Durar journal of Islamic studies

The research focuses on the concept of transfer (Hawala) and its types in Islamic jurisprudence. We discuss the transfer of rights and the transfer of debts, as well as the conditions for the validity of both types, which include notifying the debtor of the transfer, acceptance, consent and its definition, and its conditions, as well as the effect of the transfer of rights on the relationship between the transferor and the transferee, such as the transfer of rights, among others. The fundamental principle in Islamic jurisprudence is that in order for there to be a clash between rights, there must be unity in the identity of the person acting. For instance, there is no clash between a mortgage from the true owner and a mortgage from an unauthorized person, as some believe that the mortgage issued by the unauthorized person is dependent on the approval of the true owner; if approved, the mortgage is valid, and if not, it is void. The transfer occupies the liability of the transferee with a right that was established by the transfer for the transferee. There is a disagreement regarding the nature of this liability: whether it involves the transfer of the debt, a claim to it, or merely a new liability without transfer. The important point is that a transfer, which results in a release of the transferor\\\\'s liability regardless of the type and degree of this release, has created an obligation in the liability of the transferee.

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This study examines the Quranic readings cited by the Kufan grammarians as grammatical evidence within Ibn Malik's seminal work Commentary on Al-Tashil, approaching the subject through an analytical methodology. The research investigates Ibn Malik's stance toward both recurrent and anomalous Quranic readings as grammatical proofs, and traces how he presented the Kufan grammarians' arguments alongside the Basran grammarians' rebuttals in the course of discussing grammatical issues. The study is organized into three main chapters: the first addresses Ibn Malik's general position on citing Quranic readings; the second analyzes readings pertaining to nouns and verbs; and the third deals with readings relating to particles. The findings reveal that Ibn Malik did not restrict himself to a single grammatical school, but rather exercised independent judgment in evaluating competing arguments, at times siding with the Basrans, at times with the Kufans, and occasionally advancing opinions of his own. The study concludes with a set of recommendations emphasizing the importance of further scholarly engagement with Quranic evidence in classical Arabic grammatical works.

Praise be to Allah, who has exalted the rank of knowledge, honored the scholars, and made the pursuit of knowledge a path that leads to Paradise. May Allah’s blessings and peace be upon the scholar of this world and the teacher of humanity, our master Muhammad, and upon his pure family and righteous companions, with blessings through which Allah opens for us the doors of beneficial knowledge. To proceed:
Among the contemporary issues that call for careful study and clarification with respect to their juristic rulings and related legal implications is the use in modern warfare of weapons containing impure and contaminating substances that pollute the battlefield and cause widespread harm to enemy forces and surrounding environments. From this concern emerged the idea for this research, entitled “The Use of Impurities in Environmental Contamination and Military Deterrence in Islamic Jurisprudence.”
This study consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. In the first chapter, I discuss the nature of impurities (najasāt) and the jurisprudential rulings related to them. In the second chapter, I examine the use of impurities in contemporary warfare, the legal ruling concerning weapons that contain impure substances, and the effects and consequences resulting from their use.

This study examines the concept of Mafhūm al-Laqab (the implication of designation) as one of the semantic principles in Islamic legal theory (Usul al-Fiqh), and explores its relationship with Mafhūm al-Mukhālafah (argument from contrast) . It also aims to clarify the scholarly debate regarding its evidential value (ḥujjiyyah), by presenting and analyzing the opinions of jurists. The majority of scholars hold that Mafhūm al-Laqab is not a valid proof, in contrast to other types of implicit meanings such as the implication of attribute, condition, and limitation. Furthermore, the study discusses selected Qur’anic and Prophetic applications attributed to this concept, critically examining them and demonstrating that many of these examples do not genuinely represent Mafhūm al-Laqab, but rather fall under other interpretive principles or contextual reasoning. The study concludes that Mafhūm al-Laqab is a weak form of implication due to the absence of a meaningful link between the designation and the ruling, which renders it unreliable for legal inference.

This research explores Jewish opposition to Zionism and emphasizes that Zionism does not speak for all Jews. It clarifies the distinction between Judaism as a divine religion and Zionism as a political and nationalist ideology, demonstrating that numerous Jewish groups, both religious and secular, have historically opposed Zionism based on theological, ethical, and ideological considerations.
The study explains two main forms of opposition:
Religious (Orthodox) opposition, which considers the establishment of Israel before the coming of the Messiah a grave sin.
Reformist opposition, which views Zionism as an outdated nationalist ideology.
It also discusses major anti-Zionist Jewish sects, such as:
Haredim, who strictly follow Jewish law and reject secular Zionism.
Hasidim, a mystical movement emphasizing spirituality, with branches like Satmar strongly opposing Israel’s legitimacy.
Neturei Karta, a group that actively protests against the Israeli state and supports Palestinian rights.
Finally, the research presents the idea of “Diaspora Nationalism”, which argues for multiple centers of Jewish identity rather than a single one in Israel.

