Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional program based on reciprocal teaching in developing historical sense and flexible thinking among fourth-grade literary branch students. The researcher employed the experimental method. The study sample consisted of (60) fourth-grade literary students, randomly assigned to two equivalent groups: an experimental group that was taught using the reciprocal teaching-based instructional program, and a control group that was taught using the traditional method. To collect data, the researcher developed two tests: one to measure historical sense and the other to measure flexible thinking. The validity and reliability of both instruments were verified. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the program in developing both historical sense and flexible thinking. The study recommended adopting reciprocal teaching as an effective strategy in teaching history, training teachers on its use, and incorporating it into high school curricula.

Before 2003, the management of the country’s affairs in Iraq, particularly local administration (governorates, districts, and sub-districts), suffered from a highly centralized system of governance, which was inconsistent with the aspirations and expectations of the people in obtaining essential services and basic needs. In addition, there was a lack of the level of welfare that Iraqi citizens should enjoy, considering Iraq’s natural wealth.
After the issuance of the Iraqi Constitution in 2005, the form of the state and its system of governance were defined. Iraq became a federal state with a parliamentary system, consisting of a region and several governorates. Furthermore, the Iraqi Constitution granted substantial powers to the region and governorates. These powers could be either exclusive or shared, as the Constitution provided significant authorities and privileges, particularly financial ones, to the units forming the federal Iraqi state without referring to the central government, according to the principle of administrative decentralization—especially after the issuance of the Law of Governorates Not Attached to a Region in 2008.

"This paper is a literary analysis of Kevin Powers' “The Yellow Birds” that examines the psychological impact of war on soldiers. In close reading of the novel, the work shows how Powers depicts soldiers' interior battles and emotional scarring, here around characters Bartle and Murphy. With a backdrop of war's more broad psychological consequences, the study strands of memory, pain, and soldiers' dissonance of morals in coming home create a tale that reflects deeply these topics. Emphasizing difficulty to adjust to civilian life after war, the story's sharp depiction of such themes helps to locate a lens utilized to evaluate war's larger overall psychological damage. The work positions the book in a dialogue of war literature by using several critiques of literature and different theory of psychology, therefore establishing it to be a seminal work in situating war's influence on mental health. This study shows the importance of the book in describing the silence, often invisible weight of troops, therefore fostering a better respect of their efforts and the challenging aspect of their rehabilitation.

This research examines the topic of materialistic crimes that affect religious sentiment within a comparative legal study of the criminal legislations of Iraq, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates. The significance of the study lies in its focus on tangible material acts that constitute direct assaults on sacred places, as opposed to purely verbal or ideological offenses. The study concentrates exclusively on analyzing the legal elements and prescribed penalties for two of the most serious material crimes: the offense of attacking and damaging places of worship, and the offense of violating the sanctity of graves and desecrating them. The research concludes that the legislators in the examined jurisdictions have criminalized these acts to protect public order, safeguard social peace, and preserve the sanctity of the dead and sacred sites. A clear divergence in punitive policy was identified: the UAE legislator adopts a notably stricter approach, followed by the Iraqi legislator, while penalties under Jordanian legislation are comparatively lighter.

This study examines the challenges facing the implementation of the United Nations Charter in achieving its objectives and principles related to maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation. The research shows that ambiguity in key concepts, flexible wording of the texts, the structure of the Security Council, and the veto power of permanent members pose challenges to the UN’s effectiveness. It also highlights the difficulty of balancing state sovereignty and non-intervention with the need to intervene in cases of threats to peace or human rights protection. The study concludes on the importance of developing clear interpretive mechanisms and enhancing cooperation among member states to ensure the organization’s objectives are effectively achieved.

