. These expressions carry both hidden and overt meanings, and the study seeks to shed light on the hidden meanings and their psychological and social implications in conveying meaning. Examples include:
• Explicit antonymy in the saying: “Falsehood is a disease, and truthfulness is a cure,” where the contrast is established between two opposing moral qualities, upon which a symbolic therapeutic image is constructed.
• Implicit antonymy in the saying: “Ignorance is the purest enemy, and reason is the best hope,” where ignorance and reason are contrasted as intellectual and moral values whose meanings go beyond their direct linguistic sense to express a comprehensive behavioral vision.
• Antonymy also appears in qualities related to the human condition, as in the saying: “I gave you my youth, so grant me my old age,” where the temporal opposition between youth and gray hair is employed to express a transformation in ability and giving.
This method has contributed to revealing the semantic role of antonymy in constructing the wisdom-based meaning of proverbs and highlighting its expressive power in guiding human behavior.

In this research, I seek to propose a different vision of approach and understanding within the context of the foreword or introduction—one that may accommodate rapid transformations, global changes, and contemporary technology. Accordingly, the introduction in the poetry collections of the new generation has begun to grasp the existential understanding of the external world and to assume a concept different from what it had previously been. It is necessary to note, within the broader context of discussion, that this is connected to the idea of poetic introduction and to the revealing vision of the body of the text itself, not something external to it; that is, to the objective separation between critical disclosure and distance from the personal, in accordance with an abstract vision that isolates the text from its author.
These introductions have begun to identify with the disturbance and chaos generated by postmodern concepts, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Some of them have come to incline toward concision and toward isolating the critical act within the process of construction. They have thus become linked to cultural reference, whereby poetic consciousness overlaps with the intellectual sphere. This indicates the presence of the most essential elements of the writing process, so that the introduction has become a form of reconstruction within the cognitive context.

Human beings are affected by repetition in one way or another. The movement of the planets is repetitive, the alternation of night and day is a recurring event, and many aspects of human life are marked by repetition. In language, repetition may occur in various forms: it may appear in sentences, words, or letters. It may serve an emphatic function, such as arousing expectation in the recipient or confirming and consolidating meanings; a rhythmic function, by revealing the musical effect in sound patterns; or an ornamental aesthetic purpose that colors and refines the joints of speech. Like other linguistic devices, repetition is commendable when employed with a balance of taste, sound sensibility, and literary culture acquired through the broadening of the writer’s or poet’s linguistic sensibility. However, it may become disruptive and undesirable when it is excessively used in an inappropriate context, becoming a burden on the text and reflecting the poet’s weakness and the decline of his creative imagination.
Repetition is one of the prominent aesthetic devices in Arabic poetry. It deepens meanings, enriches rhythm, and builds the emotional fabric of the text. In the poetry of Hussein Abdul Latif, repetition appears as an artistic technique carrying aesthetic and intellectual dimensions. This calls for an aesthetic analysis of the structure of repetition in his texts—an analysis that links form and content and reveals its aesthetic latent meanings, rhythmic energies, semantic horizons, psychological dimensions, structural architecture, and expressive capacity. This is achieved by identifying the nature of this technique, the manner of its artistic construction and formulation, and the extent to which the poet succeeds in building it as an effective device in his poetic text, along with the rhythm it contains that contributes to enhancing the aesthetics of the text.

Description is considered one of the earliest mechanisms of human knowledge through which people come to recognize the things around them. Through description, human beings are able to transmit a great deal of knowledge to others.
The tools of description are the senses. God Almighty has endowed human beings with a set of senses that distinguish them from other living beings. Through these senses, human beings are able to differentiate between the things around them and describe them accurately, first to themselves, so that the image of the thing becomes imprinted in the mind and can be recalled whenever needed, or described to others. In this way, knowledge is transferred from one mind to another, allowing both to share a form of knowledge with its own dimensions and characteristics.
This study seeks to shed light on the emergence of the descriptive method in modern linguistic studies, while also reviewing the methods that preceded it, namely the historical method and the comparative method. It also mentions some of the terms used by proponents of the descriptive method in analyzing and identifying certain linguistic phenomena.

