Al-Noor Journal for Humanities

This research investigates Iraqi EFL learners' pragmatic tolerance for violations
of Grice's Maxim of Quality, with particular attention to the use of verbal irony.
The study examines whether these learners’ diverse cultural backgrounds influence
their tolerance for violations of the Quality Maxim in ironic utterances. The sample
comprised 80 female learners aged 19–25 from three Iraqi universities,
representing Arab, Turkman, Kurd, and Syriac backgrounds. The participants
completed an experiment using Sentence Judgment Tasks, which consisted of
visual and written scenarios designed to elicit responses to pragmatic violations.
They were required to evaluate several target and control utterances using a binary
(Agree/Disagree) scale. The results indicate that participants’ pragmatic tolerance
levels were similar across all groups. That is, participants’ cultural backgrounds
did not appear to influence their pragmatic tolerance of ironic items, as all groups
demonstrated lower tolerance for these violations. However, nearly half of the
participants were inconsistent in their responses to these violations, suggesting
difficulty with irony processing. The findings emphasise the importance of
explicitly teaching irony to improve Iraqi EFL learners’ pragmatic competence and
tolerance of such violations.

Machine translation, a recent development in the field, requires continuous evaluation and development to achieve the highest levels of translation, as free as possible from serious errors. One challenge for Arabic-English machine translation is the system's ability to recognize words that double, which can change meaning because Arabic morphology affects semantics. This study selected ten of the best-rated machine translation systems. Four pairs of Arabic words, differing only in a doubling sound, were translated by these machines. The machines compared and evaluated the translation to determine the machines' accuracy in distinguishing between words with different doubling sounds. The results revealed significant inconsistency in the translation of these word pairs.

The study is a pragmatic assessment of the English interpretation of the Arab leaders’ speeches at UNGA. The model used in this study is Grice's redefined maxims, which are used to effectively assess the interpretation of non-literary Arabic texts into English. The model is by the British philosopher, who is neither a translator nor a linguist. He studied situations from everyday life conversations to find the best way to communicate. In this study, interpretation is seen as a means of communication between people of two different languages. It covers four criteria used in the analysis and discussion of the selected texts: maxims of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. It aims to uncover the range to which the criteria are preserved in the interpretations and to produce effective communication between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). The study hypothesizes that discrepancies between English and Arabic at the linguistic and cultural levels affect the competence of interpretation, and that some maxims are given more weight than others, producing distorted versions of their source-language counterparts. To achieve the preceding hypotheses, a comparative textual analysis of original Arabic speeches and their simultaneous English interpretations at UNGA debate sessions is selected and analysed. Pragmatic changes and weaknesses affecting the speakers’ proposed rhetorical force and cultural importance are recognized. The finding reveals that most of Grice’s redefined maxims were adhered to in the interpretation, with the relevance maxim achieving the highest success rate and the maxim of manner the lowest. The study concludes with recommendations to improve the quality of interpreting diplomatic speeches and of comprehending their deeper meanings.

The term 'politeness' postulates the techniques used to sustain social bonds, steer clear of confrontation, and demonstrate respect. It includes both positive and negative forms of politeness. Social bonding and face-saving are some of the reasons that motivate people to be courteous. This paper utilizes Julian House's distinction between overt and covert translation to examine the way according to which English politeness expressions are translated into Arabic. Overt translation maintains the cultural specificity of the source text, whereas covert translation domesticates it to fit the norms of the target culture. This paper examines the translation strategies utilized to translate politeness expressions in accordance with the politeness strategies described by Brown and Levinson, using a body of English literary texts and their Arabic translations. The paper sheds light on how cultural factors, among other things, influence translation choices and offer insights into the opportunities and difficulties of translating politeness expressions. Translating such expressions poses untold and still unsolved problems for translators, as they do not possess the proper systematized procedure that enables them to efficiently process the SL delicacy data and adequately transfer their pragmatic content into the TL without any face-threatening. The present paper is meant to be of great benefit to translators.

