AL-Yarmouk Journal

Arbitration is an alternative to ordinary litigation for resolving disputes, based primarily on the principle of the parties' will and the independence of the arbitration process from court intervention. However, this independence is not absolute, as the judiciary retains a complementary and supervisory role aimed at ensuring the proper conduct of arbitration and achieving justice, without compromising its essence as a consensual means of dispute resolution. Judicial intervention is evident during the formation of the arbitral tribunal when the parties fail to agree on the selection of arbitrators, whether due to their silence, the intransigence of one of them, or a breach of the agreed-upon appointment mechanism. In this case, the judiciary acts as an auxiliary authority to arbitration, appointing the arbitrator or completing the formation of the tribunal at the request of one of the parties, thus ensuring the continuity of the arbitration process and preventing its disruption. Judicial intervention also extends to adjudicating matters related to the recusal or removal of arbitrators if there are serious grounds to question their impartiality or independence. This intervention aims to protect the integrity of arbitration and guarantee the parties' confidence in its decisions. In principle, the arbitral tribunal enjoys full authority in managing the arbitration proceedings, including setting hearing dates, determining the means of proof, and hearing the parties. However, the judiciary may intervene when necessary, particularly in cases requiring coercive power that the arbitration panel does not possess, such as compelling witnesses to attend or issuing temporary precautionary orders to preserve the rights in dispute. The judiciary's intervention at this stage remains restricted to not interfering in the subject matter of the dispute or influencing the arbitrators' conviction, in compliance with the principle of the independence of arbitration.

Intertextuality is one of the most prominent concepts in modern literary criticism, attracting the attention of researchers since its emergence on the literary scene thanks to the efforts of Julia Kristeva, who provided a theoretical framework for it in her book, The Science of the Text. Intertextuality arises from the interaction of previous texts with which the writer engages, absorbs, and reshapes. This has thus offered researchers a broad field for studying and discovering the features of new textual structures and their intersections with older texts. This research examines the dimensions of intertextuality in the poetry of Abu al-Shamqamaq through an analysis of his poetic texts, highlighting the interwoven literary, religious, and cultural allusions. The results show that the poet employed intertextuality ironically to critique society, combining direct quotations with innovative reformulation. This intertextuality added new dimensions to the poet's messages, while the ironic aspect of the texts bestowed upon them a unique aesthetic and artistic value. Abu al-Shamqamaq's poetry is characterized by its satire of traditional poetic themes such as praise and elegy, as he reformulates meanings to align with his critical intentions. The poet blends poetry with religious heritage in a style that combines seriousness and humor. Intertextuality in his poetry served as a mirror reflecting the contemporary reality of his time, enabling him to offer constructive criticism in an innovative language. Its functions ranged from providing the historical and epistemological context for Abu al-Shamqamaq's poetry to facilitating a deeper understanding of the criticism presented in his works.

This research analyzes the role of international commercial arbitration as a primary mechanism for resolving cross-border economic disputes, in light of the rapid developments witnessed by the international legal system during 2024-2025. The research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal foundations of arbitration, its advantages and challenges, and its practical applications in the fields of international commercial contracts, foreign direct investment, intellectual property, and construction. The Research Problem, the contemporary world has witnessed a significant evolution in commercial and economic transactions, alongside the emergence of modern technologies such as electronic contracts and a growing diversity of legal systems. These developments have raised critical questions regarding the capacity of commercial arbitration to achieve justice and ensure the expeditious resolution of commercial and economic disputes with requisite efficiency and effectiveness. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. Furthermore, the research discusses prominent contemporary developments, notably Electronic Arbitration (e-Arbitration). The research delineates the legal framework of arbitration by examining key international instruments, primarily the 1958 New York Convention. Subsequently, the study highlights the advantages of commercial arbitration, emphasizing its speed and specialized expertise in adjudicating commercial disputes. The research concludes that international commercial arbitration constitutes a fundamental pillar for the stability of international economic transactions. However, it continues to face significant challenges pertaining to procedural costs, transparency, and the enforcement of arbitral awards. The recommendations, most notably Contractual Development the necessity of developing standardized contract models drafted in Arabic to align with the specificities of regional and international legal requirements.

