Islamic Sciences Journal

Praise be to Allah, by whose grace righteous deeds are completed, and peace and blessings be upon the Prophet, the Seal through whom Allah brought the divine messages to a close, and upon his family, his companions, and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of the Appointed Time.
This research examines the views of Ibn Fawrak (d. 406 AH) concerning the existence of Allah. The study begins by defining existence both linguistically and terminologically and by clarifying the proofs for Allah\'s existence, including the argument from innate disposition (fiṭrah), the argument from creation (or origination), the argument from providence, as well as rational and transmitted proofs. It also examines Ibn Fawrak\'s views regarding these proofs of existence.

This research, titled “The Concept of Righteous Education in Islamic Thought,” aims to clarify the intellectual and spiritual foundations upon which the Islamic concept of education is built, and to highlight its vital role in forming righteous individuals and societies. The study presents a comprehensive view of righteous education as an integrated process that links belief, worship, and behavior, seeking to develop the human being intellectually, spiritually, morally, and socially. It emphasizes the main objectives of education in Islamic thought: the purification of the soul, the realization of servitude to God, and the preparation of humankind to act as His vicegerent on earth in accordance with divine values.The research relies on Qur’anic texts, Prophetic traditions, and the views of prominent Muslim scholars and educators who affirm that righteous education is inseparable from faith and good deeds. It represents the most effective means of confronting moral and intellectual deviations in modern societies.

The Manuscript \"Al-Nūr al-Nabawī\" (The Prophetic Light) a valuable heritage manuscript represented by the book Al-Nūr al-Nabawī ʿalā Muqaddimat al-Ghaznawī by Imam Abu Bakr ibn Saif al-Haqq ibn Muslih al-Din al-Basnawī al-Rāwankī (d. before 1145 AH). It is a commentary on Muqaddimat al-Ghaznawī by Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Saʿid al-Ghaznawī (d. 593 AH), which is considered one of the most important authoritative texts in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.
Al-Rāwankī\'s commentary is distinguished by being integrated with the original text (a mixed commentary and text format). In it, he discusses various juristic issues, weighing and preferring opinions on the basis of legal evidence. He also pays attention to explaining vocabulary, clarifying unfamiliar terms, and discussing their etymological and grammatical meanings within their context. Furthermore, he draws upon the sciences of legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) and rhetoric to identify contextual indicators and derive the principles upon which jurists relied in their legal reasoning.

A concise treatise on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) by the scholar Khalifa al-Safti, in which he explains, succinctly and in a clear and accessible style, matters related to independent legal reasoning (ijtihad) and following established legal opinions (taqlid).
Despite its brevity, this treatise encompasses the essential terminology pertaining to ijtihad and taqlid.
The author begins by presenting the scholarly material, discussing the judge and the mufti, issues related to the one seeking a legal opinion (mustafti), and specifically addressing those who follow Imam al-Shafi\'i (may God be pleased with him). He explains that if there are two opinions on a matter, one is not permitted to choose between them, but must instead seek the more correct one. The manuscript\'s significance stems from its scholarly content and the fundamental and subsidiary issues it addresses.
For all these reasons, God Almighty granted me success in editing this treatise based on two manuscripts written during the author\'s lifetime. I have endeavored to produce a text free from distortion and omission, adhering to contemporary spelling rules, and adding beneficial annotations, God willing

This research examines and critically edits the chapter on rights, which is part of the manuscript \"Tabyeen al-Hidayah wa Tawdih al-Bidayah\" by Sayyid Hafiz al-Kadusi (d. 1253 AH)..
I consulted two manuscript copies of this book, then selected the more complete and clearer one, designating it as the primary source and designating it with the letter (A). I then compared it with the other manuscript, highlighting the differences between them, and finally determining which was more accurate. All of this was done according to the principles of scholarly research in textual criticism. I also ensured proper punctuation, provided references to sayings, verses, and hadiths, translated the names of prominent figures, and clarified the cities mentioned in the manuscript.
The research comprises a study section consisting of two chapters. The first introduces al-Marghinani and his book \"al-Hidayah,\" while the second introduces al-Kadusi and his book \"al-Tabyeen.\" The critical edition of the chapter on rights follows.

The dispute over the caliphate was the first event to divide the Muslims after the Prophet\'s (peace be upon him) passing. It shook their spirits and fractured their unity, the remnants of which we are still trying to mend and rebuild. It was the first political dispute cloaked in religious garb, and we continue to suffer its consequences, stemming from the Companions\' disagreement over the identity of the caliph.
However, this dispute later evolved into a broader conflict, splitting the Muslim community into ideologically divergent, politically antagonistic, and behaviorally hostile factions. The Mu\'tazila emerged as a parallel group, and their rational views were of paramount importance in many doctrinal matters, including the issue of the caliphate.
The importance of studying the Mu\'tazila lies in their adoption of the concept of justice and monotheism, which they believed motivated individuals to revolt and struggle against unjust rulers. They viewed the necessity of the caliphate as both a rational imperative and a social necessity for safeguarding the faith, preserving the land, and serving the people.