This research investigates the phenomenon of explicitation in translating argumentative texts from English into Arabic, focusing on how translators employ various types of explicitation to enhance clarity and cohesion, with particular attention to how meaning is clarified, emphasized, or culturally adapted during translation. Based on Klaudy’s (1998) typology, which distinguishes between obligatory, optional, pragmatic, and translation-inherent explicitations, and Hatim and Mason’s (1990) text-type model, the research explores how translators intervene in resolving ambiguity in rendering political persuasive content. The data draws on one text-typological focus of argumentative text taken from Time magazine article issued in the year (2024) translated by three M.A. holders from the department of translation, college of Arts and University of Mosul. The analysis identifies and classifies representative cases of explicitation, categorizing them by type and appropriateness. The findings reveal that explicitation largely occurs to accommodate syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic mismatches between English and Arabic and favours the obligatory type of explicitation in argumentative text-types. In addition, translators make mindful decisions to enhance coherence, readability and persuasive forces for target audiences. It also serves not merely as a default strategy but as a deliberate tool to support the above-mentioned processes. It concludes that explicitation is a purposeful process that shapes meaning, style, and cultural accessibility in translation.

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Simplification is widely recognized as one of the core translation universals, alongside explicitation and generalization. It refers to the tendency for translated or interpreted texts to exhibit reduced linguistic and structural complexity compared to their source texts. While simplification may facilitate processing and comprehension, excessive or inappropriate use can compromise the accuracy and completeness of information transfer. Since effective communication depends on preserving both meaning and communicative intent, any distortion or omission may hinder the target audience’s understanding of the original message.
This study examines the effectiveness of simplification strategies in consecutive interpreting and explores their impact on the informativeness and communicative function of interpreted texts. An integrated analytical framework is adopted that encompasses the lexical, syntactic, and strategic dimensions of simplification, in addition to a quantitative measure of information density. The data consist of extracts from news reports consecutively interpreted by third-year translation students at the University of Mosul in a classroom setting.
The study hypothesizes that student interpreters employ simplification strategies at varying frequencies during consecutive interpreting, which may lead to information gaps and uneven content transmission. The findings indicate that although certain strategies are frequently used, their popularity does not necessarily correspond to effectiveness in preserving informational value. In particular, omission is a commonly used strategy; however, its overuse often leads to the loss of essential details and weakens the integrity of the original message.
In contrast, strategies such as approximation, paraphrasing, and the use of superordinate terms demonstrate greater success in maintaining informational completeness while reducing complexity. The results suggest that limited experience and developing competence may lead student interpreters to rely disproportionately on specific strategies. Overall, the study underscores the need for balanced and informed application of simplification techniques to ensure both clarity and fidelity in consecutive interpreting.

Simile indicates the similarity between two things that share a characteristic or a group of characteristics, and is based on four pillars: the simile, the simile, the simile tool, and the point of similarity. The first two pillars are called the two sides of the simile that cannot be dispensed with, and the simile tool and the point of similarity are called two pillars that can be dispensed with and their existence is estimated. In this research, we discussed the metaphor of metonymy (the tool deleted) in the collection of Muhammad Hussein Al Yassin, and through it I touched on the other names for this simile such as the confirmed simile and the implied simile tool, pointing out the eloquence of deleting the simile tool between the two sides of the simile. The metaphor of metonymy was used before in the prose and poetry of the Arabs, and I pointed out the quotations that were used later in this simile, the most prominent of which was the saying of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace (Indeed, there is magic in eloquence), as poets later quoted their saying in the simile of magic and the deletion of the tool from it from the saying of the Prophet Muhammad May God bless him and grant him peace. Through this study, I have reached the possibility of studying one of the methods of simile in isolation from others, and the possibility of giving other names to the simile whose tool has been omitted, such as the confirmed simile, the simile with an implied tool, and the simile of metaphor.

