Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

In this study, synthesis of [D-H] via reaction of compound [C] with p-alkoxybenzaldehyde. The derivative [C] that produces from reaction the 4-amino-5-(4-aminophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with phosphoryl chloride. The synthesized derivatives are characterized by 1HNMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The antibacterial activity of the obtained thiadiazol derivatives [D-H] was screened against Gram-positive bacteria viz. (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria viz. (Escherichia coli) by disc diffusion method, the results showed that compound [H] has the highest activity toward Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, while compounds [D] showed the highest activity toward E. coli.

The textile dying industry is one of the most important industrial sectors in Bangladesh. The discharged untreated effluent from different industries adds to the environment a wide variety of harmful chemicals, which cause severe damage to the water. The present study aimed to characterize the discharged effluent surrounding the areas of cottage textile dyeing industries. The effluent samples were collected from different locations of the four upazilas (administrative regions) in Sirajganj district in three seasons, namely the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon, covering two years. The study considered the major physicochemical and chemical parameters, including biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, and anions. The analysis results showed that most of the physicochemical parameters, including EC, pH, TDS, TSS, turbidity, BOD, COD, organic matter (OM), total hardness (TH), the cationic and anionic parameters, and trace metals, including Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, in effluent samples exceeded the Department of Environment, Bangladesh (DoE-BD) standard, 2008. The most toxic heavy metals, such as Cr, Mn, Cd, and Pb, were found to be higher than the standard permissible limit in all of the collected samples, indicating heavy metal pollution in the area. The analysis results of the Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the effluent samples contained toxic functional groups, like azo, cyano, etc., indicating higher levels of pollution due to the discharge of untreated textile dyeing effluent.

The diverse applications of azo compounds as reagents to bring about chemical synthesis is one of the fastest-growing areas of research. It is well known that the position of the substituents has an important role in the effect of the medicinal, dye industry, thermal, and optical properties of the compounds. In this work, we limit our studies to synthesizing two new diazo dye vanillin derivatives starting from aniline. Nitro aniline compounds 10 and 12 were prepared starting from aniline, and new nitro diazo vanillin derivatives were obtained 4 and 5. Through coupling reactions with vanillin 15 via diazonium salts, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((2,4-dinitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde 4 was obtained from 2,4-dinitroaniline 10, while 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((2,4-6,trinitrophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde 5 resulted from 2,4,6-trinitroaniline 12. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods; UV-Vis., FTIR, MS, and 1HNMR and melting point determination. The results of the reactions gave good yields of all products.

Due to photoirradiation-induced deterioration, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a thermoplastic that is extensively used and valued for its transparency and adaptability, performs less well in a variety of applications. This extensive analysis looks at creative approaches to improve the photoirradiation stability of PMMA, mostly concentrating on pendant modification techniques. The first sections of the paper explain the importance of stability in PMMA, describe the difficulties caused by photoirradiation, and state the goals of the review. An in-depth analysis of PMMA, including its attributes, traits, and many uses, prepares the reader for the investigation of stability improvement methods that follow. The literature review section explores previous research on PMMA stability, pointing out knowledge gaps and areas needing more research. After that, the focus turns to pendant customization and offers a thorough explanation, illustrations, and change procedures. An extensive analysis is conducted on many pendant modification methods, such as photostabilizing nanoparticles, hindered amine light stabilizers, and grafting of benzotriazole derivatives. Comparative evaluations draw attention to the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Optical devices, automotive components, and architectural glazing are identified as domains in which modified PMMA exhibits exceptional

SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, a rapidly spreading coronavirus, leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome. In severe cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation significantly contribute to poor outcomes and mortality. This study investigated the coagulation process post-vaccination and infection in Iraq. A case-control study with 450 Iraqi participants included 90 healthy controls, 90 Pfizer vaccine recipients, 90 AstraZeneca vaccine recipients, 90 Sinopharm vaccine recipients, and 90 unvaccinated, infected individuals. Subgroups were followed up at 1, 2, and 3 months post-vaccination or infection to analyze plasma PT, PTT, INR, blood platelets, and D-Dimer. Significant differences were observed in D-Dimer levels among groups (p=0.000). Higher platelet counts were seen in infected patients, followed by AstraZeneca recipients (p<0.05). Thrombocytopenia was noted in Pfizer recipients in the first three months. A significant drop in PT and PTT was recorded in hospitalized patients one month post-infection, with no significant differences thereafter or in other groups (p>0.05). COVID-19 severity correlates with fibrin and fibrinolytic activity. AstraZeneca recipients showed a higher risk of coagulation and fibrin formation compared to Pfizer and Sinopharm recipients, highlighting the potential need for anticoagulants to mitigate risks.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of physiological disorders characterized by a prolonged hyperglycemic state caused by insulin secretion and activity. Recently, several study positive correlations between the increase in BMI and T2D. Additionally, the immune system has contributed to the pathogenicity of T2D in obese individuals. The current study sought to investigate the correlation between obesity and inflammation in obese T2D and obese non-T2D individuals and also detected the role of increasing BMI in obese individuals and developing T2D. The finding involved 100 participants (50 obeseT2D and 50 obese without T2D). The serum of all participants underwent the following immunological and biochemistry tests, which include FBS, Insulin, IAA, ANA, BMI, and HOMA-IR. This study revealed that obese males develop T2D more than females (60.0%, 40.0% respectively) Moreover, Obese T2D and obese without T2D individuals were increased concentrations of IgG in serum levels with markers (ANA, HOMA-IR, and IL-6). While IgG levels in IAA serum were considerably greater in obese T2D individuals only. Furthermore, BMI has been positively associated with an increasing level of ANA, HOMA-IR, and IL-6 in both groups. This investigation unveiled a direct correlation between escalating BMI and the incidence of T2D. Additionally, it revealed the active impact of obesity on the immune response and its consequential contribution to the pathogenesis of T2D.

The compounds 1,3-oxazepine-4,5-dione (C and D) are generated by reacting schiff base derivatives (A and B) with succinic anhydride. The Schiff bases (A and B) are obtained via the reaction between benzidine and 4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, resulting in the formation of Schiff bases. All synthesized derivatives are characterized based on their physical characteristics and spectrum methods, such as FTIR and 1HNMR. These compounds were shown to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties and demonstrated significant effectiveness against all the microorganisms tested. The derivative of 1,3-oxazepine,4,5-dione (C) has an effect on zone inhibition on antimicrobial agents such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis at 34, 25, and 29 mm, respectively, which gives higher activity from the derivative (D). It was found that oxazepine derivatives (C and D) are more effective than Schiff base derivative (B) against all fungi that were tested, including Aspergillus niger and Chalara corda.

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are an important global health problem and a leading cause of maternal death in underdeveloped countries. While therapeutic choices have remained mostly unchanged in recent years, there have been notable advancements in understanding the etiology of preeclampsia. on an accurate diagnosis, particularly by the emergency physician. The appropriate care for these patients relies significantly harm to the cardiovascular and other organ systems. This study has been providing the most recent information on the many hypertension diseases that occur during pregnancy and the available treatment choices.

Laser-based technologies are indispensable tools in microbial decontamination and provide effective means for controlling infectious agents across diverse environments. However, understanding the transmission of laser light through different tissue types is crucial for optimizing microbial control efficacy and patient safety. This study investigates the interaction between laser parameters and tissue properties, focusing on the effect of 532 nm and 660 nm diode lasers on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA susceptibility in chicken and beef tissues with different thicknesses. By investigating the interplay between laser parameters and different tissue properties, including penetration depth and transmission properties, this study provides valuable insights for improving laser-based microbial decontamination strategies. These insights facilitate the development of personalized treatment protocols that take into account tissue-specific optical properties, ensuring precise targeting of microbial pathogens while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissue. Wavelengths of 660 nm significantly reduced MRSA viability in 3 mm thick beef samples, promising tissue safety. Conversely, 532 nm wavelengths were most effective in 5 mm and 10 mm thick beef samples, demonstrating laser-based versatility in targeting microbial pathogens across tissue environments. By elucidating optimal laser parameters for diverse tissues, this research lays the foundation for personalized treatment protocols against MRSA in various clinical settings. These results provide valuable insights into understanding the interaction between laser light and tissue properties and mitigating potential risks associated with laser-based interventions. As such, incorporating considerations of penetration depth and transmission characteristics into laser treatment planning is essential to achieve optimal microbial control outcomes and ensure patient safety across diverse tissue environments.