Due to scanty data on self-awareness amongst students of the Kindergarten Department, College of Basic Education, this research intends to build a relevant descriptive approach to achieve objectives. A low level of self-awareness of the students at Kindergarten Department is postulated upon a few reasons: (a). Insufficient school curricula to develop the capabilities of the students lead to failure in providing opportunity for the pupils to develop themselves; (b). Failure of the instructors to use various modern teaching methods including teaching strategies meanwhile modern skills lead to a lack of understanding and reflection on topics; (c). Poor social relations i.e. family relationships, failed to build up self confidence in children and to develop their abilities and skills; (d). The inability of female pupils to conduct regular self-evaluation on a continuous basis which consequently caused absence of an effective educational guidance and undermining guidance unit in the Faculty to carry out such tests that contribute to the development of their emotional field of values, tendencies, habits, attitudes and desires. It is recommended that the university and related departments to carry out educational activities through programs that motivate pupils to: develop self-awareness of themselves; develop their self-confidence via involvement of local civil society organizations; activate the role of the family through socialization care; to implement the concepts of self-awareness; adopt certain ways to help raise the level of self-awareness, and conduct field studies to demonstrate application of within classrooms. Further studies, i.e. effectiveness of a counseling program in developing self-awareness among university students; as well as self-awareness and its relationship to intelligence and heredity among secondary school students are recommended.

Investment in improving the efficiency of Iraq's agricultural sector addresses key challenges related to infrastructure, modern technologies, and rural development. This includes expanding advanced irrigation networks to combat water scarcity, enhancing transportation and storage systems to reduce post-harvest losses, and adopting smart technologies and protected agriculture to increase productivity. Scientific research plays a crucial role in developing drought-resistant crops and eco-friendly fertilizers, while human resource development through farmer training and agricultural education is vital for long-term efficiency.

God Almighty has used the diligent imams of Muslims to do their best in deducing legal rulings from their original sources and outweigh what they see as consistent with the Qur’an and Sunnah.
The research discusses (The Selections of Sheikh Abd al-Rahman Habannakah in His Interpretation of Surah Qaf in His Book Ma‘arij al-Tafakkur wa Daqa’iq al-Tadabbur), followed by a biography of Sheikh Abd al-Rahman mentioning: his name, lineage, birth, academic upbringing, work, scholarly works, and death, along with an introduction to his interpretation (Ma‘arij al-Tafakkur) and an explanation of his methodology in selection and preference. Then, his selections in the interpretation of Surah Qaf are compiled. The research is divided into an introduction and two sections. The introduction includes two subsections: the first on the foundational concepts of the research, and the second on the definition of the interpretation Ma‘arij al-Tafakkur, followed by the definition of “selection” (ikhtiyār) linguistically and terminologically. The first section presents Sheikh Abd al-Rahman’s methodology in selection and preference, while the second section covers Sheikh Abd al-Rahman Habannakah’s selections in Surah Qaf.

This study aims to identify the impact of social media addiction on the performance of knowledge employees. A conceptual model was proposed, comprising two main variables: the first representing the dimensions of social media addiction behavior, and the second representing the dimensions of knowledge worker performance. The study problem stemmed from a central question regarding the extent of social media addiction's impact on knowledge worker performance. Using a survey methodology, a questionnaire was specifically designed to collect data from a sample of employees at Korek Telecom in Iraq. The questionnaire was distributed both manually and electronically. Data was collected from a field sample of 225 employees, and statistical analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS4 and SPSS version 21 software. The results showed no impact of social media addiction on any of the dimensions of the dependent variable, except for productivity, which was found to be negatively affected. The study reached several conclusions, most notably that increased addictive engagement with social media leads to a significant decline in the individual’s productivity, whether through wasting time, distracting attention, or mental fatigue.

This research examines the legal obligations of international peacekeeping forces under the international humanitarian law, in the light of the significant developments witnessed in peacekeeping operations, particularly after the end of the Cold War. These operations have evolved from traditional monitoring roles to include military, security, and humanitarian tasks.
The study aims to clarify the legal nature of peacekeeping forces and to determine the extent of their subjection to the rules of international humanitarian law, while analyzing the legal challenges related to the classification of conflicts in which these forces operate and the legal responsibility arising from violations committed by their personnel.
The research concludes that peacekeeping forces are subject to international humanitarian law whenever they become actively involved in armed conflicts or engage in hostilities. It also finds that the absence of a unified international legal framework governing their status contributes to ambiguity in accountability and responsibility. The study recommends strengthening the legal framework regulating peacekeeping operations and establishing effective mechanisms to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law.