Noise pollution is considered one of the most prominent problems resulting from manifestations of urban development and increasing industrial activity, which have directly contributed to disrupting environmental balance. This disruption has led to a direct infringement upon the human right to a healthy and safe environment. Accordingly, a major problem arises, namely the extent to which legal legislation is adequate in protecting individuals from noise pollution, or whether such legislation suffers from legislative shortcomings or a regulatory vacuum that limits its effectiveness Thus, it has become necessary for the competent authorities to establish a form of balance between protecting individuals from the harmful effects of noise pollution and meeting the requirements of economic development. The importance of this research lies in mechanisms of administrative protection to achieve a balance between protection from noise pollution and the freedom of economic activity, as well as clarifying the legal liability that may arise in the event that those authorities fail to properly perform their duties The study has reached several key conclusions, most notably the absence of an effective practical application of legal provisions that protect individuals from pollution. The study also presents a number of proposals, including urging the Iraqi legislator to intensify penalties for the crime of noise pollution by increasing the fines stipulated in the applicable laws, in addition to strengthening liberty-restricting penalties. Accordingly, the study requires division into two sections: the first addresses the concept of noise pollution, while the second examines the legislative approach and mechanisms for protection against pollution.

This study tackles the mechanism of contrast in Ahlam Mosteghanemi's novel, "A Bed for a Passerby". The writer depends on the tension between opposing forces, done through intertwining rhetorical devices: antithesis, irony, and juxtaposition. Different forms of irony and antithesis brings about reader anxiety and surprise by subverting expectations and transforming the familiar into the unfamiliar. Mosteghanemi applies this rich, poetic narrative style to depict post-revolutionary political truth in Algeria and the experiences of Algerian immigrants in France. However, juxtaposition plays a secondary role; the underlying factor of contrast enhances the text's more importance. This contrast blends with sarcasm to analyze reality, primarily through the protagonist's internal monologues. These reflections reveal a masochistic philosophy where fundamental contradictions-such as life and death, or happiness and grief —become equalized. Oppositely, external dialogue remains weak, and the protagonist's voice fails to rise above other characters. Alternatively, the dominant first-person ("I") narrative voice heightens the internal conflict. This dynamic gushes into rejection, tension, and self- farce, eventually symbolizing the psychological death of a man in the name of his homeland.

Al-Sayyab's poetry, with its deep and rich worlds, remains an open field for researchers and scholars. Among the most prominent features of his work is his poetic language—a multifaceted domain that has drawn the attention of numerous specialists, each approaching it from their own unique perspective and area of expertise. However, the diverse layers and shifting orbits of this language have made it fertile ground for writers and critics alike. Hence, my interest lies in examining the intricate variations of Al-Sayyab's language. I aim to encompass its various aspects by reviewing its types and exploring the cultural, social, artistic, and literary roots hidden within each world, supported by poetic excerpts that reinforce my findings. Indeed, Al-Sayyab secured a distinguished position in the history of modern poetry through his pioneering literary achievements, including his mastery of a language that encapsulated the various facets of his human and emotional experience. In this research, I delve into the distt realms of Al-Sayyab's language, such as mythology and how his relationship with it was manifested through his vocabulary. I also explore how his fragmented and painful inner life was expressed through the language of suffering, his psychological world, and his experiences with failed love—his constant search for a woman who would love him and be devoted to him, a quest in which he failed, further influencing his linguistic lexicon. While I have certainly benefited from previous studies on Al-Sayyab’s literature, his use of myths, his language, or his psychology—as evidenced by the references and sources cited—I claim that this work offers a degree of novelty and originality. This research aims to be a valuable resource for those studying Al-Sayyab and his thematic concerns, particularly regarding the touches I believe to be new or representing a further development of previous ideas.

