Journal of University of Babylon

This research aims to identify the extent to which life sciences students possess future skills related to artificial intelligence applications, from the perspective of faculty members in the science department, by activating the role of higher education institutions in achieving this. Universities bear a significant responsibility in addressing cognitive developments in light of technological advancements and their impact on societies in general and the educational system in particular.
The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on determining the level of availability of future skills related to artificial intelligence applications among life sciences students in the science department at the University of Babylon, College of Basic Education, for the academic year 2025/2026. This was achieved by surveying the perspectives of faculty members in the science department where the life sciences students are enrolled.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher developed a future skills scale based on artificial intelligence applications. This scale was based on the skills included in the scale developed in the study by Baawain (2022), which comprised 14 skills (basic, applied, and technical) consisting of 32 items distributed across three main future skills categories:
1- Basic skills (11 items).
2- Applied skills (11 items).
3- Technical skills (10 items).
The questionnaire was reviewed by experts, and its validity and reliability coefficients were calculated. The research sample consisted of 46 male and female faculty members in the Department of Science. To determine the availability of future skills among life sciences students, based on artificial intelligence applications, the weighted mean and percentage were calculated for the questionnaire items after distributing it to the research sample, and the frequencies for each item and domain were calculated.
The results showed that most of the future skills, according to artificial intelligence applications for life sciences students, were available to varying degrees based on the responses of the research sample of faculty members of both genders. Some items received average ratings, especially those related to basic skills, which require more extensive attention. The results also showed a very slight similarity in the faculty members' viewpoints based on gender regarding the evaluation of the questionnaire items and its main components. Male faculty members' ratings were higher than those of female faculty members for all items. In light of the research findings, a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions were formulated.

This paper investigates how two Mosuli religious preachers shift from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) to Mosuli Arabic (MA) in their deliverance of Friday sermons in Mosul mosques. Rather than treating dialectal shifting as a departure from linguistic correctness, the study approaches it as a deliberate rhetorical resource used for convergence towards the audience, emphasis, stance-taking, and identity-positioning within a diglossic speech event. The data comprises 89 instances of MSA-MA shifting, coded into four mutually exclusive categories: lexical, morphosyntactic, discourse-marker, and phonological. Quantitative analysis reveals that lexical shifts are the most frequent, accounting for 52.8% of all shift instances, followed by morphosyntactic shifts at 24.7%, phonological shifts at 12.4%, and discourse-marker shifts at 10.1%. There are two distinct stylistic profiles displayed in the two sermons. The first leans heavily towards lexical shifting, and displays a higher overall density of shifts when considering sermon length, whereas Sermon 2 contains more morphosyntactic and phonological variation. Qualitatively, the shifts function to align the preachers with their audience, reinforce moral points, and dramatize religious narratives through indexicality of Mosuli identity. The paper contributes a four-way coding scheme supported by broad IPA transcription allowing a more precise account of shift depth beyond a simple MSA- dialect contrast. Although based on a small corpus, the paper presents a distinct method in transparent coding procedure and analytical approaches fortified by a documented appendix, making this work reproducible in wider studies of Arabic, and especially Iraqi religious discourse.

The dialectic of peace and war in the poetry of Ibn Nubāta al-Saʿdī (d. 405 AH) is regarded as one of the thematic and cultural patterns that occupied poetry in the Abbasid era, as it represents a linguistic image of real life and the political and social fluctuations of society. Ibn Nubāta al-Saʿdī was one of the poets in whose poetic production this dialectical issue prominently emerged, as a fundamental vision that goes beyond mere general description to an intellectual and moral construction. In his poetry, images of war-with their fighting, chivalry, conflict, and depiction of weapons and battlefields—intermingle with images of peace that evoke calmness, reassurance, stability, construction, and security. This intellectual interpenetration constitutes an artistic perspective that reflects the poet’s awareness and his perception of the necessity of balance between the power of war and its instruments and the wisdom of peace and its word.

This study examines how President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s wartime rhetoric combines contextual implicature with emotionally charged framing to mobilize diverse audiences during the 2022–2024 Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Drawing on a purposive corpus of ten prominent speeches published on the official presidential website; the research applies a qualitative pragmatic framework that combines Gricean and Relevance-theoretic notions of implicature with insights from framing and metaphor theory. Systematic coding uncovered 225 specific implicatures and 173 effective indicators, revealing three interlocking patterns. First, Zelenskyy relies on historically charged references—such as the Berlin Wall, Babyn Yar, and the Holodomor-to compress complicated moral arguments into highly inferential cues, allowing him to punish reluctant allies or warn opponents without explicit confrontational language. Second, each indirect meaning is linked with a regulated emotional flow: fear and grief supply urgency, while collective pride and hope channel that urgency into sustained support or resistance. Third, these implicature–emotion pairings are audience-sensitive: domestic addresses emphasise resilience and inherited destiny, whereas international appeals deploy shame-based or future-oriented frames to secure diplomatic and material assistance. The findings extend crisis-pragmatics by showing that implicature, under wartime conditions, functions as a strategic instrument for coalition maintenance and escalation management, while confirming that emotion operates as a cognitive framework rather than a rhetorical excess. The limitations of the study include textual importance and the absence of empirical reception data. Overall, the research contributes a nuanced model of “emotion-indexed implicature” applicable to political communication in high-stakes conflicts.

