Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The research aims to study the distribution of deaths in traffic accidents according to the governorates of Iraq for the
year 2023 and their variation from one place to another and study their concentration, as the deaths were concentrated
in Baghdad Governorate by (20.37%) of the total deaths in Iraq due to the population weight formed by the governorate as the capital and the increasing huge numbers of vehicles of various kinds, and the percentage of deaths in traffic
accidents constituted (4.1) of the total public deaths in Iraq, and the study showed that the causal death rate reached
(1.8), which is approximately 2 cases. Traffic accident deaths per 100,000 population, and the study showed that the
relative distribution between area and deaths appeared ideally in the governorates of (Diyala, Wasit) while the other
governorates were closer or less than ideal.

The experience of Iraqi university students with Covid-19 emergency remote learning – a
situation compounded by political instability, substandard internet infrastructure, and scarce
technological resources – remains a relatively underexplored area of academic study. To address
this gap, the current study aimed to explore Iraqi EFL learners’ attitude toward emergency remote
teaching (ERT). Moreover, it sought to examine the relationship between learners’ attitudes
towards ERT and their reading achievement. Moreover, the researcher tried to nd out the
relationship between participants’ reading achievement and learning strategies. Accordingly, 100
students from two leading universities in Iraq were investigated by focusing on their experiences
during the pandemic – induced shift to emergency remote learning. Semi-structured interviews
as well as correlation and regression were run to answer the research questions. The ndings
revealed a robust and statistically signicant correlation between students’ attitudes towards
ERT and their achievement levels in academic reading. Moreover, it was found that lack of
participation posed a more signicant challenge for the participants, relegating internet issues
to second place. This suggests a potential change in the barriers to e
ective remote learning over
time, emphasizing the dynamic nature of students’ needs and challenges. The results of this study
suggests that it is important for Iraqi governmental agencies in general and language institutes in
specic to prioritize reforms in language teaching methodology and technological infrastructure.

Critical reading is important for students to comprehend, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate
texts e
ectively, but EFL students often face challenges due to a lack of linguistic knowledge
and cognitive understanding, particularly with literacy texts like short stories. This study aims at
identifying the level of Iraqi EFL female students’ critical reading competencies (comprehension,
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) in short stories. Finding out the di
erences in critical reading
competencies across four categories. A sample of (200) female students is selected randomly
from the Iraqi EFL second-year university students in English departments in the Colleges of
Education for Women: University of Baghdad and Al Iraqia University, during the academic year
2025–2024. Two instruments are used to achieve the aims of this study: Three tests designed for
assessing critical reading competencies in three short stories, and critical reading rubric is used for
scoring students’ performance. The ndings revealed that Iraqi EFL female students perform well
in comprehension and analysis competencies, indicating their capacity to assimilate and break
down textual information. Their synthesis and evaluation competencies are below the expected
level, indicating that they have faced diculties to integrate information and make independent
judgments about text.

The problem of the current research is summarized in the usual method adopted in most educational institutions
(preparatory and secondary schools), which is limited to dictation, memorization and indoctrination and does not take
into account individual differences between students, which leads to students not interacting with the material.
Therefore, the objectives of the current research are determined by identifying the name (The effect of a proposed
strategy for teaching sociology in developing high-level thinking among fourth-grade literary students). The research
community represented the fourth-grade literary students, numbering (66 students), as the research sample. The researcher
used the experimental design. Then the researcher prepared a questionnaire that included (112) behavioral
objectives from the subject of sociology. Then the equivalence of the two research groups was verified in the variables
of chronological age calculated in months, last year’s grades in sociology, parents’ academic achievement and mental
ability test. Then the researcher used two research tools, the first was a mental abilities test consisting of (50) multiple
choice items, while the second tool was a high-order thinking test consisting of (40) items. The experiment was applied
in the first semester, and the researcher studied the two research groups himself, and the results were processed statistically
and the results appeared as follows:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in the arithmetic averages between the two
groups in the mental abilities test except for a little and in favor of the experimental group
2. There is also no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in the arithmetic averages between the two
groups except for a little and in favor of the experimental group Chapter One: The Research Problem
This may prompt teachers to diversify teaching strategies to provide a modern and new style in educational institutions,
which cares about developing thinking to form a creative and thinking student, who participates in the classroom
so that this appears positively in his ability to communicate in different aspects of life, to make the student face
activities and questions that he was not familiar with previously in terms of organizing knowledge and thinking, and
finding solutions that make him aware of his information and absorb it to be a basic motive for his cognitive structure
that he relies on in facing educational and life situations, especially his scientific thinking. (Zayer and Ahoud, 2015:
175) The researcher noticed the weakness of students’ ability to practice high-level thinking, so there was a need to use
new and modern strategies in teaching sociology that are compatible with modern teaching trends to raise the level of
thinking among students and keep them away from memorization and rote learning, and enable them to practice mental
processes to develop high-level thinking to employ what they learn in a scientific way to confront educational and
scientific situations. To confirm the existence of this problem, the researcher prepared an open questionnaire, Annex
(1), which he directed to a number of sociology teachers, male and female, with no less than (5) years of service from
various schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The questionnaire included some questions about the difficulties faced by
students and teachers in this subject.