Administrative delegation is a legal exception that enhances the efficiency of job performance and the growth of its tasks to promote job satisfaction and mobilize competent elements based on the hierarchical progression in the ladder of administrative jobs to exercise a set of powers and job tasks, and to reduce the burden on senior administrative leaders and achieve flexibility and speed in decision-making in order to enable management to devote itself to its basic tasks, and to prepare future leaders through the exercise of actual authority through the process of administrative delegation as one of the advanced and modern management methods. The research problem is highlighted by the impact of legislative shortcomings on the disruption of the implementation of delegation as an exception to the principle of not relinquishing jurisdiction without prejudice to the principle of legitimacy or emptying the original authority of its content, in order to build and qualify young cadres and prepare future leaders to deal with actual authority. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of researchers addressing the subject of administrative delegation with the necessary analysis and depth. The importance of the research is evident through studying the transformation in the concept of contemporary administrative responsibility. The research does not stop at reducing the pressure on the principal and how to exercise control without compromising the flexibility of delegation, but rather it deals with how to invest in delegation as a tool to empower management and sustain competencies by creating second-tier leaders and training them to make decisions and bear their legal consequences in a controlled experimental environment, which ultimately leads to the quality of public service and achieving the necessary accomplishment that combines legal accuracy and administrative effectiveness.

The present study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the Wallace Model in improving the achievement of fourth-grade scientific female students in Biology and developing their smart thinking. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted an experimental approach based on a two-group equivalent design, consisting of an experimental group and a control group. Al-Mu’minah Secondary School for Girls was randomly selected as the research site, and the sample was distributed into two classes (A and B). Class (A) was randomly assigned as the experimental group, while Class (B) served as the control group. The total sample consisted of 71 female students. The researcher ensured statistical equivalence between the two groups in several variables that might influence the study outcomes, including chronological age measured in months, prior knowledge, intelligence, and smart thinking. The instructional content was limited to the prescribed Biology topics for the fourth-grade scientific level. Furthermore, 72 behavioral objectives were formulated according to the six cognitive levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Two research instruments were developed. The first was an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items with four alternatives, constructed according to a table of specifications. The test’s psychometric properties were established through measures of validity, reliability, item difficulty, discrimination indices, and distractor effectiveness. Reliability was also calculated using the split-half method. The second instrument was a smart thinking scale composed of 56 items. After administering the instruments and analyzing the collected data using appropriate statistical procedures, the findings revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, whose students were taught according to the Wallace Model, over the control group in both academic achievement and smart thinking. These results indicate the effectiveness of the Wallace Model in enhancing learning outcomes and developing students’ cognitive abilities.

Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place (1988) is a non-fictional book that perfectly highlights the postcolonial scenario in Antigua. It can be adequately described as a travelogue, for it is a book about travel and its experience. It deals with Antigua from the perspective of place, culture and other experiences. Besides, it is described as a polemic non-fictional book for the attack of the postcolonial image Jamaica Kincaid found in Antigua. The present paper aims at examining the postcolonial scenario presented in A Small Place (1988). It will review the way Jamaica Kincaid has put her view towards colonialism and its effect on the postcolonial society of Antigua. It will also provide the scene of postcolonialism with reference to different critics such as Bill Ashcroft and M.A.R. Habib, whose postcolonial views has put certain standards to the understanding of postcolonial texts. Thus, the paper will have clear portray of the postcolonial set-up in Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place (1988). The current research will be analytical as well as descriptive. It will analyze the scenes provided in the text based on M.A.R Habib’s views on postcolonial literature in his book Modern Literary Criticism and Theory: A History in which he quotes Robert Young’s ideas on the aims of postcolonial criticism. It will also have a touch on other postcolonial critics to highlight the postcolonial scenario clearly in the non-fictional book. Thus, the paper will come out with the clear postcolonial scenario in Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place (1988).