This study investigates the time indicators (mukhlisāt) that shift the present verb to a past-time reference in the seven surahs which begin with "Ha Meem" (Arabic: Ḥawāmīm), highlighting the role of Qur’anic context in directing temporal meaning. The term mukhlisāt denotes the verbal and non-verbal cues that disambiguate the temporal value of the present verb and determine its intended reference beyond its inherent grammatical tense. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach based on close observation and contextual analysis of Qur’anic evidence from the Ḥawāmīm surahs.
The findings reveal that while the present tense form constitutes the default grammatical indicator of time, it may be reinterpreted as denoting past time when accompanied by specific determiners that remove temporal ambiguity. The Ḥawāmīm surahs demonstrate a distinctive pattern in this regard, showing a notable reliance on contextual and syntactic cues-both verbal and non-verbal-to establish past-time reference with precision. At the same time, the absence of certain theoretically attested determiners underscores the textual specificity of these surahs and suggests avenues for further comparative research in other Qur’anic contexts. Overall, the study offers a focused linguistic model that illustrates the accuracy of Arabic in expressing temporal relations and emphasizes the interplay between morphological form and contextual cues in shaping verbal meaning. It thus contributes to bridging grammatical theory with applied Qur’anic analysis and deepens the understanding of temporal interpretation in Arabic verbs.

The current research aims to identify color perception and meta-mood among high school female students and the statistical significance of the correlation between them. The percentage of meta-mood contribution to color perception among high school female students is also calculated. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher chose a random sample of (200) high school female students and applied the measurement tools to the research sample after extracting their validity and reliability. The researcher reached a set of results and in light of them developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study investigates visual satire as a way of political protest in anti- Trump political cartoon images. The data are four satirical cartoon images collected from various internet websites to criticize Trump’s authority and public image. The study adopts the social semiotic model developed by kress and Van Leeuwen (2006) Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. The analysis focuses on how visual elements such as color, framing, social distance, facial expressions and symbolic objects work together with verbal signs to deliver political messages. The findings indicate that visual satire is a powerful technique used to express political resistance and shape public opinion. The cartoon images depict Trump as irresponsible, authoritarian and socially harmful by using irony, exaggeration, and negative symbolism. Consequently, the study concludes that satirical cartoon images aren’t only artistic expressions, but also ideological instruments that reflect public protest.

Debate is characterized by dialogic and argumentative features, as it is a highly persuasive dialogue aimed at shaping opinions or convincing the audience. Therefore, it requires two parties actively interacting; without this interaction and engagement, the dialogue turns into a mere monologue, where the role of the addressee may be nullified or reduced to merely being a receiver. Debate is a consideration of two sides of an issue to demonstrate the correctness of a particular viewpoint. Therefore, it is suitable for use in the study of theology.
From this perspective, the idea of the study emerged to examine doctrinal debate from an argumentative standpoint through focusing on one of the indirect linguistic acts, namely (interrogation) in its suggestive form; the suggestive strategy is one of the linguistic strategies through which the speaker expresses his communicative intentions, relying on the shared knowledge between him and the audience, as well as on the requirements and implications of the discourse, which involve reflection and interpretative activation in order to influence the audience and persuade them of what is presented.

This research addresses the issue of rehabilitation and reform within correctional institutions in Iraq and Egypt through a comparative legal study conducted in light of international human rights standards, particularly the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). The research problem stems from the noticeable gap between the legislative framework that recognizes prisoners’ rights and emphasizes the objectives of rehabilitation and reform, and the practical reality within prisons in both countries. This raises important questions regarding the effectiveness of existing reform policies and their ability to achieve their intended goals. The study seeks to answer several key questions, including the extent to which Iraqi and Egyptian legislation is consistent with international human rights standards, the ability of the penal systems in both countries to achieve rehabilitation and social reintegration of convicted persons, and the major legal, administrative, and practical challenges that hinder the effective implementation of reform-oriented approaches within prisons.The research adopts the descriptive-analytical method to examine and analyze relevant national and international legal texts, in addition to the comparative method to identify similarities and differences between the Iraqi and Egyptian systems in the field of rehabilitation and reform. The study also relies on the analysis of domestic legislation, international conventions, and reports issued by the United Nations and human rights organizations concerned with prison conditions.The findings reveal that both legal systems contain legislative provisions recognizing the principle of rehabilitation and reform; however, their practical implementation remains limited due to inadequate prison infrastructure, shortages of human and financial resources, and the impact of security and economic conditions. The study recommends strengthening educational and vocational training programs within prisons, developing administrative and correctional staff, and enhancing judicial oversight to achieve more effective compliance with international human rights standards.