The importance of this research comes in accordance with the research in cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics
related to the renewed concept, along with the work of Roche, which presented anthropological and mystical
concepts that investigate the mystical constants that have a universal form. The concept of the saying in the theory of
archetypes depends on the concept of mental image and referential connotation, to highlight the relationship between
perception and language within the framework of experimental realism, which is the basic starting point in cognitive
theory. The problem of the research appears from the possibility of considering the associative Qur’anic cognitive system
as a mental framework that accommodates sources of knowledge, mechanisms of mental operation, and rules of
derivation, as a broad deliberative field that includes interactive, animated pictorial concepts - that take civilized forms,
express visions and perceptions, and carry specific meanings in a changing reality, in addition to the characteristics of
comprehensiveness and encompassment. Which characterized the Qur’anic discourse, as well as its understanding of
human needs and its thirst for knowledge, made it a haven that constantly nourishes the elements of the survival of
human existence, both matter and spirit.

The portrayal of character in Arabic poetry has evolved, encompassing various forms of expression. Different poets
have sought to represent character in unique ways, as seen in the works of the Egyptian poet Farouk Gouida. Born and
raised in the Beheira region, Gouida began writing poetry at the age of 14.This study examines the dimensions of character
in his poetry through multiple chapters: the first chapter explores character types in Gouida\'s poetry, while the
second focuses on the dimensions of the dramatic character in his works.

The Torah talks about the creation of the universe in the Book of Genesis, as this book tells the sequence of this
creation, and that it was completed in six earthly days consisting of morning and evening, so according to the order of
the Torah, the earth, light, darkness, and water were created, then the sky was created when he placed a skin between
waters and waters, then the waters gathered under the skin that was called the sky, so the land was formed and the grass
and herbs grew, then the sun, moon, and stars were created above the sky, then sea animals and birds were created, then
Adam and land animals were created, and the creation was completed in this day, after finishing creating by Allah, He
rested. When presenting this statement and comparing it with what was mentioned in the Holy Quran, we find that the
issue agrees in terms of the number of days of creation, but it contradicts the statement that these days are the known
days of day and night, in addition to the issue of rest, which conflicts with the statement that Allah does not need anything,
as He is able to create things without fatigue or effort. These two scholars have taken it upon themselves to refute
this thought with clear evidence and proofs that show the error of their statement.

This research aims to identify (the effectiveness of a proposed This research aims to identify “The Effect of a
Proposed Educational Program Based on the Humanistic Approach on the Achievement in Social Studies among Second
Intermediate Grade Students.” To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the quasi-experimental design
with partial control, specifically the design of a control group with pre- and post-testing. The research sample consisted
of (60) second intermediate grade students, divided equally into two groups:(30) students in the experimental group
and (30) in the control group.
The preparation of the program went through three stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. The researcher
developed guides for both teachers and students to teach the content, which included lesson plans based on humanistic
approach strategies, namely cooperative learning strategy, problem-solving strategy, and role-playing strategy. The
researcher also developed a tool to measure the dependent variable of the research: an achievement test consisting of
three questions. The first question included (36) multiple-choice items assessing knowledge, comprehension, and application
levels. The second and third questions consisted of four essay items assessing the analysis level. The validity,
reliability, and psychometric properties of the test were verified. The research results indicated the superiority of the
experimental group students who studied social studies using the humanistic approach-based program over the control
group students who studied the same material using the traditional program in the achievement test.