This research examines the philosophical roots and strategic dimensions of the first Gulf War (1980-1988) from an analytical perspective that focuses on the vision of the Iraqi and Arab military elites. In this context, the philosophy of war is understood as an inevitable conflict arising from the intersection of geopolitical ambitions and ideological clashes. The Iraqi military elite considered it a “preemptive defensive war” aimed at protecting national sovereignty and repelling the “export of revolution” project that threatened to undermine the stability of the state.
On the other hand, the research analyzes the vision of Arab military elites who adapted the conflict within the concept of “Arab national security,” considering Iraq an impenetrable barrier to Iranian regional expansion, despite their differing assessments of the strategic cost of prolonging the confrontation. The study concludes that the Arab military mind framed the war as an existential necessity to consolidate the balance of power and prevent the geopolitical imbalance of the region, making the military philosophy of this war a mixture of nationalist doctrine and political realism based on deterrence and the protection of the political entity from cross-border threats.

The harm sustained by the primary user of a pharmaceutical product, being the directly aggrieved party, may have reverberating effects on other persons who suffer damage by rebound and with whom the said user maintains a specific connection—most commonly a familial or financial bond. Under certain conditions, the law grants such persons the right to claim compensation for the material or moral damage they have sustained by rebound, arising from the injury or death of their relative who is the primary aggrieved party.
The indirectly aggrieved parties shall have the right to bring an action against the representative of the pharmaceutical company on whose behalf he acts, seeking compensation for moral damage on the basis of tortious liability (extra-contractual liability) rather than contractual liability, in the event of injury to or death of their relative. This is predicated on the fact that the indirectly aggrieved parties have no contractual relationship whatsoever with the representative of the pharmaceutical company who is responsible for the harmful act.
The court may, in its discretionary authority to assess the extent and gravity of the damage, award compensation to the indirectly aggrieved parties, provided that the requisite conditions for such compensation are met.

Suleiman Husnu Pasha is considered one of the prominent figures of the Ottoman State during the Tanzimat era. He was an upright military commander, a candid and bold revolutionary, and highly successful in his missions. A man of culture, he was distinguished by his integrity and a deep sense of responsibility toward his homeland and nation. Furthermore, he excelled in the fields of thought, history, and Turkish culture, and is regarded as one of the early pioneers of Turkish nationalist thought.
Driven by national awareness and loyalty, he devoted himself to the country's issues, feeling an urgent need for awakening, modernization, and the opposition of despotism. He sought to reform the state administration, which was sliding toward collapse, by adopting a constitutional system. Consequently, he intervened in political life by participating in the coup d'état that he led on the ground on May 30, 1876, to depose Sultan Abdülaziz and install Crown Prince Murad V, who was sympathetic to the ideals of liberty and constitutionalism.
Despite the success of the operation, which paved the way for the proclamation of the constitution, Sultan Murad’s mental illness and his inability to govern the state disappointed the proponents of reform and the constitution. They were left with no choice but to deal with Crown Prince Abdul Hamid II, who reneged on his promises to proclaim the constitution immediately upon ascending the throne on August 31, 1876.
At that point, constitutional supporters faced difficult circumstances due to Sultan Abdul Hamid's maneuvers aimed at delaying and eventually dismantling the constitutional cause. Taking the initiative to complete the national reformist role for which he had joined the coup, Suleiman Pasha threatened the Sultan with the same fate as his uncle, Abdülaziz, should he refuse to announce the constitution. As a result, it was officially proclaimed on December 23, 1876.

This research examines the Islamic legal ruling on combining obligatory prayers in emergency situations, through a comparative study of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence. It focuses on contemporary applications such as health, educational, security, and environmental circumstances, analyzing the relevant legal evidence, the objectives of Islamic law, and the criteria for granting such permission. The study concludes that combining prayers is a valid dispensation, subject to specific conditions, that prioritizes ease and the removal of hardship. It is not a general rule, but rather a matter of necessity and exceptional circumstances deemed valid by Islamic law.
Through a review of contemporary fatwas, rulings of Islamic jurisprudence councils, and real-life examples from both Muslim and non-Muslim societies, it becomes clear that the jurisprudence of combining prayers effectively contributes to enhancing prayer performance, preventing its neglect, and strengthening the commitment of those observing the faith in challenging environments. This clearly demonstrates the universality of Islamic law and its capacity to adapt to every situation and era. However, this legal dispensation should not be used as a pretext for negligence or complacency. Rather, it is linked to need and necessity only, and must be exercised within strict guidelines and with religious awareness, lest it become an excuse for shortcomings rather than an act of worship. Modern fatwas have unanimously agreed on this point, thus reinforcing the jurisprudence of moderation and discipline.

