JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

In this study, four glass samples of the front car windows, the density of samples (2.2407-2.3868) g/cm³. The chemical composition of the samples was revealed using "energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)". The samples consist of varying proportions of the elements (Na, Mg, C, O, Si). Radiation attenuation measurements were performed using gamma sources (Cs-137, Am-241, Ra-226) to study the shielding parameters of these samples. Found the linear attenuation coefficient (0.172-0.507) cm-1, mass attenuation coefficient (0.0758-0.226) cm2/g, half-value layer (1.367-4.126) cm, tenth-value layer (4.542-12.936) cm, mean free path (1.972-5.618) cm, transmittance factor (77.6-91.48) %, radiation shielding efficiency (8.5-22.4) %, effective atomic number (7.630-8.530), and effective electron number (3.00-3.118). The experimental results compared with results Phy-X software, and was good. The studied samples demonstrated a good efficiency in absorbing gamma rays at low energies, with performance comparable to standard protective materials such as certain types of glass and concrete. This type of glass represents a promising option in radiation protection applications that require transparent, lightweight, low-cost, and non-toxic materials, with the potential for further development to enhance its efficiency at higher energies.

This essay describes the design and testing of a desktop computer-based automated brain tumour segmentation system for MRI images, which will support the broad adoption of advanced deep learning models in clinical practice. The proposed system integrates a DeepLabV3+ framework with a ResNeXt50 backbone and a U-Net complementary structure, and is trained on a hybrid loss function that combines Dice loss and binary cross-entropy. It was trained and evaluated using benchmark brain MRI data, such as the BraTS 2020 dataset, with a standardised preprocessing and augmentation pipeline. In contrast to most research-only implementations, the proposed work focuses on practical deployment by incorporating the entire workflow, i.e., data preprocessing, model training, inference, and quantitative evaluation, in an integrated desktop environment suitable for clinical settings. The system will facilitate effective segmentation while maintaining high diagnostic reliability. The quantitative analysis yields promising results, with a mean Dice coefficient of 0.89 ± 0.04, a sensitivity of 81.5%, a specificity of 95.9%, and an AUC-ROC greater than 0.90. It has a mean inference time of 0.65 seconds per image and moderate memory requirements, making it easy to integrate into a typical hospital computing infrastructure. The findings suggest that the tool offers a good compromise between segmentation accuracy, computational efficiency, and clinical usability. This balance may support feasible AI-based decision support in neuro-oncology.

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have enormous applications due to their remarkable physical and chemical properties. The synthesis of NPs has been a matter of concern because chemical methods are toxic. CuFe2O4 spinel nanocomposites were prepared using green chemistry method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FTIR spectroscopy of CuFe2O4 showed two broad bands at 365 and 547 cm-1. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the average particle size was 30.62 nm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images exhibited an irregular dislike morphology of nanoparticles that agglomerated more in the case of green synthesis. The SEM micrograph of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles with a predominantly spherical shape. The particles exhibit significant agglomeration, resulting in an average diameter of approximately 107.24 nm. The inhibition of the prepared CuFe2O4 composites on Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from Diyala River water was studied. The inhibition of the spinel nanocomposites was measured using five successive concentrations (500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000) μg/ml. The results showed that CuFe2O4 exhibited growth inhibitory activity against E. coli, with the highest growth inhibition rate against. At 1000 μg/ml, the E. coli concentration was 63.2%. At 500 μg/ml, the lowest growth inhibition rate against E. coli was 17.6%. The toxicity of CuFe2O4 compounds was studied on the HUVEC endothelial cell line. An MTT assay was performed using a device. The survival rate of HUVEC cells after 48 hours of adding copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) at a concentration of (25µg/ml) was 99.70%, which is the lowest concentration, while at the highest concentration (400µg/ml), the survival rate of HUVEC cells was 45.38%, and the value was (IC50=311).