A modified segmentation technique is proposed to segment images using Univariate statistical parameters such as minimum, maximum, and mean values as well as contour length. This segmentation technique is applied to satellite images of seven bands captured by the Landsat (8, 9) OLI satellite in 2022. The utilization of principal component analysis (PCA) is employed in this study, as it has been observed that the combined value of the initial three principal components encompasses nearly 99% of the pertinent information. To effectively represent the identified elements, the Freeman chain coding technique is applied, ensuring both reduced bounds and low bit rates. The segmentation process for the 1st PC images involves several stages. This approach employs a threshold value of 0.60 and a minimum contour length of 8. The process commences at the initial stage and advances consistently until it reaches the final stage, ultimately generating an image devoid of any fragmented regions. The suggested segmentation method provides realistic thin and closed borders compared to any method based on the edge-based technique. The results showed that the total number of segment regions with a contour length greater than 6 equals 358 within four categories that have the same characteristic.

The main objective of this study is to measure the levels of radioactivity in certain construction material samples by quantifying the amounts of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) and 137Sc using gamma-ray spectroscopy with a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The selected samples were collected and examined to ascertain the mean quantities of radionuclides present. Subsequently, these findings were juxtaposed with global benchmarks for additional examination. The efficiency results unveiled a spectrum of concentrations for different radionuclides, encompassing 238U with a concentration range of (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg) and an average concentration of (4.93 Bq/kg). Similarly, the concentration of 232Th ranged from (0.655 - 3.45 Bq/kg), with an average concentration of (1.74 Bq/kg). The radionuclide 40k exhibited a concentration range of (3.5 -1500 Bq/kg), with an average value of (386.4 Bq/kg). Furthermore, 137Sc displayed a concentration range of (0.51-0.22 Bq/kg) with an average concentration of (0.53 Bq/kg). The radium equivalent concentration was determined to be (40.45 Bq/kg), whereas the absorbed dosage was measured at (18.67 nGy/h). The external hazard index (Hout) was measured to equal (0.11 mSv/y), whereas the internal hazard index (Hin) was determined to be (0.17 mSv/y). Furthermore, the annual equivalent effective dose (AEDEout) was calculated to be (0.09 mSv/year). The annual dosage of (AEDEin) was determined to be (0.02 mSv/year). The gamma radiation index, denoted as Iγ, was determined to be (0.28 Bq/kg). The study results imply that the amounts of radionuclides fall within the defined normal limits worldwide, indicating that the natural radioactivity levels are within the internationally acceptable range. Quantification of both natural and artificial radioactivity in specific building materials employed in constructing dwellings inside Salah Al-Din Governorate. A selection of seven distinct models was made. (Plaster, Bork, and Dust). The concentration of gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides in both the uranium-radium and thorium series, as well as 40K and 137Sc, was measured using a high-purity germanium (HpGe) detector. Subsequently, the spectrum underwent analysis for 3600 seconds. The concentrations of the radionuclides being investigated were determined to be as follows: The mean concentrations of 238U range from (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg), while for 232Th the range from (0.65 to 3.45 Bq/kg). The concentrations of potassium 40K range from (3.5 to 1500 Bq/kg), and for 137 Sc the range from 0.51 to 0.22 Bq/kg.