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), among the most fatal forms of acute coronary syndrome, remains challenging to diagnose accurately in the emergency department, especially during the earliest phase of symptoms, before conventional biomarkers like cardiac troponin and CK-MB become elevated. Here, we reviewed the diagnostic performance of H-FABP in early detection of AMI and considered its potential use in standard diagnostic protocols. H-FABP has low molecular weight (14-15 kDa) and is present free in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Within one to three hours of myocardial damage, H-FABP is released into the circulation, preceding cardiac troponin, which typically reaches detectable levels after more than four hours. Available evidence suggests that the early sensitivity of H-FABP is superior to troponin alone and using H-FABP and troponin as a dual-biomarker test improves the diagnostic accuracy of early AMI detection and supports early decision-making in patients with acute chest pain in the emergency department. Given that other conditions like renal failure, pulmonary embolism and heart failure can elevate H-FABP levels, this protein cannot be used as a sole marker of AMI diagnosis due to low specificity. Therefore, we concluded that H-FABP could have a role as an adjunctive marker when combined with sensitive cardiac troponin assays, ECG and clinical assessment. Further studies are needed to further evaluate the utility of H-FABP and to standardize cutoff levels and patient populations who would benefit most from H-FABP testing to help its broader use in clinical practice.

This study aims to analyze representations of friendship and its role in constructing collective identity in J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Hobbit from a cultural-critical perspective, focusing on the relationships between the main characters and how these relationships reflect values of belonging, cooperation, and loyalty. The research problem stems from the limited number of studies that have addressed friendship as a cultural tool contributing to the formation of collective identity within the fictional world, especially given the greater emphasis placed on the mythological and religious aspects of Tolkien's works. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach based on cultural criticism and the analysis of literary texts and film adaptations of the novel, while also drawing on modern critical literature related to fandom, film adaptation, and identity. The findings revealed that friendship in the novel is not merely a personal relationship, but plays a pivotal role in establishing values of solidarity and cooperation and shaping a sense of collective belonging among both the characters and the audience. Furthermore, the film adaptations have contributed to reinforcing this emotional and cultural dimension. The study recommends expanding future research on the impact of film adaptations and digital fandom on reshaping cultural identity in contemporary fantasy literature.

The primary objective of this research is to assess the influence of GIS-driven decision support tools (GIS-DSS) on enhancing the efficiency of human resource allocation in the Anbar Governorate of Iraq. The research's significance stems from the paradox between the scale of technological investments in the Iraqi education sector and the persistent and severe shortage of facilities and personnel. This necessitates the adoption of advanced, cost-effective technological tools capable of accurate spatial analysis to reduce administrative burdens and bridge organizational gaps. The study employed a quantitative approach for data collection and analysis, targeting a purposive sample of 153 administrative and technical staff members from the Anbar Education Directorate. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire, which underwent statistical analysis using SPSS software, specifically multiple analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression models, to ensure the accuracy of measuring relationships between variables. data indicated a highly positive statistical association between activating the GIS-DSS system and improving human resource allocation mechanisms. The study demonstrated that integrating spatial analysis into educational management increased the efficiency of officials in performing their duties and provided policymakers with a clear strategic vision that supports accurate, data-driven decision-making. This has directly contributed to a more equitable distribution of resources, particularly in rural and remote areas suffering from educational deprivation. The study recommends expanding the adoption of these systems as a fundamental pillar of strategic planning to ensure the optimal use of resources and the efficient and effective achievement of educational goals.