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The city is the being with which a person shares his existence. Rather, it is the place in which he plants the seeds of his memories so that they grow and blossom in the shadows and walls of those cities in which he leaves his memories. Whenever he passes by a city in which he leaves a memory that remains glowing in his heart, he is drawn by nostalgia and longing for it, and the city is that place that It achieves stability for a person and builds his life and the lives of his descendants after him, so that his fame is named after the city in which he was born, grew up, and lived.
Hence, the presence of the city in the poetry of Ibn Abi Husaynah (d. 357 AH) was a prominent phenomenon that attracted attention, in addition to the appearance of the names of many cities in his poetry, which prompted me to delve into the study of this phenomenon in the poetry of Ibn Abi Husaynah, who is the poet Prince Abu al-Fath ibn Al-Hasan bin Abi Hasina lived in the second Abbasid era, and his poetry was explained by the great poet Abu Al-Ala Al-Maarri (d. 449 AH)...

The novel occupies a leading position among literary forms, both globally and literarily, as it is the most appropriate for embodying the historical stages that the world is going through. It is also an artistic tool through which the state of society can be monitored and its general crises can be embodied through its characters.The Iraqi writer (Tahseen Karmiani) excelled in employing the characters of his novel (Baal al-Ghajariyah), the study sample, and their effective role in the course of the narrative novel, and focusing and shedding light on them as the main axis in the framework of the narrative work, as they are closely linked to the rest of the other elements. From the beginning, I sought to prove the importance of the character, and the strategic position it occupies within the general structure of the text, and I tried to focus on The way in which the features of the fictional character were drawn within the world of Tahseen Karmiani's novel (Baal al-Ghajariyah) Based on that, the research relied on combining the structural and analytical approaches, considering this approach as a procedural tool and a method of modern research methods, as it works to compare the structure of the fictional narrative from the inside, i.e. standing from the technical aspect to the semiotic approach that opens up to the near and far superficial and deep connotations of the text. From this endeavor, the study was an answer to several questions, which are:
What is the relationship between the author's character (Tahseen Karmiani) and the characters in the novel? What is the relationship between the active character and the other elements of the novel, especially (time and place)? What is the nature of the relationship that links the characters' names to their traits, behaviors, and functions within the narrative context? What are the narrative functions that the active characters in the novel sought to implement? To achieve this study's desired goal, I sought the opinion of the Russian critic (Kremas) and relied on a methodology in analyzing the character and its effective role in the narrative narrative.
The research was divided into two sides. The first side included the theoretical side, and came under the title The Concept of Character in Novel Criticism, where I addressed the definition of character technically and its importance in constructing the novel and then its definitions in Arab and Western criticism.
The second side came and included the applied side to show the most important active characters in the novel (Baal Al-Ghajariyah) the study sample according to the opinion and methodology of the critic (Kremas).
As for the conclusion, it included a set of results that I reached after this study, then a list of sources and references.

This research examines selected texts from Al-Jahiz’s letters that address human nature in order to promote virtue within society. The core issue explored in this study is the relational aspect of these letters concerning the psychological meanings that align with modern psychological theories. The study aims to understand Al-Jahiz's style, which is marked by realism and originality when analyzing human traits. Al-Jahiz delves deeply into psychological analysis, using the concepts of morality and the innate characteristics that people carry throughout their lives as tools to achieve this goal. The research methodology relies on psychological approaches that align with Al-Jahiz’s observations, which reflect a comprehensive understanding of habits, behaviors, and instincts. He didn't miss any detail but considered them collectively, making his insights a rich source for understanding the characteristics of his era. The findings reveal that the letters cover various contexts primarily focused on human interaction, showcasing Al-Jahiz’s literary sensitivity towards psychological insights. His works exhibit realism and often highlight contrasting dualities, which lend a unique and impactful quality to his letters, stemming from the depth of his personal experience. The value of this research lies in contributing to our understanding of Al-Jahiz's philosophical outlook on human society during his time, as expressed in his correspondence with influential figures, driven by either the desire for gain or fear of repercussions from them..

