Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract- The linguistic phoneme is important in the study of the Quranic text because it forms the first building block and the minor linguistic unit of words, structures, and verses. The Quranic text is one of the most important linguistic records that are studied and researched for what is an audio source for eloquent Arabic pronunciation and important audio material that has supported the linguistic lesson. Inspired by its results in a mixture of semantics and sounds.

The Noble Qur’an is a heavenly book that God Almighty revealed in the Arabic language, but it does not concern Arabs alone Allah said: “Alif‐Lām‐Rā. [These letters are one of the miracles of the Qur’ān, and none but Allāh (Alone) knows their meanings]”. (Ibrahim 1). For that his meanings were translated into many languages, the first of which was in 1142 A.D. In many of them, he was subjected to attempts to smear.The research sheds light on the translation of the style of brevity in the Hebrew translations by Reckendorf and Ben Shemesh The brevity is one of the methods of Qur’anic rhetoric, which is rich in its connotations, as it is expressed in few words to denote great meanings that the one who knows the interpretation and the Arabic language realizes. Therefore, those interfering with the translation of the meanings of the Noble Qur’an are required to search and investigate to find out what the rhetorical methods hide from broad meanings also they are required to give priority to scientific honesty in translating the text. Here, the research highlights the translators' way of dealing with verses that carry this method. The research also highlights the intellectual trends that translators tried to place on the sacred text in an attempt to question its source.

This research deals with an important issue of the issues related to the science of hadith, which is the issue of men who respond with an ambiguous word in the hadith, such as the word: “on the authority of a man or on the authority of a woman”, or “on the authority of his brother or sister”, or “his uncle or aunt, and the like, without it”. To be mentioned by their explicit names.Because knowing the degree of hadith depends on knowing the condition of its men. It was necessary to identify the personality of these ambiguous people to know their state of confidence or weaknessThis study was limited to researching the Musnad of Imam Abdullah bin Al-Zubair Al-Humaidi (T.: 219 AH). Because of its importance and place among the books of hadith. His author is considered one of the pillars of science in his time, and he is the sheikh of the authors of the Six Books, and others in the science of hadithThe study was based on graduating the methods of hadith in which there is an ambiguous man, comparing and studying them, and transferring the sayings of scholars, and it reached - in most of them - to identify the ambiguous, and to know the degree of authenticity of the hadith, and others, after adding the most important reason for adding this, for this search .

This study dealt with: the importance of acquiring knowledge related to the honor Prophetic hadith and its types from hadith books and its terminology, books of men, their translations and their classes, as well as the difference between theoretical knowledge of the types of hadith, and the conditions of men, and between the critical mechanism and methodology that the diligent must follow in order for him to attach the hadith as appropriate to him according to his study of al-Isnad and its narrators. And in view of the need for critical practice for a critical modernist and mujtahid who documented by huis diligence ; a group of genius scholars, critics, whom God Almighty made as Lighthouse of Islam and as a model in the religion and critics of the movement of antiquities. The critical balance of hadith is a great scale, by which the justice of the narrators and the strength of their memorization and control are weighed, searched and tested, and the realization of the trustworthiness of the narrator and the issuance of the judgment about it is weighed by descriptions added to his document by modification . So the science of al-jarh and ta’deel, which is specialized in searching the narrators, then each narrator judged according to his own degree and rank, according to the verification of the credibility of the description and its addition, in order for him to be judged by acceptance and invoked by his saying or without such rulings, such as writing, consideration or leaving. This study came to address the delusion that occurs among students of knowledge and scholars in the field of the Noble Hadith in general, and the science of men and criticism of al-Isanid in particular. In clarifying the rank of the narrator described as (trust) without looking at the descriptive addition that may negate the trust about him if it is attached to his description, meaning: not necessarily everyone who is described as trustworthy: the hadith is acceptable. The study methodology included: the inductive approach in collecting the descriptive additions to the trust, which amounted to (49) descriptions and categorizing them according to the critical levels, and the adoption of the ranks of al-Jarh and modification according to Imam Ibn Abi Hatim Al-Razi; Because he has the lead in arranging and refining these ranks and clarifying their provisions, and the research is divided into: an introduction, five sections and a conclusion with the most important results.Keywords: (addition - trust - description - rank – critical balance)