This research examines the lexicon of the congenital defects in Al-Khalil's Kitab Al-'Ayn (En: Al-'Ayn Dictionary "Al-'Ayn is the 18th letter in the Arabic alphabet") from a semantic perspective, focusing on terms such as: stinginess, greed, lying, cheating, cowardice, injustice, envy, malice, immorality, foolishness, anger, recklessness, arrogance, and pride. The research aims to determine the meanings of these terms and their relationship to moral and social values, analyzing how Arabs portrayed these negative traits in the language. It also discusses the semantic development of these terms across various linguistic sources (such as Ibn Faris, Ibn Manzur, and Al-Zubaidi) and demonstrates their ethical and linguistic role in shaping social behavior.
The research concludes that these terms reflect individual and societal congenital defects, and that understanding their meanings contributes to the advancement of literary, ethical, and linguistic studies.

Domestic violence does not only affect the home, but also disrupts family relationships and breaks down bonds between family members, leaving behind psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression, and behavioral problems that affect social and intellectual development. It also contributes to a decline in cohesion and trust within society and increases rates of family breakdown, making it a debilitating factor for the social fabric and underscoring the necessity of addressing and preventing it at both the family and institutional levels.
The research idea emerged in four chapters. The first chapter addressed the methodological framework, including the research problem posed by the question: How is domestic violence portrayed in contemporary Arabic theatrical texts? It aimed to identify this phenomenon, clarifying its significance and its temporal (2016), spatial (Saudi Arabia), and thematic boundaries. It concluded with definitions of key terms.
The second chapter deals with the theoretical framework and includes two sections. The first section addresses domestic violence conceptually and philosophically, while the second section examines domestic violence in international theatrical texts. The second chapter concludes with a review of previous studies and the indicators derived from the theoretical framework.
The third chapter focuses on the procedural framework (research procedures), including the research population, which consists of five contemporary Arabic plays, and the research sample, which includes the play "Container." This sample was selected purposively. The chapter also includes the research methodology and sample analysis. The fourth chapter presents the results, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, and concludes with a list of sources and references.

Our study attempted to identify the nature of the topics presented in the "Sports Suhoor" program on Iraq Al-Hadath channel. The research aimed to monitor and analyze the most prominent discussion topics and the types of media coverage used in the program. This descriptive research employed a survey methodology, relying on a content analysis form as the data collection tool. A stratified random sample was selected using the industrial week method, choosing three episodes from each week. This resulted in the analysis of 12 episodes out of a total of 30 episodes of the "Sports Suhoor" program, broadcast from March 1, 2025, to March 30, 2025. Selecting 12 episodes out of 30, representing 40%, is considered a sufficiently representative size for descriptive research, as it achieves a balance between the comprehensiveness of the original population and the possibility of accurate analysis. Furthermore, distributing the sample with three episodes per week ensures regular coverage of the study period and minimizes the impact of unforeseen events or cyclical broadcasting patterns. The research yielded several results, including the emergence of seven main topics that reflected the program's policy. The editorial policy of the channel under study included it within the topics of media coverage of the sports program "Suhoor," where (technical topics and monitoring the reasons for the national team's loss) topped the first rank, and the category (negative trend) topped the first rank among the subcategories of the trend of the program's episode guests, and the category (interpretive coverage) occupied the first rank among the types of coverage used in the program. The research concluded that the editorial policy of the program focused greatly on presenting (technical topics and monitoring the reasons for the national team's loss), and (administrative and organizational topics), during the time period of the research sample, more than the rest of the topics, due to the channel's intensive focus on the World Cup qualifiers (2026) as topics of the hour and the first interest of the public.

This research focuses on studying the negative effects of the policy of withholding Ata'a from some Muslims during the first Abbasid era (132-247 AH/ 750-861 AD), and the resulting impacts on various aspects of public life during that period. Therefore, the research is divided into two main sections. The first section examines the nature of Ata'a and their historical development, while the second section focuses on the consequences of this policy. Through this research, we conclude that this policy left numerous negative effects on various aspects of public life, including political, security, economic, social, and military matters.