This research addresses issues of preference by the more analogically regular form with regard to nisbah and diminution in morphology, through the study of selected examples from both topics. It aims to identify the preferred form in morphological analogy and to reveal the reasons upon which such preferences are based.
The researcher adopts the descriptive-analytical method, surveying the views of morphologists and comparing them. The reasons for preference generally revolve around reliance on restoring original forms, drawing analogy with a parallel form, or giving preference in the absence of such a parallel. These are among the most prominent forms of morphological analogy adopted by scholars, in addition to observing phonological and morphological principles, such as seeking to avoid heaviness and achieve structural lightness.
The research seeks to highlight the impact of analogy in directing morphological rulings and to demonstrate the method of morphologists in preferring one form over another.

Ellipsis and addition are two linguistic phenomena that occur in the speech of native speakers. An element may be omitted, either permissibly or obligatorily, when there is evidence indicating it; thus, ellipsis is not permissible unless there is evidence pointing to the omitted element. Likewise, certain letters that are deemed permissible for addition by linguists may be added to the syntactic structure for a purpose intended by the speaker, thereby expanding the meaning.
Ellipsis occurs at the levels of the sentence, the word, and the letter. Addition, however, occurs only in the letters identified by grammarians, namely six letters: in, an, mā, lā, min, and al-bāʾ.
Imam Ali (peace be upon him) performed these two phenomena in a manner consistent with what is found in the speech of native speakers and with the rules of grammarians, thereby revealing a high performative capacity in language.
The actual aim of this study is to demonstrate the practical aspect of the Imam’s capacity, peace be upon him, to realize linguistic phenomena, of which the present study has selected the two phenomena of ellipsis and addition

The Abbasid poetess ʿUlayyah bint al-Mahdi excelled in employing rhetorical embellishments in an aesthetic manner that dominated the poetic text. These embellishments functioned as one of the poetess’s artistic tools, helping her express inner emotions through a rhetorical style that produced words with multiple new meanings suited to the occasion she sought to convey in her poetry. Rhetorical embellishments have been divided into two categories: verbal embellishments and semantic embellishments.

This research examines the phenomenon of the city in contemporary Iraqi poetry, taking the poetic experience of Kazim Al-Hajjaj as an analytical model and employing the argumentative method as a procedural tool for reading poetic texts. The study seeks to reveal the argumentative mechanisms employed by the poet in portraying the city and constructing his stance toward it, through the analysis of ten poetic samples drawn from his complete works, most notably the poems “A Prayer over What Remains” and “An Old Man Who Loved His City Yesterday.”
The research adopts the descriptive-analytical method and the theory of argumentation in language as established by Perelman and Tyteca in The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, and later developed by Ducrot and Anscombre, relying on its approved Arabic translations.
The study is divided into two main sections. The first addresses the theoretical framework and cultural context, examining the emergence of argumentation theory, the concept of poetic argumentation, the poet’s biography, and the image of the city in contemporary Iraqi poetry. The second section applies and analyzes six argumentative mechanisms and concludes with a synthetic approach affirming that the city in Kazim Al-Hajjaj’s poetry is not merely a poetic theme, but an integrated existential thesis.

The Shatt al-Arab Estuary is a unique environment in southern Iraq, as it is formed at the confluence of the Shatt al-Arab River with the Arabian Gulf. It is subject to both fluvial and marine influences, which result in daily changes in many oceanographic characteristics of its waters, in addition to seasonal variations.
This study presents an analysis of the oceanographic characteristics based on the findings of previous studies conducted in the estuary area. These characteristics include tides, salinity, discharge ratio, flushing time, mixing, circulation, stratification, and estuary classification. Changes in the hydrological conditions of the Shatt al-Arab River, represented by the decline in freshwater discharge to below 50 m³/s, have caused deterioration in the river and estuary environment by increasing the amount of salts entering from the Arabian Gulf, with values exceeding 12 g/L in the center of Basrah.
Furthermore, the decline in freshwater discharge has been reflected in the flow ratio, whose value did not exceed 0.1, giving the Shatt al-Arab Estuary the characteristics of a fully mixed estuary. The tidal phenomenon plays a major role in the hydrodynamics of the estuary as well as in the hydrology of the Shatt al-Arab River. It contributes to the mixing and circulation of water masses, leading to the disappearance of the characteristics of a stratified or partially mixed estuary from the classification and resulting in the formation of a fully mixed estuary.