Image-level random data partitioning, which continues to plague the field through intra-lesion data leakage training and test sets may both contain multiple images of the same lesion is still the dominant methodological limitation in dermoscopic AI research that produces falsely high but unacceptable metrics. However, the impacts of this leakage on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) benchmarking have not yet been investigated. This work proposes a leakage-free, precise lesion-level stratified evaluation framework for multi-class skin lesion classifier evaluating PTQ. A total of 23,247 images from eight diagnostic classes of ISIC 2019 benchmark were divided based on 11,847 unique lesions. Our two-stage EfficientNetB0 transfer learning pipeline with the focal loss which can down weight easy-to-classify samples achieves 86.98% macro-AUC and 84.05% top-2 accuracy. Then, utilizing Float16 PTQ for further model size reduction (49.6% compression ratio all models performance degradation is not statistically significant), a lossless compression through vigorous lesion-level evaluation is demonstrated. Variance analysis on three independent splits shows that data partitioning alone can explain up to ±4.28% top-1 accuracy variability, as opposed to quantization precision which matter barely less.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in Iraq, accounting for approximately 20.5% of all diagnosed cases in women and being a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This research paper focuses on the epidemiology of breast cancer in Iraqi governorates, drawing on recent reports from the Iraqi Ministry of Health 2023 and research published in peer-reviewed journals in Iraqi communities. The findings indicate the prevalence of breast cancer among Iraqi women, attributed to several risk factors, including genetic predisposition, which accounts for approximately 5-10% of all cases. This predisposition arises from genetic variations in breast cancer-causing genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, molecular biomarkers, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The study also addresses common diagnostic methods and the importance of early detection screening in improving survival rates. Furthermore, it explores the use of machine learning techniques, which can create a large database of affected women and facilitate the development of appropriate treatment plans. The study also highlighted treatment and prevention methods. Early diagnosis of breast cancer facilitates more treatment options compared to advanced stages. Integration of complementary and alternative medicine practices into conventional treatment can alleviate side effects. Adherence to treatment is crucial for maximizing its effectiveness and improving survival rates. Furthermore, strategies for incorporating psychosocial support as a routine practice in the care of women with breast cancer are also important.

Background: Cosmetic products are widely used by female university students for personal care and appearance enhancement. However, sharing cosmetics and frequent cleaning of applicators and poor storge practices may increase the risk of microbial contamination and associated skin or eye problems such as irritation, redness, itching, acne, and infections. Aim of the study: This is the aimed to assess cosmetic use patterns, hygiene practices related to cosmetic tools and product sharing, awareness of contamination risks and self-reported skin or eye health effects among female university student . Methodology: A cross-sectional Online questionnaire survey was conducted using Google forms among female university students. The questionnaire collected data on demographics, frequency and type of cosmetic use, sharing of cosmetic, cleaning habits for brushes and sponges, awareness of microbial contamination and reported eye or skin problems. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mainly frequencies and percentages and Person chi-square tests were indeed to examine associations between categorial variables. Results: The results showed that cosmetic use and sharing were common among female university students, especially those aged 18–28 years. Cosmetic use was significantly associated with age χ^2≈86.19,” “ p<0.0001, and sharing was reported by 61.8% of respondents. Eye irritation was common among those who shared eye cosmetics χ^2=171.23,” “ p<0.001, while cosmetic hygiene practices were generally poor, with only 14.5% cleaning brushes or sponges after each use. Overall, the findings suggest frequent cosmetic use, widespread sharing, inadequate hygiene, and notable eye irritation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has dramatically expanded global connectivity, with billions of heterogeneous devices generating massive volumes of network traffic. This growth has significantly enlarged the attack surface for cyber threats, particularly synthetic unknown attacks that exploit vulnerabilities not yet captured in existing signature databases. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS), which rely on known attack signatures, fail to detect such novel threats. This study proposes a comprehensive Adversarial Machine Learning (AML) framework designed to detect synthetic unknown attacks in IoT networks through the integration of three complementary techniques: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for synthesizing realistic attack samples, Adversarial Autoencoders (AAEs) for robust low-dimensional feature extraction, and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for real-time anomaly classification. The framework was evaluated on a controlled synthetic IoT dataset comprising 250,000 traffic samples. Results demonstrate detection accuracy of 94.8%, precision of 93.1%, recall of 92.7%, and F1-score of 92.9%, substantially outperforming signature-based IDS (63.5%), SVM (87.2%), and Random Forest (90.1%). The framework maintained detection rates of 90.2%, 87.5%, and 85.3% under FGSM, PGD, and Carlini-Wagner adversarial perturbations, respectively. Scalability testing across datasets up to 4 million samples confirmed sustained performance with inference latency below 0.021 seconds per sample. The proposed framework represents a scalable, adversarially resilient approach to IoT intrusion detection, with limitations regarding real-world generalization openly acknowledged.