This article aims to examine the level of awareness of social media users regarding digital media literacy and its role in enhancing individuals’ ability to confront misinformation circulating on digital platforms, by assessing their possession of media and digital skills and their awareness of the risks posed by misleading information on their opinions and behavior. The study is guided by the main question concerning the nature of the relationship between individuals’ level of digital media literacy and their ability to detect misinformation and deal with it critically. The study adopted the survey method as the most suitable approach to achieve its objectives, using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 70 social media users. The questionnaire included items designed to measure respondents’ awareness of digital media literacy and their strategies for handling misleading content in a manner suitable for statistical analysis. The results revealed that digital media literacy plays an effective role in reducing the impact of misinformation, as participants demonstrated a relative awareness of methods for verifying information and sources, despite the fact that digital platforms remain fertile ground for the spread of false and fabricated news. The findings also indicated that media awareness campaigns on digital platforms are among the most effective tools for enhancing awareness and combating misinformation, while no statistically significant differences were found related to gender or age. The study highlights the crucial role of digital media literacy in fostering critical awareness among the public, thereby promoting the conscious use of media content and mitigating the risks of misinformation in the digital space.

The current research objective was to determine the effect of the Magnetic Pole Strategy on achievement and the scale of decision-making skills among second-year middle school female students in biology. To achieve this objective, the following two null hypotheses were formulated:
1.There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who studied biology using the Magnetic Pole Strategy and the average scores of students in the control group who studied using the traditional method on the achieve 2.There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied biology using the magnetic poles strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method on the decision-making skill scale
The researcher used a partially controlled experimental design. The sample was intentionally selected from the research community, represented by government secondary and intermediate day schools in the center of Karbala Governorate, affiliated with the Karbala Education Directorate. The sample was (Al-Khair Al-Wafeer Intermediate School for Girls) for the 2024-2025 academic year, as it is the researcher's workplace. The research sample amounted to (68) female students, with (34) female students for each group. Section (D) represented the experimental group and Section (A) represented the control group. The two groups were rewarded with the variables of chronological age, intelligence, previous achievement, and the pre-test of the decision-making skill scale. The scientific material was determined as the first four chapters of the biology book for the second intermediate grade. The researcher prepared teaching plans amounting to (30) plans for the experimental group and the same for the control group. Behavioral objectives were formulated for the four chapters, amounting to (188) objectives for the first three levels of Bloom’s classification of the cognitive domain. As for the research tools, a pre-test was prepared for the decision-making skill scale consisting of (30) paragraphs and a post-test for achievement amounting to (40) paragraphs. The validity and reliability of the two tools were confirmed using the half-split and the reliability coefficient.
The research results showed that the experimental group students who studied with the magnetic poles strategy outperformed the control group students who studied with the control group, as the calculated(t) value reached(5.45) and the tabular(2) at a significance level of (0.05). Likewise, the experimental group students outperformed the control group students on the decision-making skill scale, as the calculated(t) value reached(4.80) and the tabular(2) at a significance level of (0.05). In light of the research results, a number of conclusions were reached, and the researcher came up with a set of recommendations, including diversifying the use of various teaching strategies and methods in teaching biology and informing biology teachers of the strategy in training and development courses during service.

The research is a scientific study aimed at revealing the most important artistic and aesthetic treatments of emptiness and space in abstract art. Chapter One: Scientific Methodology. The research problem is posed with questions: Do artistic treatments of emptiness and space have an aesthetic role in abstract art? And did these treatments rely on a specific distribution of shapes and elements according to techniques that create the illusion of emptiness and space, or did they rely on treatments that have a philosophical and conceptual dimension deeper than suggestion or reality? The temporal boundaries are the twentieth century and the spatial boundaries are Europe. Chapter Two: The theoretical framework, a study of the intellectual and conceptual foundations of emptiness and space and the concept of abstract art. Chapter Three: The research procedures, its community and its specific samples of nine abstract works, and the selection of five models that were studied and analyzed with their artistic treatments and their aesthetic, technical, philosophical and conceptual dimensions. Chapter Four: The most important results and conclusions, which showed that the artists invested in technical, artistic and aesthetic treatments that relied on the binary compositions of neutral, warm and cool colors and formal and chromatic contrasts with their conceptual dimensions that led to the content and idea to be a semiotic imprint that expressed the artist's vision, his emotional concerns and his external environment, which created a high harmony to reach his goals in accordance with his conceptual vision first and metaphysical vision second, to achieve meaning within the mechanisms of employing the elements of emptiness and artistic space in methods that produced multiple connotations that led to interpretive readings that would confirm the idea. Finally, the sources were documented.