This research explores and establishes the foundational objective rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Maqasid al-Sharia): "Legitimate remedies are enacted to secure benefits, and deterrents are prescribed to ward off harm". The researcher elucidates the significance of the science of Sharia objectives in preserving the Five Necessities (al-Dharuriyyat al-Khams) and meticulously balancing benefits (Masalih) and harms (Mafasid). The study provides a comprehensive exposition of the concept of "Jawabir" (remedies/reparations), which are legislated to recover forfeited benefits and are undertaken by the accountable individual (Mukallaf) themselves, whether their omission was intentional, erroneous, or due to forgetfulness. Conversely, "Zawajir" (deterrents/preventatives) are defined as impediments and penal sanctions instituted to avert anticipated harms; these are predominantly imposed upon transgressors for deterrence and are administered by leaders or authorities (Wali al-Amr).
Furthermore, the research outlines four fundamental distinctions between remedies and deterrents, substantiating them with detailed evidence from the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah. It addresses closely related jurisprudential maxims, such as the principle that "averting harm takes precedence over acquiring benefits," and the rule of "prioritizing public interest over private interest," alongside an explanation of their corresponding legal proofs. The paper concludes by presenting the practical application of this rule; it cites examples of remedies such as performing Tayammum (dry ablution) in the absence of water, the prostration of forgetfulness (Sujud al-Sahw) for additions, omissions, or doubt during prayer, and expiations for committing prohibited acts during Hajj. Similarly, it highlights applications of deterrents, including the execution of retribution (Qisas) and the prescribed punishments (Hudud) for adultery, false accusation of fornication (Qadhf), and theft. The study ultimately concludes that the implementation of these legislations and boundaries fundamentally aims to repel harm, reform individuals, and purify society from sins and transgressions.

This research examines international economic sanctions as a non-military tool used by the international community to pressure states that violate international law , with the aim of maintaining international peace and security . it explains that while these sanctions are approved within the framework of the united nations , particularly by the security council , they are often imposed without sufficient consideration of their humanitarian consequences . the research also discusses the compatibility of economic sanctions with the principles of international law and emphasizes their conflict with the principle of individual responsibility for punishment and the principle of proportionality , which are fundamental pillars of international justice . furthermore , the research presents the position of Islamic law on economic sanctions , explaining that Islamic law is based on achieving justice , preventing injustice , and protecting the innocent . the research also discusses the compatibility of economic sanctions with the principles of international humanitarian law and emphasizes their conflict with the principle of individual responsibility for punishment and the principle of proportionality , which are fundamental pillars of international justice . furthermore , the research presents the position of Islamic law on economic sanctions , explaining that Islamic law is based on achieving justice , preventing injustice , and protecting the innocent . the research concludes that the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq caused severe humanitarian and economic damage , leading to widespread suffering among civilians without civilians without achieving their stated objectives . this renders them incompatible with the principles of justice in both Islamic law and international law , necessitating their reconsideration according to more equitable humanitarian and legal standards .

The research highlights the concept of political philosophy within the postmodern trend, a concept through which political thought began to exert a direct influence on all spheres of life, both theoretically and practically, This was manifested in the formation of a reformist approach that contributed effectively to changing the fundamental structure of the individual and society, Political philosophy sought to identify the problems facing both the individual and society and then provide solutions and treatments for them, Postmodernism emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to the issues of modernity and as a critique of its central concepts: the self, reason, science, and truth, Rorty is considered one of the most prominent philosophers who contributed to presenting a philosophical vision that played an important role in dispersing the philosophical foundations of the classical liberal concept through his adoption of epistemological relativism and neo-pragmatism, and his emphasis on the interpretive and linguistic dimensions of the political environment, The research also examines his philosophy concerning democracy, liberalism, human rights, and his position on absolute truth, as well as his call for the formation of a flexible political approach based on tolerance, dialogue, non-fanaticism, and recognition of the other, while opposing totalitarian tendencies, In contrast, the research discusses the Islamic political intellectual sphere, which is based on an integrated system of divine laws and values grounded in the moral foundations of revelation and the principle of vicegerency, rather than cultural relativism or individual will. Accordingly, the confrontation between the postmodern trend and Islamic thought raises a fundamental philosophical question concerning the possibility of convergence or conflict between democracy, liberalism, and secularism as modern foundations, and the political and ethical principles upon which Islam relies.

Praise be to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon His Messenger. This study aims to examine the Qur’anic verse: “Indeed, the friends Allah have no fear, nor do they grieve” by collecting all Qur’anic verses that include the terms “fear” and “grief”. The research classifies these verses and conducts an analytical study to extract their meanings and implications. The methodology follows a systematic approach of tracing and analyzing the Qur’anic text, providing a contemporary interpretation that highlights the spiritual and ethical dimensions of the concepts of fear and grief in the Qur’an. This verse represents a truthful divine promise of security and
tranquility, as fear and grief are among the major challenges facing individuals and societies, which may lead to psychological disorders and subsequently physical illnesses.
The study seeks to clarify the means of attaining security and liberation from fear, emphasizing that sincere faith (īmān) and God-consciousness (taqwā) are the paths to achieving inner peace, and psychological and spiritual stability.
It.also examines the opinions of classical and contemporary exegetes to reveal the psychological and spiritual dimensions of the verse and its implications related to the concepts of divine guardianship (wilāyah), fear, grief, and security in this world before the Hereafter.
Furthermore, the study addresses Qur’ānic verses that contain similar expressions to demonstrate the unity and coherence of meaning in the Qur’ān’s portrayal of believers whose hearts and souls are filled with faith in Allah and righteous deeds.
The research adopts an analytical exegetical methodology that combines linguistic analysis with interpretive depth, while incorporating contemporary studies related to psychological and faith-based aspects.
The study concludes that divine guardianship is based on faith and piety, and that the divine promise of freedom from fear and grief in this world and success in the Hereafter is fulfilled for the believer in proportion to their sincerity, steadfastness upon the path of Allah, and complete faith in Him

The research aims to invite Muslims to return to the Holy Qur’an and the lessons and lessons it contains in order to guide man to his righteousness and self-development. If man believes that the development and progress of his nation is by following foreign ideas, then they are wrong, and that the development and advancement of the nation is by returning to the Holy Qur’an. It is worth noting that what the Islamic nation needs, both young and old, is a good role model, and the best role models for us are the prophets and messengers, and that values have great importance for self- development, as they are the standards and standards that must be faced Human movement according to the vision of Islam.