Interaction with the environment is one of the basic pillars of the process of building civilization, as it represents
the vital relationship between man and the surrounding nature. Investing in natural resources and harnessing them to
serve society is what ensures the continuity and growth of civilizations. Hence, it becomes clear that any civilization
cannot be built in isolation from the environment, as it is the incubator that provides man with raw materials, and it
is also the field in which he tests his abilities to innovate and develop.The ancient Egyptian civilization is a prominent
example of how to interact positively with the environment. The Nile River formed the backbone of this civilization, as
the Egyptians relied on the Nile waters to organize agriculture and provide food, which contributed to creating social
and economic stability. Malek Bennabi says:»Civilization begins when man masters the exploitation of the surrounding
environment intelligently, transforming resources into tools for renaissance.»Source: Malek Bennabi, Conditions of the
Renaissance, p. 34.This conscious exploitation of natural resources, such as building irrigation networks and dams,
enabled the Egyptians to maintain sustainable agriculture and achieve a food surplus that supported their civilizational
progress.In the Arabian Peninsula, despite the harsh desert environment, Arabs before and after Islam were able to
benefit from their limited resources by extracting groundwater, digging wells, and building aflaj systems that contributed
to irrigating crops and providing water. The Qur’anic verses have indicated the importance of water as the basis
of life and development, as in the Almighty’s saying:“And We made from water every living thing. Will they not then
believe?”(Surat Al-Anbiya: 30)This text confirms that positive interaction with the environment, especially in providing
water, has always been the cornerstone of building societies.The Islamic civilization in Andalusia presented an advanced
model of interaction with the environment, as Muslims were able to transform barren lands into rich farms using innovative
irrigation techniques such as irrigation canals and channels. These efforts were not only to meet daily needs,
but also formed the basis for a sustainable economic system. Malek Bennabi says about this:“Transforming nature from
an obstacle into a resource is the first achievement made by a living civilization.”Source: Malek Bennabi, Conditions of
Renaissance, p. 40.Civilizations that failed to achieve this balance between exploiting and preserving the environment
suffered collapse. An example of this is the Sabaean civilization in Yemen, which flourished thanks to the Ma›rib Dam,
which provided the water needed for agriculture and development. However, the collapse of the dam due to neglect and
mismanagement of resources led to the decline of this civilization. This is mentioned in the Holy Quran:»But they turned
away, so We sent upon them the flood of the dam, and We replaced their two gardens with two gardens of bitter fruit
and tamarisk and a few lote trees(Surah Saba: 16) This historical lesson reflects the importance of wise management of
resources to ensure the sustainability of civilization.

“The Dream of a Ridiculous Man” is a short story written by Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1877. This story is full of deep
meanings about love, misery, responsibility and selfishness, and it is full of various grammatical structures. Due to its
importance as an emotional story and as a literary text, it has been analyzed by a number of critics and researchers.
Similarly, the translation is as important as its language, and it needs to be assessed systematically. The significance of
the study is to identify whether the translator is familiar with the structure of Arabic conditional sentences and that he
translates the English ones accurately. The problem is that there are several tenses expressed through the conditional
cases in English which need to be translated accurately. This paper aims to analyze the Arabic translation of English conditional
sentences in this story to distinguish between the real conditional situation used by the protagonist, who is suffering
from psychological conflicts, and the other two hypothetical conditional situations. Quantitative and qualitative
approaches are used to analyze the collected data. It has been concluded that the translator has succeeded in translating
most of the conditional sentences into Arabic. Nonetheless, he could not translate the conditional particle “if” properly.

The current research aimed to measure intergroup bias among university students, according to the variables of
gender and nationality. The intergroup bias scale was prepared according to the social identity theory of (Henri Tajfel,
1982) and consisted of (29) paragraphs. The descriptive approach was employed. The research sample was selected
using a simple equal random sample method, from (8) colleges distributed over (3) universities (Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah,
and Kirkuk). The scale was applied to the statistical analysis sample of (600) students. They extracted the psychometric
properties of the scale from validity and reliability. The reliability of the scale reached (0.72) by the retest method, and
(0.76) by the Cronbach’s alpha method. The data were processed using (SPSS) for the purpose of extracting the results,
the scale settled on (22) paragraphs in its final form, and they reached the following results: The research sample is
characterized by a low level of intergroup bias, and that There isn’t statistically significant difference in intergroup bias
according to the gender variable, and there is a statistically significant difference in the nationality variable in favor of
Turkmen nationality. They concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aimed to measure intergroup bias among university students, according to the variables of
gender and nationality. The intergroup bias scale was prepared according to the social identity theory of (Henri Tajfel,
1982) and consisted of (29) paragraphs. The descriptive approach was employed. The research sample was selected
using a simple equal random sample method, from (8) colleges distributed over (3) universities (Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah,
and Kirkuk). The scale was applied to the statistical analysis sample of (600) students. They extracted the psychometric
properties of the scale from validity and reliability. The reliability of the scale reached (0.72) by the retest method, and
(0.76) by the Cronbach’s alpha method. The data were processed using (SPSS) for the purpose of extracting the results,
the scale settled on (22) paragraphs in its final form, and they reached the following results: The research sample is
characterized by a low level of intergroup bias, and that There isn’t statistically significant difference in intergroup bias
according to the gender variable, and there is a statistically significant difference in the nationality variable in favor of
Turkmen nationality. They concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aimed to measure intergroup bias among university students, according to the variables of
gender and nationality. The intergroup bias scale was prepared according to the social identity theory of (Henri Tajfel,
1982) and consisted of (29) paragraphs. The descriptive approach was employed. The research sample was selected
using a simple equal random sample method, from (8) colleges distributed over (3) universities (Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah,
and Kirkuk). The scale was applied to the statistical analysis sample of (600) students. They extracted the psychometric
properties of the scale from validity and reliability. The reliability of the scale reached (0.72) by the retest method, and
(0.76) by the Cronbach’s alpha method. The data were processed using (SPSS) for the purpose of extracting the results,
the scale settled on (22) paragraphs in its final form, and they reached the following results: The research sample is
characterized by a low level of intergroup bias, and that There isn’t statistically significant difference in intergroup bias
according to the gender variable, and there is a statistically significant difference in the nationality variable in favor of
Turkmen nationality. They concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