This research aims to assess flood risks in the basins of the Darbishk area using the MARCOS model within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. The study relies on a set of natural criteria affecting hydrological behavior, such as rainfall and temperature, in addition to geomorphometric characteristics, including slope, stream order, and drainage density.
The study employed Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis to derive sub-basins and build a spatial database. It then applied the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach through the stages of normalization, identification of the ideal and anti-ideal solutions, and calculation of the utility degree, ultimately ranking the basins according to their level of risk.
The results revealed spatial variation in flood risk, with high-risk areas associated with steep slopes and high drainage density, while risk levels decreased in flat areas. The study confirms the effectiveness of the MARCOS model as an accurate tool for supporting decision-making in flood risk management and water planning.

This research aims to analyze the variation in the spatial distribution of industrial activity in the city of Abu Al-Khaseeb for the year 2024 by tracing the development of its morphology and examining the current distribution of industrial establishments, in addition to evaluating the financial returns and economic efficiency of this activity.
The findings show that the area allocated to industrial use reached 152.39 hectares, equivalent to 9% of the total urban land uses, while the number of industrial establishments in the city reached 414. The study also shows that the financial returns of industrial activity amount to 44,450,000 weekly, 177,800,000 monthly, and 2,133,600,000 annually.
The research concludes that it is necessary to adopt development plans to regulate the spatial distribution of industries and improve their efficiency by establishing integrated industrial districts and providing financial and technical support to existing industrial establishments.

Al-Madinah District and Al-Sadiq District were selected for an analytical population study in light of the demographic changes they underwent during the years 1997–2023. Although the scope of the study was limited to the 1997 census and the 2023 estimates, the study aims to identify some of the population features of Al-Madinah and Al-Sadiq districts and their characteristics, in addition to showing the spatial variation of residential neighborhoods in relation to some of these features, particularly population size, population growth, and population distribution.
The study may be summarized as follows: the population size in Al-Madinah District increased to 127,495 inhabitants according to the 1997 census and the 2023 estimates. In Al-Sadiq District, the population was 47,756 inhabitants and rose in 2023 to 99,845 inhabitants. The growth rate reached 3.1% in the center of Al-Madinah District, 2.8% in Izz Al-Din Subdistrict, and 2.9% in Al-Sadiq District. The arithmetic population density in 2023 reached 331.5 inhabitants/km² in the center of Al-Madinah District, 154.3 inhabitants/km² in Izz Al-Din Subdistrict, and 460 inhabitants/km² in Al-Sadiq District. This density had been low in 1997. In 2023, the actual density increased, reaching 358.2 inhabitants/km² in the center of Al-Madinah District, 386.1 inhabitants/km² in Izz Al-Din Subdistrict, and 397.8 inhabitants/km² in Al-Sadiq District.
Accordingly, the study relied in some of its sections on the 1997 census and the 2023 population survey. At the same time, all stages of the study proceeded according to the descriptive-analytical method, in addition to tabular, graphic, and cartographic representation.

This research represents a scientific initiative aimed at contributing to the support of the educational process and the dissemination of environmental awareness among students. It seeks to identify the level of environmental awareness among students at the University of Basrah, as an educated segment of society. This is achieved by adopting the scientific research method in designing a questionnaire form to measure the attitudes of a sample of College of Arts students toward the environment, in order to determine their interest in and awareness of environmental issues.
The research consists of two sections. The first section presents the theoretical foundation of the concept of environmental awareness and the relationship between humans and the environment. The second section addresses the field study of the level of environmental awareness among students of the College of Arts at the University of Basrah. The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations that are consistent with a future-oriented vision and encourage students to support environmental issues.
The study concludes that there is environmental awareness among the surveyed sample members in 2024, as was clearly evident from their responses. The study also shows that some members of the sample, at the overall governorate level, vary in their environmental awareness and sensory perception of the environment. Accordingly, the role of education must be activated by introducing students to environmental problems that arise as a result of human misconduct toward the environment.