The backdrop: visual cryptography represents a contemporary encryption technology valued for its ease of implementation and comprehensibility, eliminating the need for a secure channel for key transmission and similar requirements. This paper aims: delve into the diverse methods employed in optical encryption, exploring their advantages and drawbacks, with a particular focus on image encryption techniques and the outcomes documented in various research studies. The objective is to identify the strengths and weaknesses inherent in these methodologies, paving the way for potential solutions in the future of optical encryption research. Notably, challenges persist in effectively handling color images and utilizing multiple shares (n, n), impacting both the security and the restoration aspects. The time computation aspects, encompassing creation, encryption, and restoration of these shares, also present challenges. Consequently, ongoing improvements are necessary to address these intricacies and enhance the robustness and applicability of visual cryptography technologies in diverse contexts.

The field of image processing has seen remarkable advancements over the past few decades, and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has emerged as a powerful tool within this domain. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of previously published works that focus on DWT’s application in image processing. DWT offers multi-resolution analysis capabilities, making it particularly useful for various image processing tasks such as de-noising, compression, enhancement, and feature extraction. This review explores the fundamental principles of DWT and its mathematical foundations. We delve into its advantages over traditional Fourier Transform methods, particularly its ability to handle non-stationary signals and provide both frequency and spatial information simultaneously. The article surveys the application of DWT in different image processing techniques. It discusses how DWT contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of image compression algorithms, such as the JPEG 2000 standard, and its role in reducing noise while preserving important image features.

This study seeks for classical estimations to estimating the anonymous parameters and reliability function of Modified Weighted Exponential Rayleigh distribution. These classical methods are chosen precisely because all of these methods maximize the probability density function. Newton-Raphson technique was used to derive estimation methods.

The main purpose of this work is to create a type of topological spaces namely "almost star α-Hurewicz spaces" and study its properties, and besides, the concepts of α-compact space, α-Hurewicz space, star α-Hurewicz space and strongly star α-Hurewicz space. Many properties of α-Hurewicz spaces and almost α-Hurewicz are investigated. This allows us to provide new examples of explicit descriptions of spaces as well as some types of α-covering for spaces such as α-compact and α-Lindelof space and using as a tool to prove important results in topological spaces. In addition, a certain connection of α-Hurewicz space with the Hurewicz space and almost α-Hurewicz space was considered. There is a relationship between the version of the strongly star α-Hurewicz property and star α-Hurewicz property with star α-compact property and almost star α-Hurewicz. Some of the examples that make a distinction between the properties are mentioned and reviewed, showing that the concepts are not equivalent. Results on the preservation of the properties of α-Hurewicz and almost-α-Hurewicz spaces are included such as behavior under subspaces, products, α-irresolute function, and mappings with other forms of topological spaces.

The lavender plant is a shrub-shaped plant. It contains many active substances such as volatile oils, terpenes, and flavonides are considered antioxidants, antibacterial and antifungal substances. Take up the research extract and detect for flavonoids in the flowers of the lavender plant, especially the anthocyanin pigment, due to its important demand. The dried alcoholic extract (flavonoids) was prepared at different concentrations, estimated in milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml). And to study its effect on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the bacteria Bacillus cereus that cause food poisoning, the active ingredient (flavonoids) was detected using ethyl alcohol and the base potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 50%. The reagent was added to the aqueous extract of lavender flowers, and a yellow-brown color appeared indicating a positive detection. Then the extraction process was carried out using ethyl alcohol at a concentration of 80% to obtain the pure extract containing the anthocyanin dye. The anthocyanin pigment was identified using HPLC device compared with the standard solution. The active substance appeared at a retention time of 2 minutes. Then prepare a series of half-dilutions of the dried extract from the original concentration of 800mg/ml. For the purpose of testing the sensitivity of staphylococcus and bacillus bacteria to the plant extract using the wells method, and measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone mm. The results indicate that it is in the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus bacteria, it is 17 mm at a concentration of 800 mg/ml which is minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value, and the lowest inhibition zone is 12 mm at a concentration of 400 mg/ml, which is the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). As for Bacillus bacteria, its highest zone of inhibition was 22 mm at a concentration of 800 mg/ml which is minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value, and its lowest zone of inhibition was 15 mm at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. which is its MIC value. . This result encourages the use of anthocyanin pigment as a preservative in food due to its being an inhibitor of the bacteria that cause food poisoning.