The issue of narrative is one of the critical issues raised by modern criticism. One of the technical definitions of narrative is that it is a limitless act, encompassing various discourses, whether literary or non-literary, created by humans wherever and whenever they find themselves. There has been considerable debate over whether it has ancient origins in our Arab heritage, given its presence in many Arabic heritage texts, or whether it is a product of Western culture that has reached Arabic through various channels .Dr. Muhammad Jassim Jabara is one of the Arab critics and researchers who have devoted attention to narrative and narrative in general and have incorporated this culture into their analyses and opinions. He has studied Arabic narrative, poetry, and literary criticism in much of his research and writing. This research has endeavored to trace the features of critical thought of Muhammad Jassim Jabara in his book (Methods of Narratives and the Arab Narrative), and our study was based on three axes. In the first, we dealt with: narration and narratives: the essence and limits. As for the second axis, we dealt with the trends of Arab critics in the emergence of the Arab novel. As for the third axis, we dealt with: the features of the Arab narrative of Muhammad Jassim Jabara.

The research addressed the poetic imagery of Al-Hasani, an obscure poet who has not received much study, in addition to the fact that his poetry is distinguished by its description, which differs from the stereotypical descriptions followed by other poets. He is the Abbasid poet, Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan al-Hasani, who belongs to a distinguished Arab family. We see him meet the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, in his grandfather Abd Manaf, and with Uthman ibn Affan, may God be pleased with him, in Abu al-As ibn Umayya, and with the Umayyad caliphs in Abd al-Malik (1). He is known as Al-Muslimi, in reference to his grandfather Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, and as Al-Hasani, because he used to reside in the fortress of Maslama in the lands of Mudar, and was thus named after him. The poetic imagery is evident in Al-Hasani's poetry as a central element, as it represents the most prominent artistic means through which he expresses his emotional depths and psychological reactions. It is not limited to merely performing an expressive function, but rather transcends that to become a source of amazement and admiration, making the poem an integrated pictorial unit, or a cohesive fabric of images that convey the poet's feelings and experiences, as well as the events and incidents raging around him.
From this standpoint, this research explores the depths of the poetic image in Al-Hosni's poetry, analyzing its structure and components in light of the ancient rhetorical standard, seeking to uncover its artistic manifestations and elucidate the expressive and suggestive energies it contains, enriching the poetic experience and giving it its aesthetic and cognitive dimension.
The nature of the subject required that the research be divided into an introduction and a section. In the introduction, we addressed the concept of the poetic image, and the section was devoted to dividing the image into similes, metaphors, and metonymies. The method adopted in my study is the descriptive-analytical method.

Antithesis is considered one of the most significant rhetorical arts upon which poetic structure is built, as it creates a linguistic world parallel to reality—one that is more vivid and radiant. Among these rhetorical devices, antithesis emerges as a profound artistic technique whose function is not limited to verbal embellishment; rather, it extends to revealing the poet’s vision of the world and exposing its underlying contradictions. We have chosen to make the subject of our study an examination of this rhetorical phenomenon in the collection “Sins of Memory” by the Iraqi poet Salem Al-Ghazooleh, who was able to craft from the pain of exile, the ache of memory, and the beauty of love a troubled poetic world in which opposing dualities intersect to create a dense semantic texture.
This study aims to analyze the aesthetic and semantic dimensions of antithesis in the texts of the collection, seeking to uncover how this rhetorical device contributed to shaping the poet’s vision and expressing the concerns of a human being who lives in a struggle between past and present, between dream and reality, between innocence and the sin of remembering. The research will adopt the descriptive-analytical method through tracing examples of antithesis and analyzing them in their various contexts to arrive at the intended meanings.