Psychological counseling represents one of the applied fields of modern psychology. It aims to achieve human happiness and development by helping individuals reach better choices, as it is a process of learning, personality growth, and acquiring self-knowledge that can be translated into a better understanding of one’s role in life. Psychological counseling is also considered a learning process carried out within a flexible social environment. Its objective is to bring about positive change in human behavior, since positive change increases an individual’s productivity and enables adaptation to the environment in which he or she lives (Al-Khalidi, 2012, p. 25).
The importance of employing artificial intelligence in psychological counseling is also increasing, particularly in light of the complex conditions experienced by human societies. Under such circumstances, the need for large-scale and rapid-response psychological support becomes extremely important (Ishtayeh, 2025, p. 2). Therefore, the present research aims to construct an artificial-intelligence-based psychological counseling scale in order to achieve the following:
Identifying the extent of integration between artificial intelligence and the psychological counselor in counseling work.
Revealing the extent to which educational counselors approve of artificial intelligence technology.
The research is limited to a sample of educational counselors in the center of Basrah Governorate. The scale is applied to the sample members, who number 150 male and female counselors, followed by statistical processing using the SPSS statistical program and the extraction of results, after which recommendations and suggestions are presented.

The present study examines the influence of the spoken dialect of Southern Iraq on shaping the poetic and melodic structure of Iraqi songs from a scientific perspective that views the southern dialect as an active linguistic and phonetic system contributing to the construction of the song as both a poetic and musical text, rather than merely a medium of oral expression.
The study consists of an introduction, followed by Chapter One (Methodological Framework), which includes the research problem, objectives, significance, scope, and terminology. Chapter Two (Theoretical Framework) presents a historical overview of the development of the spoken dialect in Southern Iraq, its phonetic and phonological characteristics, and its role in shaping the artistic structure of songs. It also examines the influence of phonological features on the formation of the poetic and melodic structure of southern Iraqi songs, in addition to the findings derived from the theoretical framework.
Chapter Three adopts the descriptive-analytical method and includes the analysis and study of selected song samples representing the southern Iraqi cities of Basrah, Dhi Qar, and Maysan during the 1960s and 1970s, a period distinguished by its rich production of popular songs. Through the research procedures, the researcher achieved the objectives of the study and arrived at a set of conclusions derived from the findings, as well as recommendations and suggestions. The study concludes with a list of references.

This research examines the phenomenon of generational succession as a vital factor in the transformation of social and cultural events and its direct reflections on the development of acting in Iraqi theatre. It demonstrates the rapid changes in visions, values, and technology, changes that have produced clear differences between generations. The research also reviews the course of development of Iraqi theatre from its beginnings with the emergence of the modern Iraqi state, as well as the role of theatrical groups and educational institutions in consolidating this art and shaping its contemporary identity.
The research is divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents the research problem and its hypothesis, which asks: How has generational succession contributed to the development of the concept of the art of acting? It also includes the significance of the research, its aim, and the definition of terms.
The second chapter consists of two sections: The first: the concept of generational contemporaneity. The second: generational contemporaneity in Iraqi theatre.
The chapter concludes with the indicators of the theoretical framework.
The third chapter includes an analysis of the play Al-Kharabah as the research sample, followed by the findings and conclusions. The research concludes with a list of sources and references.

This research aims to study dramatic character, which is regarded as one of the most important elements of dramatic construction, as it conveys the idea, embodies conflict, and influences the recipient. Dramatic character is the heart of the dramatic work; through it, ideas are presented, conflicts are revealed, and events interact with the spectator.
With the development of world theatre, the concepts of character changed from the fixed classical model to the realistic model that reflects the environment, and then to the dialectical construction of character in modern theatre, particularly in Brecht’s epic theatre. Mother Courage and Her Children presents a vivid model of how dramatic character can be reconsidered, so that it becomes a tool for critical thinking and social analysis rather than merely a character intended to evoke emotional sympathy.
This study seeks to trace the development of the concept of dramatic character through an analysis of the character of Mother Courage within Brecht’s intellectual and artistic context. The research consists of four chapters. The first chapter includes the methodological framework of the study, while the second chapter constitutes the theoretical framework and is divided into two sections: the first traces the development of the concept of character in world theatre, and the second examines the principles of Brecht’s epic theatre. The third chapter presents the research procedures, including the research population, sample, method, and instrument.