This research presents an analytical study of rituals and temples in the Sikh religion, by tracing their doctrinal roots and religious and social functions. The study focused on analyzing the nature of Sikh rituals and their connection to their concept of monotheism, and their role in consolidating a collective identity distinct from the surrounding religious environment. It also dealt with Sikh temples (gurdwaras) as spiritual, cultural and political centers that represent the axis of Sikh religious and political life, while explaining their historical development and their influence on the social and political contexts in the Indian subcontinent. The study concluded that Sikh rituals and temples perform a dual function, combining the spiritual and devotional dimension on the one hand, and strengthening the collective identity and reference on the other, reflecting the distinctive nature of Sikhism as a unique religious model with complex roots.

This research examines the life of Al-Farabi (may Allah have mercy on him) and the Hasan hadiths contained in Diwan al-Adab through study and takhrij. The study adopts an inductive and analytical methodology in investigating Al-Farabi’s life and the Hasan hadiths. The total number of hadiths examined was two, each of which was studied according to the principles and procedures of hadith scholarship.
The research consists of an introduction discussing the importance of the topic, the reasons for selecting it, previous studies, the research methodology, and the structure of the study. The first section addresses Al-Farabi’s personal life, while the second examines his scholarly life.

The study concludes that two verses from Surah An-Nisa (78–79) establish a balanced Qur’anic perspective on the issue of predestination, combining the all-encompassing will of Allah for everything that occurs in the universe with human responsibility for their actions, both in terms of earning and choice. The study demonstrated that the Qur’an attributes good deeds to Allah as a matter of grace and guidance, while attributing evil deeds to the self as a causal responsibility, without conflicting with the doctrine of creation and divine decree.
The analytical study also revealed the depth of Qur’anic meaning in affirming the inevitability of predetermined lifespan and the impossibility of escaping death, as well as correcting the misconceptions of the hypocrites regarding the attribution of good and evil. The research confirmed that the methodology of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama‘ah is the most appropriate for reconciling text and reason, by affirming Allah’s creation of human actions while recognizing human earning and accountability

This research addresses the issue of ambiguity (ibham) according to Hadith scholars, as it is considered one of the precise and delicate matters in the science of Hadith due to its direct impact on judging the authenticity of narrations. Ambiguity refers to the absence of explicitly mentioning the name of a narrator or a person cited in the chain of transmission (isnad) or the text (matn).
Hadith scholars devoted considerable attention to this issue and established systematic principles and various methods to uncover ambiguity, such as collecting different chains of transmission and consulting biographical dictionaries of narrators. This was done to preserve the authenticity of the Prophetic Sunnah and to demonstrate the precision of the Hadith methodology in verification and critical analysis.

The most advanced and earliest human civilizations arose in the land of Mesopotamia around the sixth millennium BC. The land of Canaan (Palestine) was one of its provinces or states throughout the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Akkadian rule. However, it used to cause unrest, disobedience, and rebellion against the central government in Babylon. At other times, it dealt with Babylon’s enemies and killed the governors appointed by the kings of Babylon. This led Nebuchadnezzar, the famous Babylonian leader, to invade the southern Kingdom of Judah and deport most of its inhabitants to Babylon in 586 BC. In Babylon, he granted them freedoms to live in their new society, so they excelled in various fields, and most of them assimilated into Babylonian society. A small group of them remained committed to the Jewish heritage, dominated by racist tendencies, and dreaming of returning to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple and worship (Yahweh). Among the members of this group were some prophets who were taken captive and deported to Babylon, such as (Daniel) and (Ezra). They had religious and political roles to serve their fellow people who were deported, and this is what this research has dealt with in detail through study and analysis.

The Holy Quran addresses the concept of happiness as a comprehensive state that transcends superficial, traditional understandings, delving into a profound set of spiritual values and social norms. Happiness, it asserts, depends significantly on a balanced relationship between the individual and their Creator, as well as between the individual and society. Spiritually, the Quran emphasizes that true happiness stems from inner peace, which is fostered by faith, remembrance of God, and acceptance of divine decree. As God Almighty says: “Those who believe and whose hearts find rest in the remembrance of God. Verily, in the remembrance of God do hearts find rest.” (Quran 13:28). Faith is not merely an idea; it is a psychological and moral force that gives meaning to individuals\' lives. Consequently, happiness in the Quranic text is more closely linked to inner peace and stability than to external factors. On a social level, the Qur’an links happiness with a set of moral values that regulate relationships between people, such as justice, benevolence, social solidarity, and kinship ties.

The Holy Qur’an is the Book of God - may He be glorified - whose wonders never cease, and falsehood cannot approach it from any direction. Verbal similarity is one of these miraculous matters. A word may appear in one place with a specific wording, and in another place with a different wording. The intended meaning is expressed with a specific wording, and care is taken to ensure that this wording itself is the intended meaning, rather than other words that might be mistaken for it in conveying the meaning. We have chosen this title to highlight the efforts of the commentators in explaining the differences between verbal similarity through the verses that include the diversity of morphological forms, especially the plural and singular forms in the Holy Qur’an. In this research, we highlight the extent of the scholars’ attention to morphological forms in the science of verbal similarity, by explaining the scholars’ guidance on the reason for the difference of words in the Holy Qur’an in terms of plural and singular, or through the difference in the type of plural (broken and sound

Scholars have consistently followed the paths of their predecessors in exploring certain doctrinal issues, proving them with both textual and rational evidence. Among these issues is the question of the scales and weights, and the true nature of these matters from the perspective of the Quran and the Sunnah (Prophetic traditions). This includes establishing the reality of the scales, their form, and the weights placed upon them, distinguishing between their physical reality and their conceptual form. This is what scholars have discussed, and God knows best