An Applied Endeavour on the Precautionary Measures in Saudi Arabia All praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon the Prophet Muhammad, the Seal of all Prophets and Messengers.This research tackles the topic of (The Rule of the Ruler's Action towards his Nationals is Dependent on the Interest, and the Rule’s Impact on Preventive Medicine during Epidemics Time - An Applied Endeavour on the Precautionary Measures in Saudi Arabia). In this research, I stated the precautionary measures taken by Saudi Arabia, which are considered preventive medicine for the protection of citizens and expatriates there against Corona epidemic (Covid-19), which has swept the whole world, in addition to rooting such measures in Islamic Law (Sharia). Among the key precautionary measures are: quarantine, closure of borders, travel ban, social distancing and obligatory distances even when praying, in addition to obligating vaccination against the epidemic to boost immunity in all people. These procedures have made Saudi Arabia among the best countries in dealing with this epidemic, the more immunized against it, and the less influenced by it, thanks, first, for Allah (God), then for the obligatory precautionary measures taken by the country.

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Medical jurisprudence was considered one of the jurisprudential rulings and legal rules related to the medical professions and forensic medicine, and the current research came to clarify the effect of medicine and its importance in Islamic jurisprudence, and after medicine was clarified in the Qur’an and Sunnah, the necessity of medical sciences in the Islamic community was emphasized as is the case for all other sciences. Medical science is considered an Islamic duty, and it is a kifaya obligation that concerns some. Some issues related to the legality of medical treatment in medicine were discussed, then pictures of the development of medicine in Islamic jurisprudence were presented through Muslim schools of medicine, their medical flags, and then Islamic medical hospitals before shedding light on the ethics of medical professionals and how they deal with the patient and the nurse.

Conflict of interests is one of the most prominent influences that breach the contract and may spoil the contractual relationship between the parties to the contract, and since construction contracts are among the most complex contracts and are affected by conflicting interests, the conflict of interest casts its shadow on the building supervision contract, which is one of the important contracts. And cases of conflict and its legal and jurisprudential effects on the supervision contract.

Islamic legal manuscripts are considered a scientific heritage that we inherited from scholars. Some of them are discovered while some are still kept as manuscripts at institutions and libraries. It is therefore incumbent upon knowledge seekers to show this treasured knowledge by studying and investigating it. I have had easy access to the manuscript titled ‟Rownaq Al-Mahakem bi Sharh Al-Massael allati Youzawejj fiha Al-Hakem” (Courts Splendour in Explaining Issues in which the Governor (or: the Judge) Unites a Woman in Marriage), by: Abdulrahman bin Ahmad bin Al-Misk Al-Sakhawi (died 1123H.).This manuscript is three copies and, originally, an explanation of a poem of five verses, titled ‟Al-Zahr Al-Bassim feema Youzawijj fih Al-Hakem” (Smiling Flowers in Issues where the Governor unites a woman in marriage), by: Al-Hafiz Jalal Eddeen Al-Sayouti, which includes the issues in which the legal Governor unites women in marriage. Among such issues is the condition of the presence of the woman's guardian in the marriage contract, as this contract is invalid without him. So, the governor is a guardian of women who have no guardians. This poem mentioned twenty cases, among which are: the lack of a guardian, his travel, or his prevention of the woman under his guardianship from marriage… etc. Ibn Al-Misk gave a brief explanation of that in a way that meets its clarity according to the Shafei School.

Scholars have left many books, some of which reached us and others lost. Among these lost books are the works of Imam Mohammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani (may God have mercy on him), who is considered the first who writes the documents in jurisprudence and divided it into jurisprudential chapters in our time.His students narrated many of his views and narrations from him in many books, and this book (Al-Ruqiyat) which was narrated from him by his student Imam Mohammad bin Samma’a (May God have mercy on him). That is why I thought of all the references to this book in one of the important Hanafi books, which is the book (Bada’i Al-Da’i) by Imam Al-Kasani (may God have mercy on him) I called my research (The Narratives of the Book of Ruqyat in the Book of Badaa’ Al-Sana’i by Imam Al-Kasani-Hajj and Divorce -a Comparative Jurisprudential Study Model) and it included four references - three of which are (Hajj) and one in divorce. The research included an introduction and two topics As for the introduction - talked about the importance of the subject. As topic one : - It included the definition of the Rukayat book Topic two: Narratives of the Book of Rukayat Then the conclusion of the research, which included the most important results and suggestions Then a list of sources and references.