Error-correcting codes over finite projective geometries are of significant value in ensuring data reliability. However, because higher-dimensional spaces are far too computationally complex to tinker with, most research has been concentrated on lower dimensions. To help bridge this gap, this paper constructs new projective linear codes directly out of the high-dimensional spaces and . We generated the companion matrices of primitive polynomials to construct points and subspaces systematically. Then, we constructed point-hyperplane incidence matrices and processed them computationally in MATLAB to determine the basic parameters of our new codes. Through this process, we obtained two specific codes: a ternary code from with parameters. that can correct up to errors, and a binary code from with parameters that can correct up to errors. By applying the Sphere Packing Bound, it turned out that although these codes are non-perfect, they nevertheless possess an extremely high error-correcting capacity. Overall, we were able to assemble a workable algebraic scheme that transforms the complex structure of higher-dimensional spaces into reliable error-correcting codes, offering useful theoretical insights beyond the familiar low-dimensional models.

This study aims to prepare and evaluate a natural shampoo made from Ganoderma chalceum mushroom extract, which is known to contain many active bioactive compounds, due to the need for the development of natural and environmentally friendly cosmetics. The samples were obtained from the mycology laboratory at the Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul. The samples of the fungus were extracted with ethanol to make a shampoo installation whose physio- chemical characteristics and biological activity were investigated with a cleaning activity of 76% as compared to 53% for commercial shampoo. The results elucidate that the produced shampoo performed better than commercial varieties in terms of enhancing hair softness and gloss. With an inhibitory zone of 36.0 ± 0.5mm as compared to 14.0 ± 0.6mm for commercial shampoo, the produced shampoo also demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida albicans. It was also efficient against pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition rates of 56.0 ±1.0 and 49.07 ±0.40 mm, respectively, as compared to 12.17 ± 1.04and16.83 ± 0.76mm for commercial shampoo. During storage, the produced shampoo's physicochemical characteristics demonstrated good stability. It was well received by volunteers in terms of performance, hydration, and simple to rinse. These findings elucidate the potential of employing Ganoderma chalceum mushroom extract in the creation of a safe and efficacious shampoo that assists the health of the hair and scalp in a friendly-environmental manner.

This study aimed to estimate the concentrations of several heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in fifteen springs around the Soran Independent Administration, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Water samples were collected during two seasons (summer 2024 and winter 2025) and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed that most trace metals had higher concentrations in winter than in summer. The concentration ranges were: Cd (0.011–0.678 mg/L), Cr (0.300–0.548 mg/L), Cu (0.417–0.645 mg/L), Fe (0.022–0.199 mg/L), Mn (0.007–0.123 mg/L), Ni (0.002–0.047 mg/L), Pb (0.005–0.149 mg/L), and Zn (0.010–0.109 mg/L). Except for cadmium and chromium, which exceeded safe limits at all sites, the concentrations of most metals were generally below WHO guidelines for drinking water; however, lead at some sites also rendered the water unsuitable for drinking. According to the Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI), values above 100 in all studied springs (ranging from 405.94 to 16023.72 in summer and 811.12 to 1780.97 in winter) indicated contamination and unsuitability for human use. In contrast, based on the Metal Index (MI), most trace metals had values below 1, indicating no contamination. However, MI values for cadmium and chromium above 5 signified heavy pollution, and MI values for lead ranged from 0.5 to 22.2, varying from uncontaminated to heavily polluted. Based on these findings, this study recommends: (1) regular monitoring of Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations; (2) implementation of pollution control measures, including regulated use of fertilizers and pesticides in surrounding agricultural areas; and (3) adoption of point-of-use water treatment systems for communities relying on these springs for drinking water