Qasurah / Pomage is a term coined by Ali Alemarah, an Iraqi poet, to refer to a poem that combines both visual and verbal elements. In his Shakespeare and I (Pomage), published in 2016, the Iraqi poet holds a dialogue with the Shakespearean text. Ali Alemarah approaches key Shakespearean scenes captured in paintings, photographs and sketches that spark off a verbal element. As such, the Qasurah invests in the dynamic duality of the image and word as equal partners to achieve the effect intended. The present study examines the Qasurah, concentrating on the sections devoted to scenes from Hamlet and Antony and Cleopatra. It also explores and evaluates the ways in which the poet endeavours to blaze a trail of his own as a practitioner of the picture-poem not only in Iraq, but the Arab world as well.

This study tries to discover the male gaze in K.S. Maniam’s “The Loved Flaw” (2001). It attempts to demonstrate how Maniam depicts the male gaze as a suppressive reaction towards marginalizing women. The study, therefore, examine this marginalization as a means for exploiting women for male desires regardless their position in society. As such, it unravels the make gaze, which is blatantly depicted in the plot, as an intimidating social phenomena which belittles women’s rights and effective roles in their society. For this reason, the study looks into oppressive male gaze through the lens of feminism that approaches the position of women in negative social conditions; whereby they are mistreated and oppressed. It depends on the gender peculiarities of the male gaze to delve deep into the authentic impetus threatening the human and social value of women. Being so, it reveals Maniam’s concern with empowering women’s rights and stability as human beings capable of making their decisions. Thus, the female gaze will be explored as the lurking motivation of women’s suppression portrayed in the plot.

This study investigates the development of navigation competence in interpreter training courses, for which navigation competence is an element of interpreter abilities, and which are all integrated into interpreters’ skill set and all help in further making interpretative tasks more efficient within linguistic capability, cultural competence, and technological literacy via strategic decision-making. Building on the PACTE group translation competence model (2003), this study defines navigation competence as the ability to navigate, assess, and adapt to complex communication, cultural, and technological factors during the process of interpretation. This study recommends an immersive and reflective approach to both practicing and training, as well as immersive and reflective strategies (dual-task activities, memory training, active listening, anticipation, mental agility exercises, simulated conference sessions, cultural immersion, and technology integration) as a possible strategy for the enhancement of cognitive flexibility, real-time processing, and multitasking skills, which is supported by training the interpreter and this will facilitate their development through training.

This study investigates the restylization of metaphorical expressions in the Arabic translation of Shakespeare’s Macbeth by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, with a focus on how shifts in style and metaphor reflect interpretive decisions made during the translation process. Drawing on the analytical models of Elena Semino (conceptual metaphor analysis), Leech and Short (stylistic analysis), and Jiří Levý (translation as decision-making), the research examines ten metaphor-rich excerpts from the original play and their Arabic counterparts. The findings reveal that while the translator generally strives to preserve the conceptual metaphors of the source text, such as “the container,” “darkness as concealment,” and “life as performance”, he frequently engages in restylization to accommodate linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic demands of the target language. These shifts occur at the lexical, syntactic, and interpersonal levels, affecting tone, imagery, and communicative intent. The study concludes that restylization is an inherent aspect of literary translation, demonstrating the translator’s active role in reinterpreting and reshaping the stylistic and metaphorical fabric of the source text for a new readership.

An Academic Journal dealing with the affairs of the Arab Gulf and Peninsula . Published quarterly by the Center for Basrah and Arab Gulf Studies , University of Basrah, City of Basra , Iraq.

An Academic Journal dealing with the affairs of the Arab Gulf and Peninsula . Published quarterly by the Center for Basrah and Arab Gulf Studies , University of Basrah, City of Basra , Iraq.