God Almighty has endowed man with the grace of reason for the purpose of contemplation and contemplation, so man is distinguished by him to perceive things and their facts and issues and their subtleties, and there is no doubt that it is a great force that supports him in exploring interconnections and solving problems. While the intellect is consistent with rigidity and tends to logic and inference, and in our research on this tagged (The Specific Separate Mind as a model), we sought to clarify the definition of the mind and to clarify the differences in people in it and to prove its truth in the specification.

This research dealt with the forbidden exchange with Imam Al-Suhaili, who was singled out as a proprietor of the Arabic language, whose style is characterized by novelty in research and handling and depth in that with unprecedented ideas. He considers it appropriate for his unique approach, and has moved away from the multiplicity of opinions on the same issue, and has drawn for himself a different approach and has opinions that he has been alone with and has not been preceded by a previous one.

The issue of semantic fields are fertile place for study especially when the research connects with a study in Arabic lexicon .We have chosen to study the words that are used "cowardice" in "Lisan Al-Arab" lexicon because it is an original reference in linguist research and a main lexicon in dealing with words language.Our research was based on finding semantic connection between the meaning of "cowardice" and words mentioned by Ibn Mandhor (711 A.H.) in his lexicon and their signifcances on the meaning that he mentioned.Through the semantic fields in which we have divided words as each group of words denotes "cowardice" on the one hand is not indicated by other groups.We have made great efforts in dividing subdivision significances that denote on the meaning of "cowardice"

The subject of satellite broadcasting and the resulting conflict of laws and conflict in international jurisdiction are of great importance at present, This was a logical consequence of increased satellite communications in outer space, And the resulting disputes involving an alien element, disputes of an international character, which necessitates determining the law applicable in this case.

The former Libyan Prime Minister, Muhammad Othman al-Said, is one of the prominent figures who played a pivotal role in the contemporary history of Libya and one of its most important men, because of his clear fingerprints in various political, economic and social fields. He contributed to fighting the French occupiers, and laid the foundations of the monarchy. The Libyan, by amending the constitution, served the Libyan people in several ministries, including health and finance, as well as being prime minister from 1960-1963. He ended his political and professional life by relinquishing the premiership, which prompted some historians to call him the architect of Libya's unification.

When looking at the future and imaginary visions of public relations, this does not mean that we have moved away from the field of accurate and disciplined science, but rather we are trying to expand the scope of science and its ability to address the issues of organizations in a turbulent and unstable environment. We sometimes move away from the quantitative description to enter the door of prospects for what can be predicted, developing alternatives, or strategic planning, or realistic simulation or extrapolation of events, according to a scientific approach based on theories, methods and research techniques. The research aims to provide guidance to public relations scholars, who may wish to delve into an in-depth understanding of the field of future studies .It seeks to understand Future foresight, imagination- bound- and Prediction in public relation, and the relationship between them. The research aims to know fields of Future foresight, methods, techniques and research tools to explore it. This research was established through a review of the scientific literature, which contributed to enriching the field of future studies in public relations, which was conducted to advance public relations issues, followed by an examination of many studies of other human sciences such as sociology, politics and others. Key words: Future Foresight, Imagination, Prediction, Scientific Research Techniques, Public Relations Science.

The research aims to analyze the content of the computer curriculum for colleges other than specialization in Iraq to determine the percentage of inclusion of life / computer skills in it. The research community was determined by (the computer curriculum for colleges other than specialization in Iraq), (The content of the computer curriculum for the first and second stages of the departments of the College of the Great Imam (may God have mercy on him) was chosen as a sample of the research. The descriptive analytical research method was adopted, The research tool was adopted after its re-arbitration which is the list of life-computing skills and its number (eight skills), and the stability factor for the content analysis ranged between (0.92 and 0.96) and the percentage and iterations adopted statistical methods for research, The results of the analysis showed that there is a large disparity in the inclusion of computer skills in the content of the computer curriculum for the first and second stages of all departments of the Greatest Imam College, ranging between (0% - 35%) and (the skill of dealing with non-physical components) prevailed over the rest of the skills while it was a skill ( Preparing interactive presentations to present data, reports, research and studies in an interactive and attractive way (0%) The content of the two-stage computer curriculum.