In this paper, structural and optical properties of zinc oxide thin films prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique were studied. The deposition process involved spraying a transparent chemical solution made from zinc nitrate dissolved in distilled water at a temperature of 50° C on a square glass substrate measuring 2.5 cm. The deposition process was conducted at 350° C and a pressure of 2 bar. The optical properties of zinc oxide were studied using UV-Vis across a wavelength range from 190 nm to 1100 nm. The result showed that the absorption values are more recognised in the ultraviolet region, between (375-380) nm, followed by a sharp decrease in the visible and infrared light regions, where the material exhibited high transparency. Moreover, the result showed that the same change occurred with the absorption coefficient, refraction, extinction, and other optical constants as a function of the wavelength for zinc oxide films. The energy gap of the zinc oxide films was found to be (3.25 eV) at the same temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement showed that the structure of the zinc oxide material is pure and hexagonal. This analysis helped us to calculate the average crystallite size, which was found to be approximately 44.34 nm, the lattice constants a = b 3.2190 Å and c=5.1490 Å, the cell volume 46.21 ×106 pm3, the X-Ray density 5.85 g/cm3 of ZnO sample, the thickness of the film 300 nm, and the number of layers , the density of dislocations =5.086 × 10-4 nm-2 , the number of crystals and the Specific Surface Area .

The accuracy of quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) using radar is often hindered by uncertainties in the vertical reflectivity profile and time discrepancies with surface measurements. This study aims to determine the most appropriate sampling height above ground level (AGL) and align the time lag between weather radar data and tipping bucket rain gauges. The methods used include rigorous filtering of multi-volume raw data to reduce bias, followed by retrieving converted reflectivity using the Marshall-Palmer Z–R relationship. Phase locking analysis shows that a 10-minute backward time shift (Time Shift -1) yields the highest correlation, reflecting the rainfall duration and sensor delay. Vertical evaluation reveals a compromise between accuracy and stability at an altitude of 600 m, where the lowest average RMSE (0.779 mm) was obtained. This altitude is optimal for low-lying areas, despite a high level of instability (standard deviation of 0.493) due to interference in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, an altitude of 1400 m demonstrates the best data stability (standard deviation of 0.185). This study recommends applying a -10-minute time correction and using data at altitudes above 1200 m as the optimum zone to reduce topographic distortion in regions with dynamic contours.

In this work significant progress towards the synthesis of sesquiterpene lactone (SL) which have been used to prepare Gweicurculactone using an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). Starting from the aldehyde compound 2 that convert to compound 4 through Wittig reaction follow by hydrogenation. Protection the phenol group using TBS-Cl to achieve compound 5. The ester was converted to an aldehyde 6 using DIBAL-H. The Henry reaction was applied on compound 6 with nitromethane in present TMG as a catalyst to produce nitro alcohol compound 7. Compound 8 was prepared after removing water molecule using Methane sulfonyl chloride in present of triethyl amine at -78 ᵒC. Methylation on the nitroalkene 8 using Methyl lithium and cupper iodide at -78 ᵒC obtain compound 9. After deprotection of 9 with tetrabutylammonium fluoride at room temperature to afford compound 10. The key tropon compound 11 framework which was made from intermolecular cyclization dearomatization through single electron transfer using potassium ferrocyanide.

In the past few years, cellulose fibres have reached great importance in our lives, as they are the main component of plant fibres and are characterized by their lightweight and durability, in addition to being non-toxic and considered friendly to humans and the environment. Hydroxyl groups are considered to be the effective groups in the composition of cellulose, as the presence of these groups opens wide horizons for the uses of cellulose through the chemical responses that can grow through these groups when the appropriate conditions are available for the reaction.

At the same time, it is clear that laboratory performance does not automatically translate into industrial feasibility. While the scientific literature strongly emphasizes enhanced material properties, discussions about production cost, process integration, and long-term economic sustainability are comparatively limited. Therefore, we will first address a simplified explanation about cellulose, its organization, and its typical properties; and then we will discuss a simplified explanation of Nanocellulose, its qualities, its unique properties, its principal sources, and its innovation and advanced applications.