This research addresses the issue of guaranteeing compliance with constitutional deadlines, considering such limits as a fundamental pillar for maintaining constitutional stability and strengthening political legitimacy. The temporal provisions established by the Constitution form a binding framework governing the exercise of public authorities’ competencies. The significance of this study lies in tackling the problem of delay or institutional laxity in fulfilling constitutional obligations, and the potential consequences thereof on the balance of power and the effectiveness of popular will, particularly with regard to the legislative process within Council of Representatives of Iraq.
The study analyzes the legal safeguards that ensure respect for constitutional deadlines by restricting the exercise of public authority within the scope of constitutional provisions. It also highlights the role of political and constitutional oversight mechanisms in preventing deviation from prescribed time limits and in consolidating the principle of constitutional supremacy. Furthermore, the research examines the role of constitutional institutions in regulating executive performance and ensuring that the implementation of constitutional and legal texts is neither obstructed nor subject to unilateral interpretation.
The study concludes that the effectiveness of constitutional guarantees is closely linked to the integration of the state’s institutional framework and the development of the legislative system in a manner that ensures adherence to time-bound constitutional obligations, thereby contributing to political stability and enhancing confidence in the constitutional system in Iraq.

There are several types of auctions, and each is distinguished from the others in terms of definition, characteristics, and rules. Public auctions can be either traditional or electronic. The purpose of a contract made through auction is to obtain the highest bid for the sale, Hence the term auction, which differs from tender, the purpose of which is to obtain the lowest bid or the best wage.
The Iraqi legislator did not define public auction in the Civil Code, but only regulated a part of the provisions of the contract that is done by it, in Article (89) of the Civil Code, which we find it insufficient to cover all the provisions related to contracts that are done in this traditional way or electronically, which is done by means of an electronic device and on an electronic website. This is something that the Iraqi legislator has not regulated, in addition to not regulating the reverse auction, in which the roles between the seller and the buyer are reversed in light of the new digital transformations, despite it being an exceptional modern method of concluding deals, which takes place through an electronic platform and within a specific time period, so that whoever offers the lowest price that meets the conditions wins, which represents a legislative gap in Iraqi law that should be avoided.

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This study addresses the issue of informal child labor in the Iraqi private sector, aiming to assess the impact of local legislation on protecting this vulnerable group. The study indicates that the economic and social conditions Iraq has experienced have contributed to the exacerbation of this phenomenon, pushing large numbers of children into work in environments lacking government oversight and legal protection. The study relies on a critical analysis of the Iraqi legal framework related to child protection, such as the Labor Law and Personal Status Laws, in comparison with international conventions ratified by Iraq. The results reveal a significant gap between legal texts and their actual implementation on the ground. Although Iraqi legislation criminalizes child labor, weak enforcement mechanisms, lack of awareness, and monitoring challenges diminish its effectiveness and allow violations to persist. Therefore, the study indicates that legal protection for child labor in Iraq remains largely theoretical and insufficient to address the growing challenges in the informal private sector. The study offers several practical recommendations aimed at strengthening the legal framework, activating monitoring and inspection mechanisms, and increasing public awareness to guarantee children's rights and enable them to achieve a better future.

This research aims to measure and analyze the impact of fiscal policy efficiency on achieving economic growth in Iraq during the period (2003–2025). This is conducted by analyzing the relationship between economic growth and a set of fiscal variables, namely: government spending, public revenues, oil revenues, and the fiscal deficit. The study employs an econometric analysis to determine the nature of the long-term relationship between these variables.
The results indicate a positive correlation between government spending, public revenues, and oil revenues with economic growth in the long run, reflecting the role of these variables in supporting economic activity. Conversely, the findings show a negative correlation between the fiscal deficit and economic growth, suggesting that an increasing deficit may adversely affect economic performance by exacerbating fiscal imbalances. The research recommends the necessity of enhancing fiscal policy management, diversifying revenue sources, and reducing reliance on oil to support sustainable economic growth in Iraq.