The current research has dealt with one of the basic and vital ways in evaluating and measuring institutional performance in general, and the banking sector in particular, because it relies on financial and non-financial indicators in measuring performance, and the main role of the research is to describe the basic dimensions of the balanced performance card, which consists of four strategic perspectives (perspective) Financial, customer perspective, internal operations perspective, and learning and growth perspective), which depend in their measurement on internal and external indicators, and the current research aims to shed light on the nature of the essential role that this tool plays in measuring and evaluating performance in the National Bank of Baghdad through data analysis For the annual reports for the years (2017, 2018, 2019) for the purpose of providing assistance to the administration to clarify the position of the performance of the researched bank, in addition to achieving benefit from the analytical results in submitting some proposals, for the purpose of increasing and improving the performance of the bank. The research reached a set of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the researched bank obtained the highest evaluation score in (2019), which reached (68 degrees), thus exceeding that of previous years (2017, 2018). In addition to taking a great interest in the financial axis compared to other axes, a decline in performance was observed at the level of the operations axis, due to the decline in the level of service provided to the customer, during the results it was noted that the bank is interested in training courses in 2019, for the purpose of addressing the decline in performance in years Previous. The research concluded with many recommendations, the most prominent of which was the concern for customers and work to achieve their desires and work to increase their loyalty to the bank, as they represent the important aspect in the survival of the institution and maintaining its competitive position in the market.

The banking sector is considered one of the most vital sectors that significantly affect at the overall economic activity, whether locally, regionally or internationally. Recently, the importance of banks has increased due to the development and diversification of banking activities. Banks and financial institutions have a special nature in terms of their procedures that they undertake as well as the risks that may be exposed. These risks due to the nature of their work that is based on the money of others (the depositors) and lending this money to others. Therefore, the “Financial Instruments (measurement 9 and Disclosure 7”) standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee contribute to provide an information that helps decision makers in evaluating the financial position and the results of banks. This study clarifies weaknesses of the accounting system in the Iraqi banks in terms of its components and elements that do not lead to the development of the accounting system performance in providing the appropriate information for its users in a manner that meet with the requirements of the international financial reporting standards. The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, including, the Weakness of the applied accounting system in the Middle East investment Bank in the use of international accounting standards and financial reporting, especially standards (measurement (9) and disclosure (7)).also, this system is not suitable for the size of the banking business due to it requires more time and effort to complete the work. The Iraqi banking sector is remaining in its current state, making it isolated and unable to enter the international banking competition market. The most important recommendation is the need of banks to apply international accounting and financial reporting standards for providing the appropriate information of business results and financial position.

the research aims to identify the scientific methodology of continuity of concepts, principles, conditions and indicators for measurement with the risks of financial insolvency, to reach the discrepancies between the achievement of profits and the continuity of companies within a research problem based on the basis that achieving profits does not mean continuity and vice versa, specifically for financial situations that lead to the risks of financial insolvency For a sample of the industrial sector companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange and through the use of the neural network model for measurement and analysis, As the continuity is calculated according to the Kah & Tans model for six of the most important financial ratios and within a certain probability, and then the value of the outputs is subtracted from the number (1) as it is mainly confined between (0-1) for each year and for each of these companies to reach the possibility of falling into financial insolvency, and after Conducting this measurement and analysis on a sample consisting of seven industrial companies. It was concluded that continuity and their cases and insolvency situations, both real and technical, are indicators of each other to infer real financial conditions and not situations that depend on traditional financial analysis, and this leads to the possibility of relying on a number of internal and external indicators For continuity and insolvency together for each of the balance, income statement and cash flow statement.

Gayatri Spivak (1942-), a postcolonial critic, has established herself as a trustworthy voice of the postcolonial era since the publication of "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1987). The Indian author has broadened her views to include topics such as feminism, Deconstruction, and Marxism. Spivak has attempted to resist colonial legacy via her critical and cultural ideas. She rejects the notion that the Western World is superior than the rest of the world. Her critical discourses highlight issues of marginalization, such as subaltern women's position and empowerment. This article applies Spivak’s notion of the subaltern on Sapphire’s Push.

Many pragmatic studies have looked at impoliteness in general, but it appears that the impoliteness strategies as a pragmatic phenomenon has been overlooked. As a result, using Culpeper's (2010) model of impoliteness strategies, this paper deals with impoliteness in English literary texts to examine the types of strategies of impoliteness. In addition, the ways in which characters utilize their social power to use impolite acts to attack others in order to reach their aims. It is important to note that this paper takes qualitative and quantitative approaches to the strategies since it describes unique pragmatic phenomenon known as impoliteness. The study demonstrates that in English contexts the characters use impoliteness strategies according to social power and context.