God Almighty is the One who knows the unseen and He is the one who holds the keys to it. Our research came to
clarify this matter that God Almighty is the only One who knows the secrets of matters. Therefore, in this research,
we divided our study into two sections. In the first, we learned about the theoretical concepts, what is the meaning of
the unseen, and what is meant by the science of the unseen. In the second section, we mentioned what the keys to the
unseen are intended in the noble hadith and their significance from the Holy Qur’an. We explained that the keys to the
unseen are what will happen in the future and what the wombs will close, the knowledge of the Hour, the place and
time of death, the date of rain and rain, and that the knowledge of the unseen and what happened in the past and the
future, and it may be absolute or absolute. It is relative, and this is what we explained in this research. After that, we
put together an appropriate conclusion, followed by the results we reached in our research, and then listed the sources
and references.

Employment and employability requirements are currently a substantial concern for many
Iraqi and international institutions and universities due to their vital role in empowering and
enhancing graduates’ opportunities of obtaining a job that suits their specializations and mends
the gap between job applicants and employers. Most Iraqi universities and institutions lack
a supportive mechanism that provides employment skills, requirements, and training courses
to empower an eligible applicant. This study invests academic writing lesson to qualify (110)
students from the English department who participated in a one-month training course aimed at
raising awareness of the importance of understanding and mastering employability requirements
and to craft professional job application letters free of writing mistakes to secure jobs. The results
indicate that the training course signicantly upgraded students’ understanding and awareness of
key employment requirements and the mechanism for marketing themselves, moreover, it led to
statistically signicant improvements in their writing skills, including formatting, grammar, and
spelling. These improvements are anticipated to enhance graduates’ readiness for the competitive
labour market, increase their prospects of securing satisfying employment, and foster economic
stability and growth in Iraq.

This study accentuates the notion that reection profoundly aids students to prot from their own experiences. It aims at revealing Kurdish post-graduate students’ perceptions toward utilising journal writing as an assessment tool. It also tries to uncover their language
progress, metacognition, and self-awareness as a consequence of journal writing. Finally, it elicits challenges encountered by students when writing their journals. The current study is of
qualitative-interpretive nature. Students’ journal writing is the main tool of the study. Thematic
analysis is carried out on data collected from reective journals and a focus group interview including
twelve Kurdish post-graduate students. Journaling resulted in greater class participation,
better language skills, more profound professional insights, and the right set of circumstances for students to connect with authentic assessment.

Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha (peace be upon him) is considered one of the most influential figures in the history of
Islamic thought. Through his profound philosophical dialogues, he left a significant mark on Abbasid-era intellectual
and literary traditions. These dialogues encompassed discussions with philosophers and scholars from various cultures
and religions of the Abbasid period, aiming to bridge reason and revelation while clarifying numerous philosophical
and theological issues. Imam al-Ridha’s philosophical discussions addressed topics such as monotheism, divine justice,
rationality, ethics, and guidance, contributing to the spread of rational thought within Abbasid society. Abbasid literature
was profoundly influenced by these dialogues, as poets, writers, and scholars integrated many of these themes into
their works, leading to the emergence of new intellectual and literary currents. Prominent poets such as Al-Mutanabbi
and Abu Tammam engaged with philosophical themes inspired by Imam al-Ridha’s dialogues, including divine justice,
monotheism, and ethics, emphasizing the role of reason in interpreting the world and religion. This study explores the
significant impact of these philosophical dialogues on Abbasid literature and analyzes their reflections across various
literary forms of the period. It investigates the dimensions of these discussions and their reciprocal influence on religious,
philosophical, and literary thought within Abbasid society. Furthermore, the research examines how writers and
philosophers received and analyzed these dialogues, along with a study of literary texts that embodied these intellectual
trends. Employing a historical-critical methodology, this study aims to understand the social and political contexts in
which these dialogues emerged. Additionally, it explores how these discussions contributed to the development of rationalism
in Abbasid literature, facilitating a connection between classical Islamic heritage and contemporary philosophical
knowledge. Ultimately, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive perspective that links religious, political, and
literary thought in the Abbasid era, highlighting Imam al-Ridha’s vital role as a cultural and intellectual bridge between
diverse intellectual movements of his time.